(完整word版)英语十大词性讲解.pdf

十大词类精讲精练复习方式：熟记各词类的总结、教师提出重难点、强化细节知识的考查、近年在词类方面的命题去向、强化训练 I 英语此类分大种：名动形、数（量）代、介副连冠叹即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词(adjective)、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(numeral)、冠词(article)、介词(preposition)、连词(conjunctions)和感叹词(interjection)。一、名词(n)表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词 (一)名词的分类名词分为普通名词和专有名词，其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可用作单数，也可用作复数。可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如：boy，desk，cat，window)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体。如：family，class，police)。不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如：water，paper，silk，money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它）抽象概念。如：work，happiness，music，difficulty，housework)专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如：Tom，the Great Wall，the Spring Festival，France，the United States)(二)名词的数（考点）1可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种：(1)一般情况下，在词尾加s。egbook books，dog dogs，pen pens，boy boys以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s 的读音为 s)，以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s 读音为。(2)以 s，x，ch，sh 结尾的词名词变复数时，要在词尾加es。egbeach beaches，brush brushes，bus buses，box boxes(es 读音为 (3)以“辅音字母 y”结尾的名词，先变y 为 i，再加 es。egcity cities，family families，documentary documentaries，country countries，strawberry strawberries(ies读音为 iz)(注：以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接在词尾加-s。egboys，holidays，days)(4)以元音字母。结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下：加 estomato tomatoes，potato potatoes hero-heroes结尾是两个元音字母的加s，egZoo zoos，radio radios某些外来词变复数时词尾加s，eg.pianopianos一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s，egphoto(photograph)photos，kilo(kilogram)kiloszero 变复数时，既可加s，也可加 es zeros zeroes (5)以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时，先把f 或 fe 变为 v，再加 es。egwife wives leaf leaves，half halves，knifeknives，thief-thieves(res读音为 vz (注意：roof 的复数为roofs；scarf的复数为scarfs scarves)(6)有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s 或 es，而是变换其中的字母，egman men，woman women，policeman policemen，Englishman Englishmen，Frenchman Frenchmen，foot feet toothteeth，child children，mouse mice (7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。egChinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish (8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式，不可用作单数。eg，people，police，trousers，pants，clothes，scissors另外，当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数。egfive apple trees，a girl friend，two girl friends，a twin sister但是，当man和 woman作定语修饰复数名词时，就要用其复数形式。egtwo men teachers，three women doctors可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。eg.a room Of students，two boxes Of pencils 2不可数名词一般没有复数形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下。（考点）(1)表不定数量时，一般用much，(a)little，a lot oflots of，some，any 等词修饰。eg，much money，a little bread (2)表确定数量时，一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如：twothree+量词复数十of+不可数名词。ega bag Of rice，two glasses Of milk，four bottles Of water 3有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。eg:fruit水果 fruits表示不同种类的水果；food 食物 foods 各种食品；fish鱼fishes鱼的种类；drink饮料、酒a drink一杯一份饮料、一杯酒；cloth布,a cloth 桌布、抹布；sand沙 sands 沙滩；tea茶 a tea一杯茶；chicken鸡肉 a chicken 小鸡；orange 橘汁 an orange橘子；glass玻璃 a glass玻璃杯，glasses眼镜；paper 纸 a paper试卷、论文；wood 木头 a wood 小森林；room 空间、余地a room 房间 (三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)（难点）(1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。不是以s 结尾的名词变成所有格时，在词尾加s。egMikes watch；Women s Day以 s 结尾的名词变成所有格时，只加。egteachers office，students rooms两个或两个以上名词并列，表示共同所有，只需在最后一个名词后加s。egTom and Mikes room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)两个或两个以上名词并列，表示分别所有，需在几个名词后都加s。eg.Mary s and Jenny s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)(2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of 结构 ega map Of China，the beginning Of this game，the door Of the room (3)特殊形式可用s 和 of 短语表示的名词所有格 egthe boy s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)the dog s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)Chinas population=the population Of China(中国的人口)Chinas capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)双重所有格 ega fiend of my mothers我妈妈的一个朋友a picture of Toms汤姆的一张图片二、代词(pron)代替名词，兼有名词和形容词的作用相互代词 each other，one another指示代词 this，that，these，those不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each，every，both，all，either，neither，none，no，one，(a)few，(a)little，some，any，many，much，other，another复合不定代词everybody，somebody，anybody，nobody，everyone，someone，anyone，no one，every-thing，something，anything,nothing疑问代词 what，who，whom，which，whose直接代词疑问代词都可作连接代词，引导宾语从句表语从句等。关系代词 who，whom，whose，that，which 用引导定语从句。（二)代词的用法 1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法（1）人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格用来作主语，宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。eg.She gave a red apple她给了我一个红苹果：(She 作主语，me作动词宾语)Kathy is near him凯西靠近他。(介词 near 的宾语)2，物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词位于名词前：their school，his backpack名词性物主代词相当干一个名词，在句中可作主语、宾语等，后面不能再接名词。eIt isntmy penMine(=my pen)is missing(作主语)I left my pen at home You can use hers(=her pen)，(作宾语)of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。eg.a cat of hers她的一条狗，a friend of yours你的一个朋友 (3)反身代词反身代词在句中可作同位语，起强调作用，也可作动词或介词的宾语。egA few days later，I myself had to go to Paris(作同位语)She bought herself a new bag(作动词宾语)Hes not worried about himself(作介词宾语)带有反身代词的常用短语。teach oneself自学 help oneself to随便吃些吧 say to oneself自言自语 learn by oneself自学 enjoy oneself过得愉快 leave one by oneself把某人单独留下 hurt oneself伤了自己 dress oneself自己穿衣服 come to oneself苏醒过来 (4)相互代词表示相互关系，可用作动词或介词的宾语，用法区别不大。egFor years，the two sisters looked after one another(each other)多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。We should learn from each other我们应当互相学习。可以用格表示所有关系：each other s，one another s 互相的，彼此的 egThey are looking at each others pictures他们相互看对方的照片。(5)指示代词指示代词有单复数之分，既可指物，也可用于介绍人。Eg This is an apple tree，and that is an orange tree这是一棵苹果树，那是一棵桔子树。These are my friends，and that is my sister这些是我朋友，那个是我姐姐。指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情：eg.Steve had a bad coldThis That was why he didnt come to school yesterday 2不定代词的用法（考点，难点）(1)each，every，both，all，either，neither，no，none 的用法each每个各个”(强调个体)，用于两者或两者以上。egTwo girls came and l gave an apple to each来了俩姑娘，我给她们每人一个苹果。Each of them has a nice ring她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。every 每个各个”(强调全体)，用于两者以上。every 常作形容词用。egEveryday is important to us每天对我们都很重要。He has read every book(all the books)On the subject他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书both 表示两者“都”(强调全体)。egHer parents are both doctors她父母都是医生。Both of them are doctors他俩都是医生。They both like potatoes他俩喜欢吃土豆。all“全体大家一切”用于三者以上，也可接不可数名词。egThats all for today今天到此为止。All of us are from China我们都来自中国。All the food is delicious所有的食物都很好吃。either“两者之一”，用于两者(强调个体)。egThe two coats are cheap，so you can choose either of them那两件外套不贵，你可以随便挑一件。neither“两个都不”，用于否定两者。eg.Neither Of the books isare so interesting.那两本书没一本好看的。no(=not any not a)“没有”可接可数名词单复数，也可接不可数名词。eg.I have no brothers Or sisters我没有兄弟姐妹.A clock has no mouth，but it can talk钟表没有嘴，但能说话。There is no fire without some smoke有火就有烟。none“没有一个人物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名司。eg.None Of them has have been to Japan他们都没去过日本。I like none of the books这些书我全都不喜欢。neither和 none 表示完全否定；all，both，each 和 every(含 every 的复合词)等与 not 连用时表示部分否定。egI don t know all of you我不完全认识你们。Not everyone Of us know how to go there不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。(2)one，ones 和 no one 的用法one 用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人，以免重复；复数 ones 用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人；no one 表示否定。e Would you please pass me the science book?给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗?一 Which one?哪一本?一 The one on my shelf我书架上的那本。No one has traveled farther than to the moon没有人旅行远过月球。(3)(a)few，(a)little；many，much；some，any 的用法（考点，难点）many(+复数名词)，much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多”。egMany Of the students come from England那些学生许多是从英国来的。Thanks，it s too much for me谢谢，我承受不起。few(+复数名词)，little(+不可数名词)表示“没多很少”(表否定)。eg，There were few people in the street last night昨晚街上没什么人。I am very worried that l have little time to finish the job 我担心，我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。afew(+复数名词)，a little(+不可数名词)表示“有一些有几个”(表肯定)。eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread inthe fridge我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意：quite a few表示“相当多”egThere are quite a few students over there那儿有相当多的学生。some(+复数名词不可数名词)，any(+复数名词不可数名词)表示“有一些有几个”(表肯定)。egThere are some birds in the tree树上有些鸟。There is some water in the bottle瓶里有些水。I don t have any brothers Of sisters我没有 Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶吗?.some 一般用于肯定句，但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中，多用some。eg:Would you like some beer?你要不要来点啤酒吗？Why didnt you buy some sweets?(You should have bought)你怎么没买点糖果?.any 一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句 egThere isnt any water left没有剩下一点水。If you have any questions，put up your hands。please 如果有问题，请举手。：some+单数名词表示“某一个”，any+单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”。e Ill catch up with you some day有一天我会赶上你的。Come any day you like你哪天来都行。Tom is taller than any other student in his class汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。one,other,others,the others,another等的用法1.onethe other表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个另一个”eg.Mr Smith has two daughters.0ne is a teacher，the other is a nurse2.one another表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另个”。eg.I dont want this One，please give me another3.one the others强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。eg.In Our school One Of the teachers is American，the Others are Chinese4.some the others表示许多人或物，不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部”。egSome students are reading，the others are drawing picturesothers=other+名词；the others the Other+名词。egSome students like traveling，others(other students)like watching TV at homeanother表示“再又”时既可接单数名词，也可接数词+复数名词。eg.He will be able to finish his work in another two hours再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。(4)复合不定代词的用法复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。egSomeone is knocking at the door有人在敲门修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后，即定语后置。egThere is something important On todaysnewspaper 今天的报纸有些重要新闻。复合不定代词变否定句时，要否定主语：egSomething is wrong(变为否定句)Something isn t wrong.(错误)Nothing is wrong(正确)Somebody，someone，something 一般用于肯定句；anybody，anyone，anything一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句。egThere is something new in the park公园里有些新的景点。Do you have anything interesting to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?当 somebody，someone等用于疑问句时，表示肯定、请求、建议或反问；anybody，anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。egIs someone coming this afternoon?今天下午有客人来吗?Anyone can make mistakes任何人都可能犯错误。3疑问代词的用法。(1)who whom 谁(指人)作主语 eg.Who wants to go with him?作宾语 egWho Whom are you waiting for?(作介词 for 的宾语)eg.WhoWhom do you want to meet?(作动词 meet 的宾语)作表语 egWho Whom are they?(2)whose谁的作定语 egWhose pen is this?作表语 egWhose is this pen?(3)which哪一个，哪一些作定语 egWhich girl is Kathy?作表语 egWhich is the boys ball?(4)what什么作主主语 egWhat s on the table?作宾语 eg.What are you doing?作表语 egWhat is he?作定语 egWhat class are you in?4关系代词的用法关系代词用来引起定语从句，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词，另方面又在从句中充当一个成分。egThis is the man who gave me the book这就是给我书的那个人。The money thatwhich is on the table is mine桌上的钱是我的。The money thatwhich my mother gave me is on the table我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。三、形容词(adj)表示人和事物的特征，对名词起修饰和描绘作用四、副词(adv )表示动作特征或性状，主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子 (一)形容词的用法及位置 1形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等，作定语时一般放在名词前。Eg.She has short hair(作定语)Paul is tall(作表语)We must keep our room clean(作宾补)2形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。egShe has something important to tell usTheres nothing wrong in the sentence(二)副词的种类、用法及位置 1 副词的种类 (1)时间副词表示大体时间：now，then，yesterday，today，tonight，before，justnow，recently表示频率：always，usually，often，sometimes seldom，never其它作用：already，yet，early，soon，at once，immediately，atfirst at last (2)地点副词表地点：here，there，home，abroad，upstairs，downstairs，anywhere，everywhere，nowhere，somewhere表位置关系(后接宾语时，用作介词)：above，below，round，around，down，in，out，inside，outside，across，back，along，over，away，near，off,past (3)方式副词表示谓语动词“怎样地”，(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly 构成)：badly，bravely，gratefully，calmly，carefully，carelessly，nervously，proudly，patiently，politely，sadly，properly，rapidly，wrongly，suddenly(4)程度副词多数用来修饰形容词或副词：much，(a)little，a bit，very，sO，too，enough，quite,rather，completely，terribly，deeply，nearly，almost，hardly (5)疑问副词构成特殊疑问句：how，when,where，why (6)连接副词连接主语、宾语或表语从句：how，when，where，why (7)关系副词引导定语从句：when，where，why(8)其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明，一般用逗号与主句隔开：frankly(坦率地说，说真的)，generally(一般说来)，luckily(幸运地是)，first of all(首先)等。2副词的用法及位置 (1)修饰动词作状语多数位于动词之后，及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。egThe farmers are working hard in the field She speaks English well The nurse looks after the babies carefully频度副词放在动词前，情态动词和助动词之后。egHe always goes to school On foot She was often late for schoolI have never been to Beijing (2)修饰形容词作状语，放在形容词前。egHe has a very nice watch The box is too heavy.(3)修饰另一副词作状语，放在另一副词前。egShe paints quite well You speak too fastI can t understand you (4)作表语，放在系动词后。egIs anybody in?(5)作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后。egI saw him out just now (6)作定语，放在名词之后。egThere is a man：here On vacation (7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps，first，sometimes，finally等副词，一般放在句首。egFinally，I finished the workPerhaps he s watching TV at home (8)表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前，而enough 则放在它所修饰的词后。eg.He is old enough to go to school (三)形容词和副词的比较等级 1比较级、最高级的构成 (1)单音节和少数双音节词一般在词尾加er 或 est great-greater greatest，young younger youngest，slowslower slowest以 e 结尾的只加r 或 st nice nicer-nicest，large largerlargest以辅音字母加y 结尾的，先变y 为 i，再加 er 或 estheavy heavier heaviest，easy easier easiest，busy busier busiest，funny funnier+funniest，earlyearlierearliest以重读闭音节结尾的词，先双写最末的一个辅音字母，再加er 或 est bigbigger biggest，thin thinner thinnest，fat)fatterfattest，ht)fitterfittest (2)多音节和部分双音节词，前加more 为比较级，加(the)most为最高级careful more carefulmost careful useful more useful most usefulpopular more popular most popular carelessly more carelessly most carelessly (3)不规则变化的词 goodwell better best badillbadly worseworst manymuch moremostlittleless leastold older elder oldest(指年龄大小)eldest(指长幼顺序)far fartherfurtherfarthest(指距离)furthest(指程度)2形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法 (1)形容词和副词比较级的用法用于两者比较，表示“比更”：“A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B，egI am two years older than my little sister“A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+：egShe gets to school earlier than the other students用于两者之间的同级比较，表示“和一样”：“A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B，eg.Bill is as funny as his father“A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B”eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.表示甲在某方面不如乙：“A+系动词+notas so+形容 i 司原级+as 十 B”egThese books aren t as interesting as those“A+助动词情态动词+not+谓语动词+aS SO+B”egShe didn t sing sO well that night as she usually does表示某个范围内的两者相比：“A十动词十 the+比较级+of 短语(比较范围)”egPenny is the taller of the two girlsPenny 是这两个女孩中较高的一个。表示“越来越”：“比较级+and+比较级”egIn spring the days are getting longer and longer在春天，白天变得越来越长。表示“越越”：“the+比较级 the+比较级”egThe mort：you practice using English，the better youll learn it 你英语练得越多，就会学得越好。可以用much，far，even，a bit，a little，a lot等修饰比较级表示程度，但决不可用very 修饰。egTom is a little taller than MikeTom比 Mike 稍高一点；it is even colder today than yesterday。今天甚至比昨天更冷在比较级中，为了避免重复，可用that或 those 代替前面提到过的事情。egThe weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown这儿比我的老家热得多。The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。(3)形容词和副词最高级的用法对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the，副词最高级前可加the，也可省掉the；后面可带of in 短浯来说明比较范围：“主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of 短语 in 短语”egShe is the youngest Of all“A+谓语动词+(the)+最高级+of 短语 in 短语”egLinda draws most carefully in her class五、冠词(art )用在名词前，帮助说明其意义冠词分为不定冠词aan 和定冠词the，放在名词前、a 3n 用在单数可数名词前(a 用于辅音音素开头的词前，an 用于元音音素开头的词前)。1不定冠词 (1)不定冠词的用法泛指类人或物。egThis is a pencil caseSheS a doctor 指不具体的某个人或物。eg.I met an old man On my way home用在序数词前，相当于another。egTheres a third boy near the shop.表示“每(个)”，相当于every。egThey have music lessons twice a week固定搭配。a lot Of，a lot，a little，a few，a glass Of，such a an，have a word with，have a look，have a try，have a swim，a quarter，half an hour，three times a day，have a talk，give a talk，ten Yuan a kilo (2)不定冠词的位置不定冠词般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。eg，a bike，an egg当名词被such，what，many修饰时，不定冠词放在这些词之后。egIt took me half an hour to finish my homework He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door What a dangerous job it is!Many a man has gone to the big cities for work当名词前的形容词前有so，how，too 等词时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。Eg.She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station How nice a film this is!当名词前面有形容词和quite，rather，very 时，不定冠词放在quite，rather之后，very之前。egIt is quite a good book That is rather a useful too1.This is a very interesting story 2定冠词的用法表示上文中所提到过的人或物。eg:l have two children，a boy and a girlThe boys name is MarkThe girls name is Penny.(2)特指某(些)人或物。eg:The girl in a red dress comes from America (3)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物。eg:My shoes are under the bed (4)用在形容最高级和部分比较级前。eg Tom is the taller of the two boys (5)用在序数词前。eg Monday is the second day of a week (6)yo用在世界上独一无二的事物前(如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等)。cg The moon moves round the earth (7)用在某些形容词前，表示类人或物。the rich(富人)，the poor(穷人)，the deaf(聋人)，the blind(盲人)，the dead(死者)，the wounded(伤员)(8)用在姓氏复数前，表示“某某家人”或“某某夫妇”。egThe Greens are having dinner at home (9)用在乐器前。egplay the pianoguitarviolindrums (10)用于逢“十”的复数数词前，指某个世纪中的几十年代或人的大约年岁。eg.In the 1970s，a h