高级写作教程—雅思主流写作题型之事实讨论型.ppt
雅思主流写作题型之事实讨论型目前雅思主流写作4题型A.Argumentation（观点辩论型）(1)利弊题（Advantages or disadvantages）(2)两种/多种选择权衡题（TWO options）(3)观点分析题（opinions/comments）BDiscussion（事实讨论型）Introduction a hot issue(Introduction,first paragraph);find out possible explanations(depends,second paragraph);analyze its impact on society(detailed,both sides,third para);suggest feasible approaches to it(corresponding to previous).解题步骤一解题步骤一:审题审题事实讨论型的题目事实讨论型的题目,重点是对重点是对现状的描述现状的描述,成因的剖析成因的剖析,对社会或个人对社会或个人影响的影响的分析分析,以及解决以及解决方案的给出方案的给出,但具体题目可能会有些微变化但具体题目可能会有些微变化,应具体情况具体应具体情况具体分析分析;这类题目由于是基于事实的描述这类题目由于是基于事实的描述,重心不在个人是非判断重心不在个人是非判断,但有时会让你判断但有时会让你判断这个现象的影响正面还是负面这个现象的影响正面还是负面.注意：这类话题主要是社会类和环保类。注意：这类话题主要是社会类和环保类。2006.03.11 社会类社会类/教育类教育类 In many countries,more and more young people are leaving schools and unable to find jobs after graduation.What problems do you think youth unemployment will cause to the individual and the society?Give reasons and make some suggestions.2006.07.08 社会类社会类 In a modern society,it has been observed in some countries that old people are not respected.Discuss the reasons why this has occurred and the effects it might have on our society.2007.01.06 社会类社会类 Nowadays people change their jobs more often than before,what is the reason and how to solve it?2007.03.31（原题）（原题）=2005.02.26 社会类社会类/科技类科技类 It is now possible to perform everyday tasks as banking,shopping and business transactions without meeting people face-to-face.What are the effects it may bring on the individual and the society as a whole?2007.06.02(降格降格)2006.05.20 社会类社会类/文化类文化类 Many developing countries are increasingly expanding their tourism industry.Why is this case?Is it a positive development?2007.10.13（新题）社会类（新题）社会类 Some employers focus on academic qualifications,paying less attention to life experiences and personal qualities.Why is this phenomenon?Is this development positive or negative?2007.12.01(升格升格)2005.08.06 环境类环境类Nowadays,we are living in a throw-away society.What are its causes and what are its problems?2007.12.15(升格升格)2005.07.23 社会类社会类We can see more disasters and violence shown on TV.What are its causes and what effects will they exert on the individual and the society?事实讨论型观点辩论型题目的转化注意事实讨论型题目与观点辩论型题目可相互转化注意事实讨论型题目与观点辩论型题目可相互转化.但答题的重点会有变化但答题的重点会有变化.2005.08.06 题目题目Many people say that we have developed into a“throw-away”culture,because we are filling our environment with so many plastic bags and rubbish that we cannot fully dispose of.To what degree do you agree with this opinion and what measures can you recommend to solve this problem?(除对题目观点进行是非判断之外除对题目观点进行是非判断之外,其其它可以跟事实讨论型题目回答一样它可以跟事实讨论型题目回答一样.因为最后一句话因为最后一句话what measures can you recommend to solve this problem等于要求分析该现象之社会影响及等于要求分析该现象之社会影响及相关解决对策相关解决对策)2005.07.23题目题目Detailed description of crimes on newspaper and TV has bad influences，so this kind of information should be restricted on media.To what extent do you agree or disagree?(除需要对题目观点进行是非判除需要对题目观点进行是非判断之外断之外,回答重点不在原因回答重点不在原因,而是其对而是其对社会的影响社会的影响;而事实讨论型的题目则要而事实讨论型的题目则要求分析该求分析该现象的原因现象的原因和给出和给出解决方案解决方案)2008.08.16 题目题目 Giving detailed descriptions about the crime in the newspaper and on TV brings argument.Someone said it has a bad consequence for the society.To what extent do you agree or disagree?2008.02.14 社会类社会类Anincreasingnumberofpeoplechoosetoliveinbigcities.Whatproblemswillthisbringabout?Shouldthegovernmentencouragepeopletoliveinsmalltowns?2008.04.12 社会类社会类Moreworkingpeoplearebusywithworkandhavenoenoughtimetospendwiththeirfamilyandfriends.Whydoesthishappen?Whataretheeffectsonfamilylifeandsocietyasawhole?2008.04.19 社会类社会类Figuresshowthatsomecountrieshaveanever-increasingproportionofthepopulationwhoareaged15oryounger.Whatdoyouthinkarethecurrentandfutureeffectsofthismaybeforthosecountries?2008.06.28 科技类科技类Withtechnologyspeedingup,moreandmoreyoungpeoplebegintousemobilephonesandtheInternet,butoldpeoplehavelittlechancetobeexposedtothem.WhatwayscouldmobilephoneandtheInterneteusefultooldpeople?Howdooldpeoplebeencouragedtousethisnewtechnology?2008.08.21 社会类社会类Internationaltravelmakespeopleprejudicedratherthanbroad-minded.Whatarethereasonsandhowtosolveit?2008.09.13 环境类环境类Somebelievethatenvironmentalprotectionisveryimportantbuttheydonotdoanythingaboutit.Whydoesithappen?Howcanwedotosolvetheproblem?2008.11.08 社会类社会类Moreandmorepeoplenowchoosetowearthefashionableclothes.Whyisit?Whatarethepositiveandnegativeeffectsdoesthistrendimposeonthesociety?2008.12.06(G)社会类社会类Whataretheteenagerproblems?Howcouldschoolsandparentsdotosolvetheseproblems?2008.12.20 社会类社会类NowadayssomeorganizationsandcharitiespublicizetheiractivitiesbyintroducingspecialdayseveryyearlikeNationalChildrensdayandNon-smokingDay.Whydotheyintroducespecialdaysandwhateffectsdoesthishave?(不需要对策)2009年6月13日社会类Reportresearchsuggeststhatmajorityofcriminalswhoweresenttoprisonwouldcommitcrimeswhensetfree.Whatdoyouthinkofthiscase?Whattobedonetosolvethisproblem?2009年7月25日教育类Nowadayssendingchildrentoboardingschool(eitherinothercountriesorintheirowncountries)isbecomingincreasinglypopular.Whyisit?Isitapositivedevelopment?2009年8月29日社会类/文化类Inthepast,peopleusedtotraveltoseethedifferencefromtheirhomecountry.But,nowadaystheplacesaroundtheworldarebecomingincreasinglysimilar.Whatarethecausesofthissimilarity?Doyouthinkthattheadvantagesofthissimilarityoutweighthedisadvantages?步骤二:段落安排第一段第一段:通过对题目的复述通过对题目的复述(不要原句照抄不要原句照抄)引出所需分析引出所需分析的事实的事实/问题的现状问题的现状(可稍加举例可稍加举例,或做简单背景说明或做简单背景说明);第二段第二段:找出该问题的主要成因找出该问题的主要成因(可列举两到三个原因可列举两到三个原因);(注意题目具体要求注意题目具体要求)第三段第三段:分析该问题的具体影响分析该问题的具体影响(微观至个人微观至个人,宏观至社会宏观至社会);(注意题目具体要求注意题目具体要求)第四段第四段:对策建议和结论对策建议和结论.第二段和第三段显然是最重要的部分第二段和第三段显然是最重要的部分.第四段的对策建议第四段的对策建议可建立在原因分析上自然推出可建立在原因分析上自然推出.而而原因剖析和影响分析原因剖析和影响分析都可具体应用之前拓宽思路所教的都可具体应用之前拓宽思路所教的六大原则六大原则.结构安排之一：引言段第一段第一段 话题复述话题复述 常用词汇常用词汇/句型句型:Q趋势类趋势类:如果题目中有出现如果题目中有出现 more,increasing(ly)引言句引言句:“越来越越来越”句型的应用句型的应用 的现象越来越普遍的现象越来越普遍;的问题越来越严重的问题越来越严重;越来越多越来越多做什么做什么;人们越来越多人们越来越多做什么做什么.P平叙类平叙类:如果题目只是平铺直叙某一现象如果题目只是平铺直叙某一现象,无趋势用词无趋势用词,则以改写题目原句为引言句则以改写题目原句为引言句.当然当然,不论是不论是Q类还是类还是P类类,都可以将题目原句稍加改造都可以将题目原句稍加改造,为为己所用己所用.引言段必背词汇Popular:prevalent 及对应名词及对应名词gradually,increasingly,trend,tendency.At present:Nowadays,currently,contemporaryTry:Attempt,endeavorAnalyze(reasons/causes/factors):explore,study,examineOffer(suggestions/solutions/recommendations):render,put forward,suggest.(主被动视主语主被动视主语)引言句改写的技巧变语态变主语变词性变近义词引言句变换示例Q类:2009年7月25日关于送小孩上寄宿学校题目原句:Nowadayssendingchildrentoboardingschool(eitherinothercountriesorintheirowncountries)isbecomingincreasinglypopular引言句变换:1.Nowadays,anincreasingnumberofparentsaresendingtheirchildrentoboardingschools.2.Nowadays,ithasbecomeincreasinglyprevalentforparentstosendtheirchildrentoboardingschools,eitherathomeorabroad.引言段写作TIPS为了扩充字数,并使内容深化,可以在上面提及的引言句之前,加上一些背景介绍性文字,但非必要.如:Howtoprovidethebesteducationforchildrenhaslongbeenoneoftheheadachesforparents.Inviewofthis,(引言句)思考:前面两个引言句示例中用哪个比较好?引言句示例演练12006.07.08社会类In a modern society,it has been observed in some countries that old people are not respected.Discuss the reasons why this has occurred and the effects it might have on our society.P类:(暗Q类,因此还是可以“越来越”句型.)简单:Nowadays,agrowingnumberofoldpeoplearenotgettingenoughrespectinsomecountries.中级:Inourcontemporaryworld,thereisagrowingtendencythatinsomecountriestheelderlyarenotreceivingproperrespectastheyshouldbe.引言句示例演练12007.01.06社会类Nowadayspeoplechangetheirjobsmoreoftenthanbefore,whatisthereasonandhowtosolveit?Q类:Inadayofchange,therearemorepeopleswitchingtheirjobsthaneverbefore.引言段写作小结引言段写作小结背景介绍背景介绍(一句话一句话,可有可无可有可无)如如:The twenty-first century has brought with it many changes.One of them is that.第一句引言第一句引言:Currently/today/nowadays/at present/in a modern society/in our contemporary world/in a day of change,改写题目以引出所讨论问题改写题目以引出所讨论问题.第二句承上启下第二句承上启下:视题目具体要求而定视题目具体要求而定(原因原因/影响影响/对策对策)This essay is going to examine the underlying factors/reasons/explanations of the phenonmenon/trend/tendency/problem/issue and explore its possible social effects/impacts.In the end,several suggestions/recommendations/solutions will be discussed/put forward.引言段演练引言段演练2007.12.01(升格升格)2005.08.06 环境类环境类Nowadays,we are living in a throw-away society.What are its causes and what are its problems?P类类(暗暗Q类类)参考参考:In a modern society,we are gradually adapted to a one-off life style.In this essay,I will attempt to find out the reasons why throw-away products are so popular and then try to analyze their negative impacts to our society.2007.12.15(升格)2005.07.23社会类WecanseemoredisastersandviolenceshownonTV.Whatareitscausesandwhateffectswilltheyexertontheindividualandthesociety?Q类Nowadays,TVprogramsareshowingmanymoredisastersandviolencethaneverbefore.Thisessaywillattemptstoanalyzethecausesforthisphenonmenonandeffectsthishasontheindividualandthesociety.2008.09.13 环境类环境类Somebelievethatenvironmentalprotectionisveryimportantbuttheydonotdoanythingaboutit.Whydoesithappen?Howcanwedotosolvetheproblem?P类Environmentalpollutionhasbecomeanincreasinglysevereprobleminmodersociety.Eventhoughsomepeopleacknowledgetheurgencyandsignificancyofthisissuetheyarenotdoinganythingaboutit.Thisessaywillattempttofindoutthereasonsforthisdisturbingphenonmenonandtrytorendersomepossiblesolutionsforthissituation.思考:此时的背景介绍显得有必要,为什么?题目首句是观点,而非一个事实高级引言句暨范文示例:2008.11.08关于时装的风行关于时装的风行高级原创版高级原创版:第一段第一段:引出问题引出问题:Since young we have been taught to believe that we should never judge a book by its cover.Yet another well-known saying goes like:clothes make the man.Caught up in the tug of war between cover and content,sadly to say,more of us opt to go for the look instead of the root.(观点立场观点立场:时装可以使人自信时装可以使人自信,增加成功机率增加成功机率,但是使人但是使人虚荣虚荣,攀比攀比,浪费资源浪费资源,扩大贫富差距感扩大贫富差距感)点评点评:英语谚语的应用可以使表达更加地道英语谚语的应用可以使表达更加地道,流畅流畅;而且几而且几乎没有使用题目当中的任何词汇乎没有使用题目当中的任何词汇,易使考官留下较深的印易使考官留下较深的印象象.缺点之一是由于过于强调自我观点的表述缺点之一是由于过于强调自我观点的表述,可能在点题可能在点题和后面论证上容易偏题和后面论证上容易偏题)段落安排之二：原因/影响段如何找原则/影响?思路整理：六大原则:时间原则金钱(经济)原则科技/环境原则文化/教育原则健康/道德/精神/精感/心理原则权益原则2006.03.11社会类/教育类Inmanycountries,moreandmoreyoungpeopleareleavingschoolsandunabletofindjobsaftergraduation.Whatproblemsdoyouthinkyouthunemploymentwillcausetotheindividualandthesociety?Givereasonsandmakesomesuggestions.原因:宏观:人口剧增,就业市场竞争激烈;中观:impracticalschooling=insufficientworkingskills;微观:youngpeopleslackofexperience.适用原则:经济原则,教育原则影响:个人:frustration,depression,doubt,resorttoinapproriatemeans.社会:unenployment,socialunrest,sustainabilityofeconomicdevelopment适用原则:经济原则,道德/心理/精神原则.建议:个人:关注自身能力和兴趣,及早准备;学校:推动教育体制的改革,向实用性转变;政府:加大经济发展力度,设立高质是的职业技术培训学校等.2006.07.08社会类Inamodernsociety,ithasbeenobservedinsomecountriesthatoldpeoplearenotrespected.Discussthereasonswhythishasoccurredandtheeffectsitmighthaveonoursociety.原因:经济社会的快速发展,人们生活压力陡增,对老人的关注在时间质量上都客观下降;社会的进步伴随着传统观念的沦丧,主观上对老人及其所象征的传统逐渐淡忘;世风日下,人们变得更加自私,责任感的日渐丧失.影响:日渐增多老年人健康问题(身体上/心理上);包括亲情在内的人际关系的淡漠,传统美德的遗失,社会风气日下;建议:(可有可无)2007.01.06社会类Nowadayspeoplechangetheirjobsmoreoftenthanbefore,whatisthereasonandhowtosolveit?原因:经济上:经济发展速度看,行业机会此起彼伏;个人自由度提升,不断追逐自己最赚钱或最感兴趣的职业;影响:(可有可无);对策:社会/学校/家庭帮助个人定位。或者独辟奚径,没什么需要解决的,强调这是一个社会的进步.(但同时强调应避免无谓浪费).适用原则：经济原则、权利原则2007.03.31（原题）=2005.02.26社会类/科技类Itisnowpossibletoperformeverydaytasksasbanking,shoppingandbusinesstransactionswithoutmeetingpeopleface-to-face.Whataretheeffectsitmaybringontheindividualandthesocietyasawhole?原因：无。影响：对个人：正面：节约时间/成本；负面：不利人际交往；对社会：正面：提高效率，节省资源；负面：对网络技术的过度依赖可能带来潜在的危害：如系统崩溃，黑客入侵等。对策：可有可无。适用原则：经济原则、时间原则、技术原则。2007.06.02(降格)2006.05.20社会类/文化类Manydevelopingcountriesareincreasinglyexpandingtheirtourismindustry.Whyisthiscase?Isitapositivedevelopment?原因及正面影响：即旅游业的好处：经济发展（GDP：对相关产业如酒店餐饮贸易交通及就业的拉动；相对绿色环保），文化交流负面影响：游客对环境的破坏，不良风气的带入（如巴厘岛），传统文化的同化/消亡。适用原则：经济原则、文化原则。2007.10.13（新题）社会类Someemployersfocusonacademicqualifications,payinglessattentiontolifeexperiencesandpersonalqualities.Whyisthisphenomenon?Isthisdevelopmentpositiveornegative?原因：学术成就=个人能力，看重潜在能力，追求高学位的虚荣心；影响：偏正面：对学术能力的认可，鼓励个人能力的充实/提高；(academicexcellence)偏负面：高分不等于高能，分数断送后进生的前途(underachievers)；智商高不等情商高。要胜任工作还需有较好人格，品德等。适用原则：教育原则，精神/道德/心理原则。2007.12.01(升格)2005.08.06环境类Nowadays,wearelivinginathrow-awaysociety.Whatareitscausesandwhatareitsproblems?原因：一次性产品的好处：便利（省时）/经济/卫生影响（负面）：环境污染，资源浪费适用原则：经济、时间、环境原则2007.12.15(升格)2005.07.23社会类WecanseemoredisastersandviolenceshownonTV.Whatareitscausesandwhateffectswilltheyexertontheindividualandthesociety?原因：电视台自负盈亏，对收视率的追求，够dramatic从而更吸引观众。（经济/心理原则）影响正面：教育，预警；负面：心理恐慌/忧虑；犯罪节目对小孩的直接不良影响；电台可能为收视率无所不用其极的间接信号传递。2008.02.14 社会类社会类Anincreasingnumberofpeoplechoosetoliveinbigcities.Whatproblemswillthisbringabout?Shouldthegovernmentencouragepeopletoliveinsmalltowns?原因：（可有可无）生活、就业、交通、文化娱乐等需要；问题（负面影响）：拥挤、污染、犯罪对策评价：为简单起见，同意即可，理由即为其负面影响。2008.04.12 社会类社会类Moreworkingpeoplearebusywithworkandhavenoenoughtimetospendwiththeirfamilyandfriends.Whydoesthishappen?Whataretheeffectsonfamilylifeandsocietyasawhole?原因：工作忙，没有时间；物质生活的追求，对亲情友情的淡漠；城市交通的不便。影响：精神上：孤独，健康：忧郁；思想上：缺乏人际交流；社会上：物质至上的信条不利于民众幸福水平的提高和长期健康发展。2008.04.19 社会类社会类Figuresshowthatsomecountrieshaveanever-increasingproportionofthepopulationwhoareaged15oryounger.Whatdoyouthinkarethecurrentandfutureeffectsofthismaybeforthosecountries?2008.06.28 科技类科技类Withtechnologyspeedingup,moreandmoreyoungpeoplebegintousemobilephonesandtheInternet,butoldpeoplehavelittlechancetobeexposedtothem.WhatwayscouldmobilephoneandtheInterneteusefultooldpeople?Howdooldpeoplebeencouragedtousethisnewtechnology?2008.08.21 社会类社会类Internationaltravelmakespeopleprejudicedratherthanbroad-minded.Whatarethereasonsandhowtosolveit?2008.09.13 环境类环境类Somebelievethatenvironmentalprotectionisveryimportantbuttheydonotdoanythingaboutit.Whydoesithappen?Howcanwedotosolvetheproblem?2008.11.08 社会类社会类Moreandmorepeoplenowchoosetowearthefashionableclothes.Whyisit?Whatarethepositiveandnegativeeffectsdoesthistrendimposeonthesociety?2008.12.06(G)社会类社会类Whataretheteenagerproblems?Howcouldschoolsandparentsdotosolvetheseproblems?2008.12.20 社会类社会类NowadayssomeorganizationsandcharitiespublicizetheiractivitiesbyintroducingspecialdayseveryyearlikeNationalChildrensdayandNon-smokingDay.Whydotheyintroducespecialdaysandwhateffectsdoesthishave?(不需要对策)2009年6月13日社会类Reportresearchsuggeststhatmajorityofcriminalswhoweresenttoprisonwouldcommitcrimeswhensetfree.Whatdoyouthinkofthiscase?Whattobedonetosolvethisproblem?2009年7月25日教育类Nowadayssendingchildrentoboardingschool(eitherinothercountriesorintheirowncountries)isbecomingincreasinglypopular.Whyisit?Isitapositivedevelopment?2009年8月29日社会类/文化类Inthepast,peopleusedtotraveltoseethedifferencefromtheirhomecountry.But,nowadaystheplacesaroundtheworldarebecomingincreasinglysimilar.Whatarethecausesofthissimilarity?Doyouthinkthattheadvantagesofthissimilarityoutweighthedisadvantages?第二段原因剖析必背词汇/句型:(导致)的句型重温:Cause,trigger,engender,generate,produce,provoke,incurLeadto,contributeto,giveriseto,resultin.第二段第一句引出原因:AsfarasIamconcerned,thereareanumberof/several/acoupleofreasonsforthisphenomenon.Frommyownperspective,thecausesofthisphenonmenonaremanifold.Inmyview,thereareanumberoffactorscontributingtothisissue/problem.第二段第二句开始列举并解释原因(排序最好按重要程度高低,以三个为宜,其余可一笔带过)Foronething,原因1playsanimportantpart/role.具体解释说明.Foranother,原因2partlycontributetothisphenomenon/issue.递进过渡词汇(furthermore,besides,moreover,whatsmore),原因3第三段影响分析常用词汇/句型:影响:influence,effect,impact好坏:positive/negative,good/bad,beneficial/adverse,对产生影响:exertgood/ba
