2022年贵州GRE考试模拟卷一.docx

2022年贵州GRE考试模拟卷（本卷共分为1大题50小题,作答时间为180分钟,总分100分,60分及格。）单位:姓名:考号:题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分、单项选择题(共50题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意)1. The opposite of adaptive divergence is an interesting and fairly common expression of evo- Iution. Whereas related groups of organisms take Line on widely different characters in becoming(5)adapted to unI i ke env i ronments in the case of adapt i ve di vergence, we find that unrelatedgroups of organisms exhibit adaptiveconvergencewhen they adopt similar modes of I ife or becomesuited for spec i a I sorts of env i ronments. For (10) examp Ie, invertebrate marine animals living firm-ly attached to the seabottom or to some fore i gnobject tend to deve I op a subcy I i ndr i ca Ior conicaIform. This is iI lustrated by coral individuals, bymany sponges, and even by the diminutive tubes (15) of bryozoans. Adapt i ve convergence in taking thiscoral-I ike form is shown bysome brachiopodsand peIecypods that grew in fixed position.Morereadily appreciated is the stream Iined fitness ofmost fishes for moving swiftly through water;(20) they have no neck,the contour of the body issmooth I y curved so as to give mini mumresis-tancev and the chief propel Iing organ is a powerful tai I fin. The fact that some fossi I repti les(ichthyosaurs)and modern mamma I s (wha I est (25) do I ph i ns) are who I ly fish I ike in formI s anexpression of adaptive convergence, for these air-breathing reptiles and mammals, which are highlyefficientswimmers, are not closely related tofishes. Unrelated ordistantIy related organisms (30) that develop simi lar ity of form are sometimesdesignated as homeomorphs (having the sameform).It can be inferred that in the paragraph immediately preceding this passage the author d i scussed A. marine intelligence B. adaptive divergence C. air-breathing reptiles D. environmental impacts E. (E) organisms with similar forms2. Observe the di lemma of the fungus: it is a plant, but it possesses no ch I orophy 11. Wh i I e a 11 other p I ants put the sun' s energy to work for them Line combining the nutrients of ground and air into the (5) body structure, the ch I orophy 11 ess fungus mustI ook e I sewhere foran energy supply. It finds it in those other plants which, having received theirenergy free from the sun, re Iinquish it at somepoint in their cycle either to animals (like us (10) humans) or to fungi.In this search for energy the fungus hasbecomethe earth, s major source of rot and decay.Wherever you see moldforming on a piece ofbread, or a pi Ie of I eaves turn i ng to compost,or a (15) bI own-down tree becom i ng pulp on the ground,youare watch i ng a fungus eat i ng. Wi thout fungusact i on the earthwould be piled high with the deadplant I ife of past centuries.In fact, certain plantswhich contain resins that are toxic tofungi wi 11(20) last indef initeIy; specimens of the redwood, forinstance, can still be found resting on the forestfloorcenturies after having been blown down.The passage states al I the fol lowing about fungi EXCEPT:A. They are responsible for the decomposition of much plant life.B. They cannot live completely apart from other plants.C. They are vastly different from other plants.D. They are poisonous to resin-producing plants.E. (E) They cannot produce their own store of energy.3. Ocean water plays an indispensable role in supporting Iife. The great ocean basins hold about 300 million cubic mi les of water. From this vast Line amount, about 80, 000 cubic mi les of water are (5) sucked into the atmosphere each year by evapora- tion and returned by precipitation and drainage to the ocean. More than 24, 000 cubic miles of raindescend annually upon the continents. This vastamount is required to replenish the lakes and (10) streams, springs and water tab I es on wh i ch a 11fl ora and fauna are dependent. Thus,the hydro-sphere permits organic existence.Thehydrosphere has strange character i sticsbecause water hasproperties unlike those of any (15) other liquid. One anomaIy is that water uponfreezing expands by about 9 percent, whereasmost liquids contract on coo Ii ng. For this reason,ice floatson water bod i es i nstead of sinking to thebottom. I f the i ce sank,the hydrosphere would (20) soon be frozen sol idly, except for a thin layer ofsurface melt water during the summer season.Thus, al I aquatic Iife would be destroyed and theinterchangeof warm and cold currents, whichmoderates climate, would benotab Iy absent. (25) Another outstand i ng characteristic of water isthat water has a heat capacity which is the highestofal I liquids and solids except ammon i a. Thischaracteristicenables the oceans to absorb andstore vast quantities of heat,thereby often pre" (30) vent i ng c I i mat i c extremes. I n add it ion, water dis-solves more substances than any other liquid. It isthis characteristic which helps make oceans agreat storehousefor minerals which have beenwashed down from the continents.In several (35) areas of the world these minerals are being commercial ly exploited. Solar evaporation of salt iswidelypracticed, potash is extracted from theDead Sea, and magnesiurnis produced from seawater along the American Gulf Coast.According to the passage, the hydrosphere is NOT A. responsible for all forms of life B. able to modify weather C. a source of natural resources D. in danger of freezing overE. (E) the part of the earth covered by water4.Nearly two thousand years have passed since a census decreed by Caesar Augustus became part of the greatest story every told. Many things have Line changed in the intervening years. The hoteI indus- (5) try worries more about overbuiIding than over-crowding, and ifthey had to meet an unexpectedi nf I uxv few i nns wou I d have a mangerto accom-mod ate the weary guests. Now it is the censustaker that does the traveling in the fond hope that (10) a highly mob i I e popu I at i on wi 11 stay put longenough to get a goodsamp Ii ng. Methods of gath-ering, recording, and evaIuat i nginformation havepresumably been improved a great deal. Andwhere then it was the modest purpose of Rome to (15) obtain a simple head count as an adequate basisfor levying taxes, now batter iesof comp Ii catedstat i st i caI series furnished by governmentalagen-cies and private organizations are eagerly scannedand interpreted by sages and seers to get a clue to (20) future events. The Bible does not tel I us how theRoman census takers made out,and as regardsour more immediate concern, the reliability ofpresent-day economic forecasting, there are con-siderabledifferences of opinion. They were aired (25) at the celebration of the 125th anniversary of theAmerican StatisticaI Association.There was thethought that business forecast i ng might we I I beon its way from an art to a science, and somespeakers taIkedabout newfangIed computers and (30) h i gh-fa Iut i n mathemat i caI systems in terms ofexcitement and endearment which we, at leastinour younger years when these things matter,wouldhave associated more readily with thedescription of a fairmaiden. But others pointed to (35) the deplorable record of highly esteemed forecastsand forecasters with a batting average belowthat of the Mets, and the presidentelect of theAssociationcautioned that "high powered statisti-cal methods are usuallyin order where the facts (40) are crude and inadequate, the exact contrary ofwhat crude and i nadequate stat i st i c i ans assume."We left this birthday party somewhere betweenhope and despairand with the conviction, notreal ly newly acquired, that properstatisticaI (45) methods applied to ascertainable facts have their merits in economic forecasting as long as neitherforecasternor pub Iic is de Iuded into mistaking thede Ii neat i on ofprobabiI ities and trends for a pre-diction of certainties ofmathemat icaI exactitude.According to the passage, taxation in Roman times was based onA. mobilityB. wealthC. population D. census takers E. (E) economic predictions5. The atmosphere is a mixture of several gases. There are about ten chemical eIements which remain permanently in gaseous form in the atmo- Line sphere under al I natural conditions. Of these per" (5) manent gases, oxygen makes up about 21 percentand nitrogen about78 percent. Several othergases, such as argon, carbon dioxide,hydrogen,neon, krypton, and xenon, comprise the remaining1 percent of the voIume of dry air. The amount (10) of water vapor, and its variations in amount anddistribution, are ofextraordinary importance inweather changes. Atmospheric gaseshold in sus-pension great quantities of dust, pollen, smoke,and other impurities which are always present in (15) considerable, but variable amounts.The atmosphere has no definite upperIimitsbut gradually thins untiI it becomes imperceptible.Unti I recently it was assumed that the air abovethe first fewmiles gradual ly grew thinner and (20) colder at a constant rate. It was also assumed thatupper air had little influence on weatherchanges.Recent studies of the upper atmosphere, currentlybeing conducted by earth sate 11ites and missiIeprobings, haveshown these assumptions to be (25) incorrect. The atmosphere has three we 11-def i nedstrata.The layer of the air next to theearth, whichextends upward for about 10 miles, is known asthe troposphere. On the whole, it makes up about (30) 75 percent of al I the weight of the atmosphere. Itis the warmest part of theatmosphere becausemost of the solar radiation is absorbed bytheearth 9 s surface, which Warms the air i mmed i ate Iysurrounding it. A steady decrease of temperature (35) with increasing eIevation is a most striking char- acteristic. The upper layers are colder because of their greater distance from the earth, s surface and rapid radiation of heat into space. The temperatures within the troposphere decrease about (40) 3. 5 degrees per 1000-foot increase in altitude. Within the troposphere, winds and air currents distribute heat and moisture. Strong winds, cal led jet streams, are Iocated at the upper I eve Is of the troposphere. These jet streams are both (45) comp I ex and widespread in occurrence. They normally show a waveshaped pattern and move from west to east at velocities of 150 mph, but velocities as high as 400 mph have been noted. The infIuences of changing Iocations and (50) strengths of jet streams upon weather conditions and patterns are no doubt considerable. Current intensive research may eventua11y reveal their true significance. Above the troposphere to a height of about (55) 50 mi les is a zone called the stratosphere. The stratosphere is separated from the troposphere by a zone of uniform temperatures called the tropopause. Within the lower portions of the stratosphere is a layer of ozone gases which fiIters (60) out most of the ultraviolet rays from the sun. The ozone layer varies with air pressure. If this zone were not there, the ful I blast of the sun' s uItra- violet I ight wouId burn our skins, blind our eyes, and eventual ly result in our destruction. Within (65) the stratosphere, the temperature and atmospheric composition are relatively uniform. The layer upward of about 50 miles is the most fascinating but the least known of these three strata. It is called the ionosphere because it (70) consistsof electrically charged particles cal ledions, thrown from thesun. The northern I ights(aurora boreal is) or iginate within thishighlycharged portion of the atmosphere. Its effect uponweather conditions, if any, is as yet unknown.Which of the f11owing ti11es best summar izes the content of the passage A. New Methods for Calculating the Composition of the Atmosphere B. New Evidence Concerning the Stratification of the Atmosphere C. The Atmosphere： Its Nature and Importance to Our Weather D. The Underlying Causes of Atmospheric TurbulenceE. (E) Stratosphere, Troposphere, Ionosphere： Three Similar Zones6. *Like her whi te fr i ends Eleanor Rooseve It and Aubrey Will iams, Mary Bethune be I i eved i n the fundamenta I comm i tment of the New Dea I to Line assist the black American1 s struggle and in the (5) need for b I acks to assume responsibiIities tohelp win that struggle. Uni ikethose Of her whiteI iberal associates, however, Bethune' s ideashadevoIved out of a long experience as a "raceleader."Founder of a sma 11 bl ack co 11 ege in(10) Fiori da, she had become widelyknown by 1935as an organizer of black women' s groups and asacivil and political r i ghts act i v i st. Deeply re Iigious,certain of her own capabi I ities, she held a re I a-t i ve I yuncluttered view of what she felt were the (15) New Deal' s and her own peopIe' s obIigations tothe cause of racial justice.Unafraid to speak hermind to powerful whites, including thePresident,or to differing black factions, she combined faithin the u11imate wi 11 ingness of whites to discard (20) thei r prejudice and bigotry with a strong sense ofracial pride and commitmentto Negro self-help.More than her I iberal white friends, Bethuneargued for a strong and direct black voice in initi-ating and shaping government pol icy. She pur- (25) sued this in her conversations with President Roosevelt, in numerous memoranda to Aubrey Williamsv and in her administrative work as head of the NationaI Youth Administration1 s Off ice of Negro Affairs. With the assistance of Williamsy (30) she was successful in having blacks seIected to NYA posts at the national, state, and local I eve Is. But she also wanted a black presence throughout the federal government. At the beginning of the war she joined other black leaders in demanding (35) appointments to the SeIective Service Board and to the Department of the Army; and she was instrumental in 1941 in securing Ear I Dickerson9 s membership on the Fair EmpIoyment Practices Committee. By 1944, she was still mak ing (40) appea I s for b lack representat ion in "al I pub I ic programs, federal, state, and I oca I, " and "in po I i cy- mak i ng posts as we 11 as rank and f i Ie Jobs. " Though recognizing the weakness in the RooseveIt administration1 s response to Negro (45) needs, Mary Bethune remained in essence a black partisan champion of the New Deal during the 1930s and 1940s. Her strong advocacy of adm i n- istrati on policies and programs was predicated on a number of factors: her assessment of the low (50) status of black Americans during the Depression; her faith in the will ingness of some I iberal wh i tes to work for the inclusion of blacks in the govern- ment1 s reform and recovery measures; her convic- tion that only massive federal aid Could elevate (55) the Negro econom i ca11y; and her be Ii ef that