牛津心理学教程109页翻Milgram.ppt
MilgramsMilgrams study of obedience 2 study of obedience 2Milgram的服从研究 Discussion Factors Explaining Obedience讨论解释服从的因素 P109P109上上The impact of the influencesSocial impact theory（Latane）-explains factors that might have affected the obedience:影响因素的影响社会影响论，解释了可能会影响服从的因素：The impact of the experimenter on the subject The experimenter was close(immediate)and important to the subject.When the experimenter gave instructions over the telephone,obedience decreased.Instructions n.指示;操作指南;用法说明;(instruction的名词复数)命令;（计算机的）指令;教导;教诲;adj.说明用法的，操作指南的;实验者对被试是亲密和重要的。当实验者通过电话下达指令时，服从会增加。when the number of teacher was increased and they disobeyed the experimenter,the impact of his power and authority was diffused.diffused adj.散布的，普及的，扩散的;v.（使光）模糊，漫射，漫散当教师数量增多并且他们不服从实验者，他的力量和权威的影响就会被分散。The impact of the learners distress on the subject-The subject was at first not in close proximity to the learner-when the consequences of his shocks were made more immediate(when the learner was brought into the same room)obedience decreased.学习者的危险情况对被试的影响开始是被试不能与学习者近距离接触。当学习者震动的影响更加直接（当学习者被带进同一所房间）导致服从减少。When there were two teachers,and the naive subject only had to read out the questions,the native subject felt even less individually responsible and obedience increased.当哪里有两名教师，实验很简单只需读出问题，这项简单的实验有很弱的单独承担责任的感觉，而且服从会增加。The social situation Subject were bound by a social contract,the norms of being involved in research are that the subject do what they are requested to do.社会地位被试受社会契约的约束，规则包含在实验中被试被要求做的事情。Subject had volunteered,which caused a sense of obligation.The location of respectable Yale University added legitimate power to the situation(obedience decreased when the location was moved)被试有的是自愿者，因此有种责任感。在这种情况下，受人尊敬的Yele大学的位置增加了合法的力量（当位置移动服从减少）The apparatus Subject showed momentum of compliance-once they began obeying,they found it hard to justify stopping,（实验）设施被试显示了服从总量一旦他们服从，他们发现很难理性地停止，since:the switches only went up in 15 volt incrementsthe subject had little time to think(they had to give the shock within 5-6 seconds)因为：开关仅能以每15V增加，被试思考时间短暂（他们必须在5-6s内给出反应）。The authority figureThe experimenter as the authority figure possessed legitimate and expert power,representing scientific authority and taking responsibility for the consequences of the obedience.权威形象 实验者作为权威象征有合法的疯狂和专家的权威，代表了科学权威和为服从后果负责。The grey laboratory coat represented the power that uniform has in our society.灰色的实验室外套代表了就像制服在社会中的力量。Bickman(1974)showed this;when an experimenter was dressed in a guards uniform and told passers-by to pick up paper bags or give a coin to a stranger there was 80%obedience,compared to 40%when the experimenter was dressed normally.Bickman1974年表示，当一个实验者穿了守卫的制服并且告诉路过的人去捡起纸盒或者给陌生人一枚硬币，有80%的人服从，相比之下，当实验者穿一般的衣服有40%的人服从。The subjectThose who gave the highest levels of shock tended to have stronger authoritarian characters and seemed more prone to blame the learner than themselves for the obedience.被试那些给出高强度震动的人倾向于拥有更强的权力主义特征，并且看起来更有责备初学者的倾向而不是他们的服从。However the scale of the obedience suggests that this is a type of behaviour that anybody could show-what Arendt has called the banality of evil.然而，服从的规模表明这是一种任何人都会展现的类型Arendt称之为陈词滥调的恶行。Milgram suggests that when faced with commands from legitimate authority figures we lose our sense of responsibility for our own actions,and became the agents of others wishes(the state of agency)Milgram表示，当面对来自权威人物的要求时，我们是去了我们对行为的责任感，并且成为他人希望的代理（代理状态）Thank you
