(最新)小学名词专题讲义(教师经典整理版).pdf

名词专题讲义s 一.名词的分类专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如HongKong,China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross 个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如 student,book 名普可数名词词通集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family,school,group,people 名词不可数名词物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton,air,tea 抽象名词：表示抽象概念，如:work，happiness,news 名词集个抽物质，可数6 变 3 特殊；主谓一致看名词，集形复表要具体；名格 s/of 来代表，共有各有要分清。二名词的复数可数名词有单、复数形式，其复数的构成规则如下：1）绝大多数在词尾加s。如：book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces.注意：German Germans属于绝大多数在词尾加s.2）以 ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加 es。如：watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes;注意：以 o 结尾加 es的常用名词:Negro,hero,volcano,potato,tomato记忆口诀：黑人英雄 爱在 火山上吃土豆 西红柿下列以 o 结尾的词加 s构成复数：piano,photo,radio,zoo,bamboo,kilo 3）以辅音字母 y 结尾的名词，将y 改为 i，再加 es。例如：baby,babies;family,families;4）以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词，先将f 或 fe 改为 v，再加 es构成复数形式。常用名词有 self,life,thief,wife,knfe,loaf,leaf,shelf,wolf,half 记忆口诀：为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半，注意：下列以 f 结尾的名词，是在 f 后加 s 构成复数：roof,chief,belief,gulf；个别的两种方式都可以，如：handkerchief,s,handkerchieves 5）少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，要一一背记：man men;woman women;mouse micefoot feet;tooth teeth;goose geese；oxoxen;child children;6)单复同形.如：sheep,deer,fish,people,Chinese,Japanese 7）复合名词：A.含 man或 woman的复合名词，两部分都变为复数形式。如：two men teachers,four women doctors B.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式，如：lookers-on旁观者，editors-in-chief 总编辑,passers-by过路人C.如果没有主体名词，就在词尾后加s。如：grown-ups 成年人，go-betweens 中间人8）以复数形式出现的名词：trousers裤子,glasses眼镜，scales天平，savings储蓄，findings 调查结果，doings 行为，surroundings环境，arms武器，fireworks 烟火，remains残余，thanks感谢，riches财富，ashes灰烬，stairs 楼梯9）有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如：take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备，give regards to 问候s三.名词的所有格of（一）所有格 s 1）名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“s”,如：Tom s bike,Marxs works以 s结尾的专有名词，在词尾后加“”或“s”。如：Engels/Engels s works以 s结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加“”。如：students homework,a workers night school 一所工人夜校不以 s结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“s”。如：men s clothes 男士衣服childrens books 儿童读物2）如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“s”。例如：Tom and Mike s room 汤姆和迈克合住的房间Tom s and Mike s rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间3）表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。如：the tailors 裁缝店，the barbers理发店，go to the doctors上诊所，at my uncles在我叔叔家4）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“s”或“”来表示 所有格。如：today s newspaper,half an hours rest,two weeks work,ten minuteswalk,Chinas population,Shanghai s industry（二）所有格of1）表示无生命的名词一般用of 短语表示所有关系。如：the students of their school,the teachers of Grade 2 2）表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of 所有格”来表示所属关系。如：He is an old friend of my fathers.This is a picture of Marys.（三）双重所有格1)名词+of+名词所有格。如:a friend of my father 2)名词+of+名词性物主代词。如：some friends of mine 四.主谓一致一）主谓一致的种类1语法形式上的一致主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：The number of the students present is 200.Jane and Mary look alike.2意义上一致1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。如：The crowd were shouting.单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people,police,cattle等。2）主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。如：The news was so surprising.形复意单的单词有news和一些以 ics 结尾的学科名称，如 physics，politics,economics 等。3就近原则即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词 or，eitheror,neithernot,not onlybut also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。如：Either your students or Mr.Wang knows this.（二）主谓一致的应用1名词作主语1）某些集体名词，如 family,team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His family is a happy one.The whole family are watching TV.这类名词有：audience，class，club，company，crew，enemy，crowd，government，group，party，public，team等。名词 population 一词的使用情况类似。“a group(c rowd)of+复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数，前者强调整体，后者强调各个部分。2）某些集体名词，如people,police,cattle 等，只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。如：The police are searching for the thief.3）单、复数同形的名词主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。如：A sheep is over there.Some sheep are over there.4）名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。如：The doctors is across the street.My uncle s is not far from here.常见的省略名词有：the baker s,the barbers,the carpenters,the Zhangs等。表示店铺的名词，一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：Richardson s have a lot of goods to sell.5）当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。如：Three years has passed since then.6）不定代词 each,every,no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema.7）如果主语有 more than one或 many a构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：More than one student has read the book.Many a girl has been there.但是，“more+复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如：More members than one are against your plan.8）一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，例如：glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。但如果主语用“a kind of,a pair of,a series of 等加名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：A pair of shoes was on the desk.9）this kind of book=a book of this kind（这种书），其谓语动词用单数；短语 this kind of men=men of this kind=these kind of men(口语)（这一类人），但 this kind of men的谓语动词用单数，men of this kind 和 these kind of men的谓语动词用复数，all kinds of 后跟复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：This kind of men is dangerous.Men of this kind are dangerous.10）复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致原则，作用单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有：means（方法），works（工厂），species（种类），Chinese，Japanese 等。如：The(This)glass works was set up in 1980.(这家玻璃厂建于1980年。)The（These）glass works are near the railway station.当它们前面有 a,such a,this,that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all,such,these,those修饰时，谓语用复数，但 means,no means,the means 等词前没有以上修饰词时，可用作单数，也可用作复数。11）如果名词词组中心词是all，most,half,rest等词语，所指的复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；反之，用单数。如：All of my classmates like music.All of the water is gone.12)在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：Between the two windows hangs a picture.2由连接词连接的名词作主语1）用 and或 both and连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如：Plastics and rubber never rot.Walking and riding are good exercises.但是，并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时 and后面的名词没有冠词。如：Truth and honesty is the best policy.The girls teacher and friend is a young doctor.To love and to be loved is great happiness.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.A knife and fork is on the table.2）当主语后面跟有 as well as,as much as,no less than,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides,including,in addition to 等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数而定。如：The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library.）以 or,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also等连接的名词（代词）作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。如：Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room.Either you or he is to go.3代词作主语1）名词性物主代词作主语时，既可以用作单数，也可以用作复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如：Ours(Our Party)is a great party.Your shoes are black,and mine(=my shoes)are brown.2）such,the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如：Such is our plan.Such are his words.3）关系代词 who,that,which 等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：Those who want to go please put up your hands.Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.4）疑问代词 who,what,which 作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如：Who lives next door?It is Xiao Liu.Who live next door?It is Zhang and Liu.What produce(s)heat?5）不定代词 any,either,neither,none,all some,more 等作主语时，有以下两种情况：单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词用单数或复数形式，例如：Now all has been changed.All are present.either,neither单独作主语时，谓语通常用单数。但后接 of 时，若 of 的宾语为不可数名词，动词当然用单数形式，若of 的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数，在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。如：Do(es)any of you know his address?None of them has(have)seen the film.4分数、量词作主语1）“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of,lots of plenty of,a large quantity of,a heap of,heaps of,half of+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中 of 后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语，例如：Lots of damage was caused by fire.About three-fourths of the earths surface is covered with water.Three-fifths of the workers here are women.和这种情况类似的还有“a number of+名词复数”，但是，“the number of+名词”的中心词却是 number,试比较：A number of students have gone home.The number of pages in this book is two hundred.注意：(large)quantities of 修饰可数或不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数，例如：Quantities of food(nuts)were on the table.短语 in quantity,in large quantities意为“大量”；in small quantities 意为“少量”。2）a great deal of,a large amount of 修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of 修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数，例如：A large amount of(A great deal of)damage was done in a very short time.Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.3）表示数量的 one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，例如：One and a half bananas is left on the table.4）half of,(a)part of 修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。5名词化的形容词作主语如果主语由“the+形容词（或过去分词）”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数，这类词有：the brave,the poor,the rich,the blind,the young,the old,the sick,the dead,the deaf and dumb,the oppressed,the injured,the wounded,the unemployed等；但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别，则用单数。如：The blind study in special schools.The departed was a well-known engineer.这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时，就要与名词man,person或表示人的单数连和，如：an old man,a rich person,the(a)wounded soldier 6从句作主语1）由 what 引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式，例如：What we need is more time.What we need are doctors.2）在“one of+复数 名词+who/that/which”引导 的从句结构中，关 系代词who/that/which 的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。如：This is one of the most interesting stories that have been told.但是当 one 之前有 the only 等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式。如：She was the only one of the girls who was late.考点分析1 He gained his _by printing _of famous writers A.wealth;work B.wealths;works C.weaths;work D.wealth;works 析：因为 wealth 是不可数名词故可排除B、C 两个选项;work 既可作不可数名词表“工作”意，又可作可数名词表“作品”意，常用复数形式。根据题目意思，此处 work应作可数名词用，于是又可排除。2.Many people agree that_ knowledge of English is a must in _ international trade today.A.a;B.the;an C.the;the D.;the 析：knowledge 是抽象名词，一般不与不定冠词连用，但指具体“一门学问”或“一门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用，这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如：a strong character 坚强的性格；a bright future 光明前途；a waste of time 浪费时间；a pressure on sb.对某人的压力；have a good time玩得痛快；He is a failure/a success as a leader 他当领导不行/很出色。抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义。如：what fun!fine weather;common knowledge 常识；Knowledge begins with practice.foreign trade.因此 international trade前不用冠词。3.Oh,John _you gave us!A.How a great surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise 析：“a/an 形容词抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式。又如：an advanced culture 一种先进文化；a great interest 极大的兴趣；do him a good kindness帮了他一个大忙。4.She broke a _ while she was washing up.A.glass wine B.wine glass C.wine s glass D.glass of wine 析：根据 broke 一词及四个选项，可确定空白处应选“酒杯”故可排除 A、D；C 不是表达“酒杯”的正确形式，只有B 才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多，这些作定语用的名词可表 分类意义 表时间、地点、称呼 表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义。例：woman driver,telephone number,school education,research work,coffee cup,English teacher,air pollution 例：book store,winter sleep,country life,college student,South China 例：milk bottle,steam boat,goat skin,stone wall,gas station,lunch room,tooth brush 5._terrible weather weve been having these days!A.What B.What a C.How D.How a 析：这是一个感叹句，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，what 修饰名词。weather是不可数名词，其前不可加不定冠词a。6.Shortly after the accident,two _police were sent to the spot to keep order.A.dozens of B.dozens C.dozens of D.dozen析：dozen,score,hundred,thousand,million 等名词前面有数词或many,several等词，且表示具体数目时，这些名词一般不用复数形式，但在下列短语中却加S，并与 of 连用:dozens of(许多的)，scores of(好几十的)，hundreds of(成百的)，thousands of(上千的)，millions of（数百万的）7.I ll look into the matter as soon as possible.Just have a little _.A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest 析：由题干第一句意“我会尽快调查那件事”，可知下句是要对方不要着急。这是由情景，语境确定答案题目。8.If by any chance someone comes to see me,ask them to leave a _.A.message B.letter C.sentence D.notice 析：道理同第 7 题。专题练习1._from Beijing to London!A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is it D.What a long way it is 2.Weve worked out the plan,and now we must put it into_.A.fact B.practice C.reality D.deed 3.Electrcity,like other forms of _,has greatly increased in price.A.pressure B.force C.strength D.energy 4That fellow is clever;he has _.A.brain B.a brain C.the brain D.brains 5.Julie went to the _ to buy a pair of shoes.A.shoes store B.shoe s store C.shoe store D.shoes store 6.Those _ took lots of _ in the Summer Palace.A.Germen;photoes B.Germen;photos C.Germans;photos D.Germans;photoes 7.All possible means _ to save the hero.A.has tried B.have tried C.has been tried D.have been tried 8.Whose car is it?It s_.A.Tom and Mary B.Toms and Mary sC.Tom s and Mary D.Tom and Mary s9.There are 5_ in th fields.A.heads of cattles B.heads of cattle C.head of cattles D.head of cattle 10.He is the very thief the police _ looking for.A.is B.are C.has D.have 11.All but Jack _ here just now.A.is B.are C.was D.were 12.He knows almost everything.So we say he is a man of many _.A.knowleges B.presents C.gifts D.rewards 13.Carelessness is the usual _ of fire.A.way B.excuse C.cause D.reason 14.The girl is quite _to her mother now.A.a help B.helps C.help D.helpness 15._is coming to give us a lecture.A.A manager and an expert B.A manager and expert C.Manager and expert D.Manager and an expert 16.Most of the bridges over the river are made of _.A.stone B.the stone C.a stone D.the stones 17.If you hurt her _,you should apologize.A.feelings B.feel C.feels D.feeling 18.I ll go and call at _ right after school.A.the doctor B.the Smiths C.Smith D.my uncle s19.The shop will be closed during_.A.repairs B.a repair C.repair D.repairing 20.The_we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while.A.mouse B.deer C.dog D.cow 21.My brother didnt find army life to his _.A.like B.taste C.quality D.favour 22.Though they hadnt met for long,he recognized her _.A.voice B.noise C.sound D.laughter 23.Learning that they were to have a picnic,the children were in _.A.the high spirit B.high spirits C.a high spirit D.high spirit 24.After _ silence,they began to write letters to each other.A.three-year B.a three-year C.three years D.three yearss 25.If these trousers are too big,buy a smaller_.A.copy B.pair C.piece D.set 26.That daughter of Jacks is _.A.a good fun B.good runs C.good fun D.good funny 27._will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.A.The Evenses B.The Evens C.The Evenses D.The Evens28.He is one of the most successful_ in the city.A.newspaper s writer B.newspaper writersC.nesapapers writer D.newspaper writer29.Where is your brother?At_.A.Mr Green s B.Greens C.the Mr Greens D.the Greens30.Are you _,Mr Black?Yes,I speak_.A.English;the English language B.the English;English C.an Englishman;on English language D.an English;English