高考英语提分单元加餐练全国通用版(全解析)：单元加餐练2-3(20200812082026).pdf

单元加餐练.阅读理解A(2017 北京高考)Hollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶的)minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly.The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI)may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener,who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论),put it this way：“If we use,to achieve our purposes,a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预),we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality,one that we usually associate with living things:a wish to preserve its own existence.For the machine,this quality is not in-born,nor is it something introduced by humans;it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead.So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee,it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task.If we are not careful,then,we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined,super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own,with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists.Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall,using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.Unfortunately,that plan seems unlikely to work：we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans,let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand,as it has been by some AI researchers.Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans.Others say we can just“switch them off”as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility.Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen.On September 11,1933,famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated,with confidence,“Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.”However,on September 12,1933,physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导)nuclear chain reaction.篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。人工智能随着科技的发展可能超出人类的控制，人类应如何应对此类安全问题，文章对此进行了讨论。1Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may _.Arun out of human control Bsatisfy humans real desires Ccommand armies of killer robots Dwork faster than a mathematician 答案：A段落大意题。由第一段中的“artificial intelligence(AI)may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want”并结合本段内容可推断出，第一段主要告诉我们人工智能可能会超出人类的控制。故选A。2Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to _.Aprevent themselves from being destroyed Bachieve their original goals independently Cdo anything successfully with given orders Dbeat humans in international chess matches 答案：A推理判断题。由第二段第一句“A machine with a specific purpose has another quality,one.associate with living things:a wish to preserve its own existence.”及该段内容可知，具有特殊用途的机器与生物有联系，部分是因为这种机器可能会防止自己被损害。故答案选A。3 According to some researchers，we can use firewalls to _.Ahelp super intelligent machines work better Bbe secure against evil human beings Ckeep machines from being harmed Davoid robots affecting the world 答案：D细节理解题。由第三段中的“Some researchers argue that we can seal.never allowing them to affect the real world.”可知，一些研究者认为，我们可以把这些机器封闭在一种防火墙内，用它们来解决难题，但从不允许它们影响真实世界，故选D 项“避免机器人影响世界”。4What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?AIt will disappear with the development of AI.BIt will get worse with human interference.CIt will be solved but with difficulty.DIt will stay for a decade.答案：C推理判断题。由最后一段首句“Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.”可知，作者认为，解决超级智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但并非易事。故选 C。BModern technology has a strong influence on many things we do.In fact,technology is shaping almost every part of our day-to-day existence,including education.Ashok Goel is a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology.Every term over 300 graduate students take his class on artificial intelligence(AI).The students never meet in person.All of the classes take place online through a website.Having hundreds of students in a class means Ashok Goel has to answer thousands of questions.He has eight teaching assistants to help him.But even that is not enough to give all the students the help they need.So,in January,he decided to try an experiment.At the start of the spring 2016 semester,he added a new member to his teaching team:Jill Watson.She was able to answer questions faster than most other teaching assistants.And she was available 24 hours a day.It was only at the end of the semester that Goels students learned Watsons secret:she was not a real person.Jill Watson is an AI computer program.Goel says only two students came close to predicting Watsons true identity.He was worried about telling his students because he thought they would not like being part of the experiment.But once they learned Watsons identity,they became very excited.“Then,you know what happened?They not only asked that question about Jill，”“Is she an AI?Once the identity of Jill was revealed,they also asked if I was an AI，”he said.Goel now uses Watson in two classes,but still doesnt tell his students which of his teaching assistants is a computer program.He hopes this technology will make it easier for teachers to create their programs to use in and outside the classroom.篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。全文主要讲述了一个教授在学生问问题太多、忙不过来的时候选择使用人工智能计算机程序来辅助教学的这样一件事，告诉读者科学技术能够使教育变得更容易。5How does Goel give his students help?AThrough books.BBy writing to them.CBy face-to-face teaching.DThrough the Internet.答案：D细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“At the start of the spring 2016 semester,he added a new member to his teaching team:Jill Watson.”以及后面的“Jill Watson is an AI computer program.”可知，Goel 利用人工智能计算机程序，给学生提供帮助，为他们解答难题。故选 D。6Why did Goel decide to try an experiment?ABecause some questions were difficult for assitants to answer.BBecause it was hard to answer so many students questions.CBecause he was too tired to answer those questions.DBecause he wanted to improve students self-study ability.答案：B细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的前四句可知，因为有几百名学生问问题，即使有8 名助教来帮忙，也很难应对。由此，他决定做一个实验，使用人工智能计算机程序。故选B。7Whats the students response to Jill Watson?ABeing surprised.BBeing indifferent.CBeing excited.DBeing shocked.答案：C细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句“But once they learned Watsons identity,they became very excited.”可知，当他们得知了 Watson的真实身份，学生们变得兴奋不已。故选C。8Whats the best title of this passage?ATechnology Making Education Easier BAshok Goel,a Professor Shaping Education CJill Watson,a Real Teaching Assistant DThe Internet Has a Strong Impact on Our Life.答案：A标题判断题。文章主要讲述了一个教授在学生问问题太多、忙不过来的时候选择使用人工智能计算机程序来帮忙的这样一件事说明科学技术能够使教育变得更容易。故选A。.七选五You are sitting on the desk.A teacher is writing on the blackboard.Kids are yelling in the playground outside.A book falls off the desk next to you.Suddenly,the teacher hands you a pop quiz.Dont panic!_1_Youre in a“virtual(虚拟的)classroom”.Everything you see and hear is coming to you through a computer-operated display that youre wearing on your head like a pair of very big glasses.Wearing this kind of virtual-reality equipment,you can find yourself sitting in a classroom,touring a famous museum,wandering across a strange landscape,flying into space,or playing with a cartoon character._2_Virtual-reality equipment that delivers images and sounds directly to your eyes and ears makes these fake worlds seem lifelike.Unlike the classroom,the technology is real.Its a type of technology that uses computer programs to imitate real world situation._3_ Movie directors and video game producers have been using computers for years to create ever more realistic special effects.Some companies are now building three-dimensional(三维)fantasy worlds in which players,linked by computer networks,appear to meet and go on explorations together._4_ They see virtual reality technology as a useful tool for learning more about why people act as they do.It could help psychologists deter identify and come up with solutions for behavior problems,for example.“Weve spent the last 100 years looking for certain laws in how people interact with the real world，”says psychologist Albert.“_5_ This is psychologists dream.”AYou arent actually in school.BThis technology has been used in many fields.CSome psychologists are also getting into the act.D Grown-ups,too,stand a chance of benefiting from this technology.EAs part of one classic test,you watch letters flashed on a computer screen.F You dont have to leave your room to experience all that mentioned above.GNow,weve got a powerful tool that lets us create worlds and see how people perform.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，讲述了虚拟现实技术。虚拟现实技术可以让人足不出户就进行各种体验。这种技术已应用在了很多领域，心理学家们也用这种技术来解决难题。1 A根据上文“Dont panic！”及下文“Youre in a virtual(虚拟的)classroom”可知，这一句话应该是要解释为什么不要惊慌。故选 A。2 F根据“Wearing this kind of virtual-reality equipment,you can find yourself sitting in a classroom,touring a famous museum,wandering across a strange landscape,flying into space,or playing with a cartoon character.”可知，虚拟现实装备可以让人足不出户就体验各种情景。故选 F。3B根据“Movie directors and video game producers have been using computers for years to create ever more realistic special effects.Some companies are now building three-dimensional(三维)fantasy worlds in which players,linked by computer networks,appear to meet and go on explorations together.”可知，虚拟现实技术应用在了很多领域当中。故选 B。4 C根据下文“It could help psychologists deter identify and come up with solutions for behavior problems,for example.”可知，“They see virtual reality technology as a useful tool for learning more about why people act as they do.”中的“They”是指心理学家。故选C。5G根据“This is psychologists dream.”可知，本处应该填心理学家的梦想。故选G。.语法填空Flying cars may soon become a _1_(real).The rideshare service Uber has asked _2_expert from NASA,the American space agency,_3_(help)the company develop cars that can fly.Uber plans to use flying vehicles _4_the future to avoid traffic in and around cities.The company wants to use a small,totally electric aircraft,_5_can take off and land like a helicopter on top of parking garages.Uber said its flying vehicles would be much _6_(quiet),cost less to operate and produce less pollution than helicopters.One person in San Francisco wrote on Twitter(推特),“I used to think that flying cars_7_(be)a ridiculous idea._8_I changed my mind this morning w hen I sat in a heavy traffic.”Another person added from Mumhai,India,“Im reading about Uber _9_(hire)a NASA engineer to build flying cars,while Im stuck in traffic.There is hope.”The expert predicts there will be several early models of cars that cant fly _10_(they)but with human pilots within one to three years.1 _ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5._ 6._ 7._ 8._ 9._ 10._ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了Uber 公司正在研发飞行汽车，这种汽车操作噪声小、耗能低、污染少。1reality考查词性转换。句意：飞行汽车可能很快成为现实。空格前有不定冠词“a”限定，空格处应用名词，因此用所给词real 的名词形式 reality。2an考查冠词。句意：Uber 拼车公司已经邀请了一名来自美国航空机构 美国航空航天局的专家帮助研发一种可飞行的汽车。此处泛指一名专家，且 expert的发音以元音音素开头，故用不定冠词an。3to help考查非谓语动词。ask sb.to do sth.是常用短语，意为“要某人做某事”。故填 to help。4in考查介词。固定短语in the future“在未来，在将来”。故填 in。5which考查定语从句的引导词。句意：Uber 公司想利用一种体积小、完全由电力供能的飞行器，这种飞行器能像直升机一样在停车场上空起飞和着陆。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词“aircraft”，在从句中作主语。故填which。6quieter考查形容词的比较级。根据后面的连词“than”可知，此处用比较级形式。故填quieter。7was考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处描述的是过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时；主语“flying cars”表示的是一类事物，并结合空格后的“a ridiculous idea”可知，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填 was。8But考查连词。根据语境可知，此处表示转折，因此用But。注意首字母大写。9hiring考查非谓语动词。句意：我正在阅读关于Uber雇用一名美国航空航天局的工程师制造飞行汽车的消息此处应用 hire 的动名词形式，作介词about的宾语。故填 hiring。10themselves考查反身代词。根据下文中的“but with human pilots”可知，此处指早期的飞行汽车不能自动飞行。故填反身代词themselves。.书面表达假如你叫李华，你的一些同学几乎天天光顾你校附近的几家网吧。对此，你校开展了一次热烈的讨论：中学生应不应该去网吧。请你给二十一世纪报 中学生版的编辑写一封100 词左右的信，简要汇报讨论情况，并征求编辑的意见。_ _ _ _ 标准范文 Dear Editor，Some students go to the net bars near our school almost every day.Last week,a heated discussion was held in our school about whether middle school students should go to net bars.45%of the students thought that we shouldnt because the contents of many websites are not suitable for us young students.Many students go there just to chat or to play electronic games.Its really a waste of time.On the contrary,50%of the students held the view that we should because surfing the Internet is a modern method of communication.We can search for the information we need,attend net schools online,send and receive e-mails to keep in touch with our friends.Still,there are 5%students who didnt express any of their ideas at all.Now,can you give us some advice on this problem?Yours sincerely，Li Hua