小学英语教学理论与实践.ppt
小学英语教学理论与实践基础教育阶段英语课程的任务基础教育阶段英语课程的任务激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣兴趣，是学生树立信心养成良好的学习习惯习惯和形成有效的学习策略，发展自主学习的能力和合作精神；使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能，形成一定的综合语言运用能力能力；培养学生观察、记忆、思维、想象能力和创新精神；帮助学生了解世界和西方文化的差异，拓展视野，培养爱国主义精神，形成健康的人生观，为他们的终身学习和发展打下良好的基基础。础。课程目标课程目标总体目标：培养学生的综合语言运用能力语言技能语言技能：听、说、读、写语言知识语言知识：语音、词汇、语法、功能、话题情感态度情感态度：兴趣动机、自信意志、合作精神、祖国意识、国际视野学习策略学习策略：资源策略、交际策略、调控策略、认知策略文化意识文化意识：文化知识、文化理解、跨文化交际语言知识和语言技能是综合语言运用能力的基础，运用能力的基础，文化意识是得体运用语言的保证得体运用语言的保证。情感态度是影响学生学习和发展的重要因素学生学习和发展的重要因素，学习策略是提高学习效率、发展自主学习能力的保证效率、发展自主学习能力的保证。小学英语课应遵循的几个原则小学英语课应遵循的几个原则1、在教学总体目标上，要重兴趣、重成就感、重自信心2、在课程实施上，要重环境、重频率、重效率3、在教学模式与方法，要重体验、重实践、重参与、重创造4、在语言教学的目标上，要重语感、重语音语调基础、重交流能力5、在教学评价上，要重态度、重参与、重努力程度、重交流能力在你手中时许许多多正在成长的生命，每一个都如此不同，每一个都如此重要，全都对未来抱着憧憬和梦想。他们都依赖你的指引、塑造和培养，才能成为更好的任何有用的公民。教育家第斯夺惠说：“教育的艺术不在于传授知识，而在于激励、唤醒、鼓舞。”心理学家詹姆斯说：“人类本性最深处的企图之一是期望被赞美、钦佩和尊重。”爱因斯坦：教育所提供的东西，应当让学生作为一种宝贵的礼物来接受，而不是作为一种艰巨的任务去负担。名人论教育：小学英语教学理念小学英语教学理念Teaching&Learning philosophies1.Start with listening&go on speaking(1)Listen:asmuchaspossible,usingauralmemory,mayrespondinChinese(2)Listen&move:point,findormovearound;bodymemory(3)Listen&passiton:hear&repeat,short-termmemory(drill)(4)Choosewhattosay:longtermmemory(practice)(5)Justsayit:saysth.learned,long-termmemory(inafreeway)(1)&(2)areoftenommittedbyus.(3)isalsoomittedsometimes2.Teach the whole childWeshouldteachthewholechild&presentWholeLanguageLearningLearningtothestudentsmorethanjustEnglish:encouragethemtolearninternationalbehaviorstrategies,socialization,小学英语教学理念小学英语教学理念Teaching&Learning philosophiespoliteness,Independence,assertiveness(言语果断）&toworkwithothers(inpairsoringroups)Wordswithpicturesreflectlife&communityatlocal,regional&internationallevel.Importantissues:Equallyofgender(性别）race,protectingourenvironment,treatingotherswithrespect&dignity(尊重)-donethroughart&dialogues.Encouragethechildrentotalkabouttheirownneeds,wantslike&dislikes,usingcommunicativeapproach.小学英语教学理念小学英语教学理念Teaching&Learning philosophies3.UseavarietyofstrategiestoreachallchildrenAccordingtoMultipleIntelligentTheory(多元智能论）&childrenslearningstrategies,childrenaresmartindifferentways.Wordsmart:languagegames&activitiesNumbersmart:number,logic&sequencing(puttingthingsinorder)Picturesmart:drawing,coloring&matching(对对）Musicsmart:songs&chantsBodysmart:doingsomething(律动、动作）小学英语教学理念小学英语教学理念Teaching&Learning philosophies4.Contextualize the material情境教学情境教学AccordingtoCommunicativeApproach&TaskbasedlearningApproach,children,unlikeadults,dontlearnalanguageinavoid（真空）.LanguageisMEANING.Childrenareself-centered&wanttotalkaboutthemselves.Cross-cirricularcontent（跨学科内容）：numbers,mapreading,menus&interview,etc.小学英语教学理念小学英语教学理念Teaching&Learning philosophies5.All language must be REAlaccording to Communicative ApproachUsefulfunctions(FunctionalApproach)WhatchildrenReallysay:Ouch/Letsswim./Oh,sorry.A:Thisismyfather.B:Hi.F:Howdoyoudo?(Nicetomeetyou.)Thechildrenrespondgradually.小学英语教学理念小学英语教学理念Teaching&Learning philosophies6.Child-centered&relevant（相关）相关）DevelopmentallyApproachPracticeTopicsintheirworldLanguagetheycanuserightaway7.Review&RecycleKidsspeakChinesemostofthetime,exceptinanEnglishclass.Reviewisessential.Classroom-schoolyard-community-family小学英语教学理念小学英语教学理念Teaching&Learning philosophiesTenPrinciplesforTeachingEnglishtoYounglearners1.Startwherethechildis2.Encouragesocialinteraction3.Supportnegotiationofmeaningandcollaborativetalk4.Allowchildrentobeactiveparticipantsinthelearningprocess5.PitchinputwithinthezoneofproximaldevelopmentTenPrinciplesforTeachingEnglishtoYounglearners6.Introducelanguageatdiscourselevel7.Planmeaningfulandpurposefulactivitieswithinaclear,familiarcontext8.Helplearnerstobecomemoreindependentandautonomous自治9.Developasupportive,non-threatening,enjoyablelearningenvironment10.TestandassessinthewaythatweteachTengoldenrules1.UseEnglishallthetime.2.Keepitsimple.3.Personalize,donotgeneralize.4.Beresponsive.5.Beflexible.Tengoldenrules6.Alwayshaveareserveplan.7.Treateachlessonseparately.8.Dotwaffleaboutgrammar.9.Sticktowhatyouknow.10.Dont,ingeneral,correctstudentsmistake.TheeffectiveteacherlReallylistenstohisstudents;lShowsrespect;lGivesclear,positivefeedback;lHasagoodsenseofhumor;lIspatient;lKnowshissubject;lInspiresconfidence;TheeffectiveteacherlTrustspeople;lEmpathizeswithSsproblems;lIswellorganized;lPaceslessonswell;lDoesnotcomplicatethingsunnecessarily;lIsenthusiasticandinspiresenthusiasm;lCanbeauthoritative(有权威的）withoutbeingdistantlIshonest,isapproachableDifferent kind of teachersAnaverageteachersTELLS.AgoodteacherEXPLAINS.AbetterteacherDEMONSTRATES.AgreatteachersINSPIRES.Thebestteachermustbeascholar,aguide,aninstructor,butnotadriver,agovernororevenanofficer.Different kind of teachersWeshouldkeepthisinmind:Languageisaskill.Alanguagelearnerisanathlete.Alanguageteacherisacoach1Youngchildren,especiallythosewhouptoagesofnineorten,learndifferentlyfromolderchildren,adolescents,andadultsinthefollowingways:L They respond to meaning even if they do not understandindividualwords.lTheyoftenlearnindirectlyratherthandirectly-thatistheytake in information from all sides,learning from everythingaroundthemratherthanonlyfocusontheprecise(精确的)topictheyaretaught.lTheirunderstandingcomesnotjustfromexplanation,butalsofromwhattheyseeandhearand,crucially,haveachancetotouchandinteractwith.Theygenerallydisplayanenthusiasmforlearningandacuriosityabouttheworldaroundthem.Theyhaveaneedforindividualattentionandapprovalfromtheteacher.Theyarekeentotalkaboutthemselves,andrespondwelltolearningthatusesthemselvesandtheirownlivesasmaintopicsintheclassroom.Theyhavealimitedattentionspan;unlessactivitiesareextremelyengagingtheycaneasilygetbored,losinginterestaftertenminutesorso.Lessonplanningisanart,notascience;Thereisnoideallessontoachieveanygivensetofobjectives.However,thefollowingpointsalwaysremainimportant:教案是一种艺术，而不是科学。没有完美的教案可以达到所有预定教学目标。但是，以下几点依然很重要。1.Thelessonshouldbeplannedtoachievetheobjectives.应该安排好教学计划以便完成教学目标。2.Thepurposeofthelessonshouldbecleartostudents.学生们应该清楚的知道上这节课的目的。3.Finalpracticeofskillsandabilitiesshouldbeasrealisticaspossible.最后的技能练习和能力练习应该尽可能的真实。HowtowriteLessonPlan4.Thelessonshouldbelogically.课的安排应该逻辑性强。5.Thereshouldbeavarietyofstudentactivitiesandteachingmethods.教师应该设计不同的学生活动和不同的教学方法。6.Onthewhole,studentsshouldbeactive,notpassive.总体讲，学生应该是主动地而不是被动的。7.Teachertalkshouldbeillustratedwithavisualpresentationwherepossible.必要的时候，教师的讲解应该是有可视辅助的。8.Motivation(rememberSPERTsuccess,purpose,enjoyment,reinforcement,target-setting)要考虑学生的动机（成功、意志、快乐、巩固、目标设定）HowtowriteLessonPlan9.Interest(humaninterest,studentrelevance,challenges,puzzles,games)要考虑学生的兴趣（人类的兴趣、适合学生的内容、挑战、难题、谜语、游戏）10.Mostactivitieswilltakemuchlongerthanyouexpect.多数的学生活动将占用比你想象的多的时间。11.Haveastretchingactivityforstudentswhofinishanactivityearly;alternatively,useopen-endedactivitieswhichalwaysprovidesomethingforeveryonetodo.对那些提前完成活动的学生要给他们拓展练习，也可以提供开放答案的练习，总之，要让所有学生有事可做。HowtowriteLessonPlan12.Alwayspreparetoomuch;thereisnothingworsethanrunningoutofmaterial!(Preparationtimeisrarelywasted;thereisalwaysnextlesson)每一次都要多做教学准备，没有比课还没上完，资料已用完更糟糕的了。准备工作没有白费的，总还有下一节课的。13.Dontforgetthatactivitiescangooninseries,orinparallel,indifferentgroups.应该记住课堂练习活动可以是连续的，也可以是平行的，还可以使分组的。Remember:To fail to plan is to plan to fail.忘记准备就是准备失败To fail to plan is to plan to fail.HowtowriteLessonPlanBeginning:Linksaremadewithearlierwork,andstudentsareorientedtothelessonscontent.Thepurposeofthelessonismadeclear;someteachersadvocate(提倡)readingtheobjectivesout,butmostexplaintheminalessformalway.Considerthestartingactivitywithparticularcare:doyouneedtostartwithaban(禁令),aquietsettlingactivity,oranactivitywhichaccommodatesvariedarrivaltimes?Atthebeginningofeachlesson,gooverthedaysplanwithstudents.Lessonoftenfollowabeginningmiddle-endstructure:Middle：Thestudentactivityisintroduced.Ifteachingisfocusedonspecificskills,thenstudentsobtainanynecessaryexplanationandaremadeawareofthedoingdetail.Thatis,theydiscoverthewhat,whyandhowofwhattheyareexpectedtobeabletodo.Studentsthenpracticewiththeaimofdevelopingtheabilitiesoutlinedintheobjectives.Lessonoftenfollowabeginningmiddle-endstructure:Ifthelessonisfocusedoncontentratherthanskills,thenstudentsaregivenactivitiesrequiringthemtoprocessorreasonwiththiscontent.Itmaybepossibletocheckandcorrectthestudentsworkinsomewayastheyproceed.Asthelessonprogresses,checkofftheitemsthathavebeencoveredEnd：Whathasbeenlearnedismadeclear,summarizedandperhapsnoteddown.Apointerisgiventothenextlesson.Ofcourseyoumaynotbeabletocompleteanobjectiveinonelesson,asthispatternassumes.Youcanalsostructureyourlessonplanbystatingcontentandmethod,orteacheractivityandstudentactivity.Lessonoftenfollowabeginningmiddle-endstructure:Asthelessondrawstoaclose,askstudentstobrieflyreviewthepointsthathavebeencovered,andnotewhichitemsyouaddedordidnotgetaroundtodoing.Effective Teaching TheninedimensionsofteachingDimension0Thedevelopingteachershouldprogressively:Showinterestinchildrenaspeople.不断提高的教师应该越来越对孩子感兴趣。Maintainwarmrelationships,seektounderstanddifferencesinchildrenspersonalappearanceandhabits;holdallchildreninpositiveregard.与学生保持良好的关系，探索并理解学生个体及习惯差异，以正面积极的态度对待所有的学生Createtimeforchildrensinterestsandconversationandactasamodelinencouragingmutualrespect.创造机会让学生们做他们感兴趣的事，与他们交流，并在与学生交流时作相互尊敬的表率。Encourageself-evaluation;createoractonopportunitiestominimisebias,prejudiceorstereotyping;canvasspupilsviewsandperspectivesacrossthewholeclass.在课堂教学中鼓励学生自我评价，在各种活动中尽可能减少偏见和成见，仔细研究学生的观点和看法。Encouragechildrensinitiativeandcooperation;designtasksrequiringcooperation;createorcapitaliseonopportunitiesfornegotiatingrulesandstandardsorothermattersinpersonalandsocialeducation.鼓励学生主动学习并学会合作，要设计具有合作的任务，要创造机会让学生在个体及社会教育中学会协商，探讨规则与标准。Effective TeachingTeachchildrenself-evaluationandmonitoringskills;teachthroughnegotiationofpower,authorityandresponsibility.教会学生自我评价，并关注其自评技能；要通过协商、职责和权威的力量（动力）教会学生。Experimentwithapproachestotransferofelementsofpowerandinitiativebasedonteachingchildrentoactresponsibly.用不同的方式进行试验，来Sustainlargeelementsofanegotiatedcurriculum,secureintheknowledgethatpupilssharepurposesandvalues.Dimension1:DirectInstruction1.Attractchildrensinitialinterest;maintainappropriatesequenceusingsuppliedmaterialfordemonstrationsanddescriptions.引发学生的兴趣；将用来做示范和描述的资料保持合适的顺序。2.Fordemonstrationsanddescriptions,organisesuitableseatingarrangements,introducematerialwell,useappropriatevisualaids,sustainchildrensinterest.为了示范和描述，应安排好座位，介绍好资料，用合适的实物，以保持学生的兴趣。Effective Teaching3.Checkclarityofexplanationbyappropriatequestions;conveyenthusiasmwithappropriateverbalandnon-verbalbehavior.用合适的问题来检验自己的讲解是否清楚，用适当的语言和非语言行为转达您的教学热情。4.Chooseappropriateexamples,analogiesandmetaphors;explainaswellasdescribeanddemonstrate.选择合适的例子，类推和暗喻；解释，描述和演示。5.Chooseconceptswithbothsubjectmatterandchildrensinterestsinmind;ensurechildrensengagementandparticipation;usearangeofexamplesandaidstomeetdiversityofchildrensattainments;summarisekeyissues.根据学科内容和学生们的兴趣选择观点（观念、概念）；确保学生们的参与与交流；用一系列的例子和教具满足不同学生的需求；要总结重点。6.Paceexplanationinlightofchildrensresponseswithregardtointerestandcomprehension;showgraspofpossiblecontentoptionsandjustifyparticularchoices.要考虑到学生的理解力和兴趣，以适当的节奏向学生解释，以便使学生应答。Effective Teaching7.Makeexplanationsefficientandconcise;chooseexamplesfortheirpowerinthesubject.要进行简单而有效的讲解，要选择好例子。Dimension2:managementofmaterials资料的管理1.Provideandmanagematerialsforanexemplaractivity.为有效的活动提供并处理好资料。2.Foranexemplaractivity,checkavailabilityofrequiredmaterials;ensureproperuseofthese;manageappropriateuse,includingsharingandsubsequentcollection.要为示范活动检查所需材料的有效性，确保合理使用这些材料，设法适当运用，其中包括分享和最后的收集。3.Introducemodificationstoindividualactivitiestoencouragechildrensroleinmanagementofmaterials.介绍对个别活动的更改，鼓励学生们在管理资料时分担任务。4.identifymaterialsneededandresourceworkingforalimitedrangeofactivitiesandtime;utiliseavarietyofresourcesfromarangeofsources.确定一定时间和活动内所需的材料和财力，从已有的资料中运用选择不同的资源（办法）。5.Sustantheresourcingacrossarangeofactivities;predictlong-termneedsandrequisitionappropriately;encouragechildrensroleinselection,organisationandmanagementofmaterials.在大量的活动中要保护好已有资料，预知长期需求，并适当申请；鼓励学生在选择、组织和管理教学资料中充当角色。Effective Teaching6.Useavailablematerialsimaginativelyandcreatively.创造性地运用可以利用的资料。7.Experimentwithanduseownmaterialswhichimproveonavailableitems.Design,produceandusenovelmaterialseffectively.尝试可以改进教学的自己的资料，有效地设计、创造、和运用新颖的资料。Dimension3:GuidedPractice1.Distributeprovidedmaterial;checkchildrensresponses.分发所提供的资料；检查学生的反馈。2.Manageprovidedmaterial;maketimetoresponsetochildrenduringworkperiod;checkchildrensworkforaccuracy.管理好所提供的资料，在学生做练习时，用一定的时间回答学生的问题；检查学生练习的正确率。3.Provideandmanagematerialforsmallaspectsofthework.4.responserapidly;reinforce;checksomeworkofallchildren;understandhowtheexercisesaresequencedandstructured;maketimetoquestionchildrenabouttheirworktoassesstheeffectivenessofthework.及时反馈，巩固；检查所有、孩子的部分作业，了解练习的顺序及结构；拿出时间过问学生的功课，以评估学习的有效性。Effective Teaching5.Providedaprogrammeofguidedpracticeincoreareasofthecurriculumtosuitrangeofattainmentsinclass;chooseappropriatelymatchedandsequencedpracticeexercises.在课堂上以课程为中心提供一系列的引导性练习，以使学生有所提高。选择合适的排序练习和配对练习。6.Properlyusearangeoftechniquesforpractice(includinggames,microcomputers);spotpatternsoferrorsandusethistoprovideappropriateremedialwork.合理运用包括游戏，小型计算机在内的方法进行练习；找错，并用这样的方法提供学生补救、改错的机会。7.Movechildrenontoindependentpractice;encouragechildrentodesignownpracticeprogrammes.将学生向独立练习过渡，鼓励他们设计自己的练习程序。8.Encouragechildrensself-evaluationthroughpractice;usepracticeforskillreconstructionaswellasskillrefinement.鼓励学生通过练习自评，既要训练学生的基本技能还要培养学生的Dimension4.StructuredConversation1.Listencarefullytowhatchildrenaresayingandrespondsupportively.要仔细聆听孩子们再说什么并给与积极的回应。2,Attempttoelicitchildrensresponses;recogniseandattempttoanalysedifficulties.努力激发学生回应，认可并设法分析学生的难点。Effective Teaching3.useplannedandunplannedopportunitiestoholdconversationswithchildrentoestablishtheirperspectives.用计划之中和无计划的机会与孩子们交流以观察（确立）他们的观点。4.Focusonchallengingchildrensideasbydrawingattentiontoandprovidingconflictingideas;byaskingforexamplesandsupportingchildreninreportingtheirthinking.通过讨论中寻求例证、鼓励学生表达他们的思想，提供不同见解，引起学生注意等方式关注学生具有挑战性的思维；Effective TeachingDiemension5.Monitoring1.1Observechildrenworkingandintervenetosustainthemomentumofthework.观察学生的学习过程，参与并维持学习过程的动力（要素）。2.2Checkchildrencanfollowandcompletetheworkset.检查学生是否能完成学习任务。3Monitorinordertosustainorderandmomentumofwork;giveappropriatefeedback;keepsimplerecordsofevaluation.为使教学过程正常进行做好监视，做好适当反馈，做好评价的简单纪录。Effective Teaching4Monitorflowofworktosustainavailabilityofresourcesandensureefficienttransitions;monitoruseoftime;detectproblemsoforderearly;keepthoroughrecordsofattainment.监控教学流程，以维持教学资源的有效性，确保有效过渡；监控时间的运用；提前预测问题的顺序；做好记录。3.5Explorechildrensunderstandingofworkset;makeappropriateobservationsandattempthunches（预感）toexplainchildrensresponses;keeprecordsofevaluation.探究孩子们对所学内容的理解，作适当的观察，尝试解释学生的反应，做好评价纪录。/4.6Usemonitoringtocreatehypothesesaboutchildrensdifficulties;attempttoanalyseandtesthunches;usemonitoringtoinformlarger-scaleadjustmentsofteaching.通过监控假设学生的学习困难；设法分析和检测直觉；运用监控以得到大量调整教学的有效信息。5.7Createtimeforandattemptdeeperdiagnosisofchildrensresponsestotasks.创造机会进一步诊断学生们对学习任务的反馈。6.8Sustainabroadprogrammeofdiagnosticteaching.对于教学诊断要有持续的较宽的计划。Effective TeachingDimension6:Managementoforder1.Attempttooperatesomeproceduresforanorderlyactivity.
