【课件】Unit+4+Discovering+Useful+Structures课件人教版（2019）必修第一册.pptx

定语从句That is the girl(whom)mom talked to yesterday.1.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。2.定语从句用关系代词或关系副词来引导。3.关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又做从句中的一个成分。4.定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。先行词-关系词-定语从句 关系词在从句中做一个成分限制性定语从句用来修饰和限定先行词，与先行词间的关系非常密切。如果去掉，则意思含混不清。例：A doctor is a person who cures patients.医生就是治疗病人的人。This is the telegram(which/that)he refers to.这就是他提到过的电报。非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明作用，其前后都需要逗号隔开。例：My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那一幢房子有一个漂亮的花园。This note was left by Tom,who was here a moment ago.这个短息是Tom留下的，不一会儿前他还在这里。先行词-关系词-定语从句 人 who 做主、宾、表语关 人 whom 做宾语系 物 which 做主、宾、表语代 人或物 that 做主、宾、表语词 人或物 whose 做定语 物/事 as 做主、宾语 关 时间名词 when 做时间状语系 地点名词 where 做地点状语副 原因名词 why 做原因状语词关系代词的用法 关系代词指代的是先行词1.who、whom who在从句中做主语、宾语；whom在从句中做宾语，可省略。例：Mark was another teacher who was very influential.马克是另外的一位非常有影响力的老师。Mark had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing.马克打算找到四位既能唱歌又能表演的乐手。These are the workers(whom)he employs.这些事他雇佣的工人。2.whose whose既可指人，也可指物。在定语从句中做定语。例：Do you know the girl whose Japanese is excellent?你认识那个日语非常优秀的姑娘吗？Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.救援人员为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所。I was born in Tongxiang,a city whose name will create a beautiful picture.(whose指的是a city,做name的定语)3.which which指物，在定语从句中做主语、宾语。例：However,there are still two other sharks which are fierce.然而，还有其他两种凶猛的鲨鱼。This is the book(which)you are looking for.这正是你在找的书。4.that that指人或物，指人时可与who、whom互换，指物时可与which互换。在从句中做主语或宾语。例：Jack is no longer the person(that/who/whom)I met five years ago.杰克不再是五年前我见到的杰克了。views that/which are entirely new may be hard to accept.那些全新的观点或许很难被接受。宜用that不宜用which的情况1.当先行词是不定代词的时候。（all,little,few,much,anything,everything,nothing,none,some）例：He did everything that he could to help us.他做了一切能做的事来帮助我们。All that can be done has been done.一切能做的都已经做完了。2.先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,the only,the very,the right,the last,few,just等修饰时。例：All the things that we can do is to give you some advice.我们唯一能够做的就是给你提供一些建议。This is the very book that I want.这正是我想要的书。3.当先行词既有人又有物时。例：She described in her compositions the people and the places that impressed her most.她在作文中描述了给她印象深刻的一些人和地方。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in school.他们谈论起了记忆中的学校里的人和事。4.当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。例：Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？which of us that know something about physics cannot join electric wires?我们中间懂物理的谁不会接电线？宜用which不宜用that的情况1.关系代词前有介词时。例：The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.我过去住的房子现在变成了一家鞋店。The pen with which you are writing is Jeffs.你现在正在用来写字的那支笔是杰夫的。2.在非限制性定语从句中。例：she lost the game,which depressed her greatly.她输了这一局，这使他很沮丧。Have you ever read the book The Three Musketeers,which was written by Alexander Dumas?你读过大仲马写的三个火枪手吗？3.先行词本身就是that时。例：Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么东西？I dont like that which he did.我不喜欢他做的那件事。宜用who不宜用that的情况1.先行词是指人的不定代词时。（one，ones,anyone）例：One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。The ones who flatter me dont please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦我。2.先行词为those时。例：Those who have good manners will be highly respected.那些有礼貌的人会受到高度尊重。Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.想去长城的人在这里签名。5.as 关系代词as既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。在从句中做主语、宾语、表语。引导限制性定语从句。先行词常有so,such,the same 例：We have found such materials as are used in their factory.（主）我们已经找到了像他们工厂例用的那种材料。These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.（宾）正如人们所料，这些房子以相当低的价格出售。He is not the same man as he was.（表）他和过去不同了。引导非限制性定语从句。表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、解释或 评论。此时as可翻译为“正如、像”等。由as引导的从句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。例：Einstein,as we know,is a famous scientist.众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。As I remember,there was a net bar around here.我记得这儿附近有一家网吧。the sameas与the samethat的用法区别当先行词被the same 所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。表示同一类事物用as，表示同一事物用that。例：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。（用的是同一台）This is the same instrument as I used yesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。（用的不是同一台）关系副词的用法1.when 指时间，在从句中做时间状语。其先行词为time,day,morning,night,week,year例：I still remember the time when I first traveled by plane.我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时间。But it was a time when there were many great writers.但这也是一个出现了许多伟大作家的时期。2.where 指地点，在从句中做地点状语。其先行词为place,spot,street,house,room,city,town,country例：Keep the books in a place where you can find them easily.请把书放在容易找到的地方。Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.古代中国是个诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。Where引导的定语从句还可以修饰表示抽象空间概念的名词，如case(情况),situation(情形),position(位置),stage(阶段),point(地步)例：What are some situations where body language is the only form of communication?在哪些情形下身体语言是唯一的沟通方式？3.why 指原因或理由，在定语从句中做原因状语。其先行词只有reason。例：I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.我来是为了解释当时没倒会的原因的。I dont want to listen to any reason why you were absent.我不想听任何你缺席的理由。“介词+关系代词”结构“介词+which”可以替代when,where,why。1.替代when:Ill never forget the days on which(=when)we studied together.我永远忘不了我们一起学习的日子。The year in which(=when)the earthquake happened was 1976.地震发生的那年是1976年。2.替代where：This is the town in which(=where)Shakespeare was born.这就是莎士比亚出生的城镇。I forget the exact place in which(=where)I had hidden the box.我忘记了埋藏这盒子的确切地点。3.替代why：Theres no reason for which(=why)we shouldnt be friends.我们没有理由不能成为朋友。Id like you to explain the reason for which(=why)you were absent.我想让你解释一下没来的原因。关系代词前介词的确定1.依据定语从句中动词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。例：I bought a great many books,on which I spent all my money that I saved.我买了很多书，这些书花了我积攒的所有钱。(spend.on)Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.做皮鞋生意是格林一家非常投入的事业。(be devoted to)2.依据与先行词搭配的具体意义而定。例：Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的时光。In ten years,he went from working in the post office to running the company,in which more than 1,000 people now work.在十年的时间里，他从在邮局做起，一直做到开公司，现在有1000多人在他的公司上班。3.根据所表达的意思来确定 例：The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.这种无色的气体就是氧气，离了它我们不能活。“the way”表示方法、手段时，用作先行词，后面的定语从句用that或in which引导，也可以省略。例：I dont like the way(that/in which)he speaks to you.我不喜欢他跟你谈话的方式。We like the way(that/in which)you organized the meeting.我们喜欢你组织会议的方法。有些“动词+介词”固定短语，不可把介词提前至关系代词前。如look for,look after,call on例：My youngest brother,after whom I have to look,is very naughty.(F)My youngest brother,whom I have to look after,is very naughty.(T)