化学专业英语写作--第四章--有关数理化内容的表达-科技英语写作-教学课件.ppt

第四章第四章 有关数理化内容的表达有关数理化内容的表达14.1 有关数学内容的表达用语有关数学内容的表达用语4.1.1 有关普通数的表达有关普通数的表达4.1.1.1 普通数的基本写法普通数的基本写法1.一般原则一般原则(1)10及及10以上的数字写成阿拉伯数字以上的数字写成阿拉伯数字(2)10以以下下的的它它拼拼写写出出来来，如如3写写成成three，但但若若10以以下下的的数数字字后后面面带带有有单单位位，则则仍仍写写成成阿阿拉拉伯数字，如伯数字，如6 inches,3 Cubic yards.2(3)从从21至至99间间的的数数在在书书写写时时，十十位位与与个个数数之之间加连字写，如间加连字写，如21应写成应写成twenty-one(4)当数字频繁出现时则仍写成阿拉伯数字。当数字频繁出现时则仍写成阿拉伯数字。He used a crew of 3 carpenters,2 plumber,6 laborers,1 foreman,and 1 timekeeper.(5)在在同同一一短短语语中中出出现现两两个个相相邻邻数数字字时时，其其中中一一个个拼拼写写出出来来，一一个个写写成成阿阿拉拉伯伯数数字字，一一般般是是将小的拼写出来，较大的写成阿拉伯数字。将小的拼写出来，较大的写成阿拉伯数字。7 six-inch timber 梁木梁木 fifteen 40-watt lamps3(6)仅作为估计数的数字一般都写出来仅作为估计数的数字一般都写出来这幢大楼应能使用这幢大楼应能使用50年年 The building should stand for fifty years.(7)金额总和一般以阿拉伯数字表示金额总和一般以阿拉伯数字表示15 dollars 或或$15 0.80 80cents 但有时必需拼但有时必需拼写出来，如写支票取款时，写出来，如写支票取款时，five hundred and fifty-six pounds,556(8)一般来说一个句子不要以阿拉伯数字开始，一般来说一个句子不要以阿拉伯数字开始，遇到这种情况，应将数字拼写出来或采用一遇到这种情况，应将数字拼写出来或采用一般变通办法。般变通办法。44.1.1.2 有关确切数的表达有关确切数的表达个位数个位数 units digit(s),十位数十位数 tens digit(s)百位数百位数 hundreds digit(s)三位数三位数 three digits,three figures多位数多位数 multidigit number三位有效数三位有效数 three significant figures总数为总数为a a total of a 总数不为总数不为a a total different from a 或或 a total other than a总数至多为总数至多为a a total at most a总数至少为总数至少为a a total at least a6至多至多2个个9 at most 2 ninesn个中之一个中之一 one of n28或少于或少于28 28 or less30或多于或多于30 30 or more多于多于100 少于少于1000 more than 100 but less than 1,000五中取二五中取二 two out of five百分之一百分之一 a hundredth part of 千分之三千分之三 a third part in 1000百万分之五百万分之五 5 parts in a million,5 part in 1061,23E0,123E-20123E2 one and twenty three one hundredths74.1.3 约数的表达约数的表达一一一一、约约约约数数数数：汉汉汉汉语语语语中中中中的的的的“大大大大约约约约”、“左左左左右右右右”、“上上上上下下下下”英语中可以用下面方式表达英语中可以用下面方式表达英语中可以用下面方式表达英语中可以用下面方式表达1.词词(组组)+基数词基数词about+基数词基数词 about 80 to 100 milesaround+基数词基数词 around 1991some+基数词基数词 some 40 tones in weightnearly+基数词基数词 nearly 10,000 peopleapproximately+基数词基数词 approximately 50 hoursmore or less+基数词基数词 more or less 50 metersalmost+基数词基数词 almost 300 visitors8二、多于的表达二、多于的表达二、多于的表达二、多于的表达1.词组词组+基数词基数词(可跟单位可跟单位)above+基数词基数词 above 25in excess of+基数词基数词 in excess of 220 square milesover+基数词基数词 over 3000upwards of+基数词基数词 upwards of 800 g water2.基数词基数词+词组词组基数词基数词+odd thirty odd years基数词基数词+and more(over)forty and more10三、少于的表达三、少于的表达三、少于的表达三、少于的表达below+基数词基数词 below 980less than+基数词基数词 less than 3000under+基数词基数词 under 11 ms11几万几万 tens of thousands of大约大约3万万 some 30,000几十万几十万 hundreds of thousands of几百万几百万 millions of几亿几亿 hundreds of millions千百万千百万 millions upon millions of数周数周(天天,时时,)a couple of weeks(days,hours)零上几度零上几度 a few degrees above zero134.1.5 含有外来语词头的数字含有外来语词头的数字1.mono monochrone 单色的单色的 monoxide uni unidirectional 单向的单向的2.di diatomic 双原子双原子 diphase 二相的二相的 bi bimonthly 双月的双月的 bidentate 双齿的双齿的3.tri triangle 三角形的三角形的4.tetra tetragon 四边形的四边形的 quadr quadraphonics 四声道立体声四声道立体声5.penta pentagon 五五角角形形 pentagram五五角角quinque quinque valence 五价的五价的156.hexa hexagon 六角形六角形7.hepta heptode 七极管七极管8.oct octane 辛烷辛烷 octhedron 八面体八面体 octachord 八弦琴八弦琴 octacosane 二十八烷二十八烷 octadecanol 十八烷醇十八烷醇9.nona nonane 壬烷壬烷 nonamer 九聚物九聚物10.deca decane癸烷，十碳烷癸烷，十碳烷多多 poly polygon 多边形多边形 multi multicolored 多色的多色的全全 omni omnidirectional 全向的全向的半半 hemi hemicycle 半圆的半圆的 semi semiperiod 半周期半周期 demi demicontinuous半连续的半连续的 demilume半月半月164.1.1.7 罗马字的表达罗马字的表达 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 19 20 大数罗马字还有：大数罗马字还有：50 100 500 1,000 L C D M字数上加字数上加“”表示扩大表示扩大1000倍倍 V5000,L 50000其它数字可由基本数字组合而成其它数字可由基本数字组合而成 CC DL MD 203 550 1512 184.1.1.8 数量级的表达用语数量级的表达用语有有 of of the the order order of,of,on on the the order order of,of,in in the the order order of,of,of the order of,magnitude ofof the order of,magnitude of 来表示来表示Gate currents are normally of the order of picoamperes.The frictional force is velocity dependent,but at typical speeds the effective coefficient of friction is of the order of 0.001.194.1.1.9 数量增减的表达数量增减的表达(1)(1)高高高高(快，低快，低快，低快，低)达的表达达的表达达的表达达的表达as+形容词形容词+as+数词数词低达低达 Successful operation of these devices requires air pressures as low as 108 mm of mercury.高达，快达高达，快达 at speed as high as 1800 rev min120(2)(2)净增净增净增净增(减减减减)的表达的表达的表达的表达下降下降 6%，增加，增加6%We know that from 1990 to 1991 the net income of the company declined by 6%,whereas from 1991 to 1992 the net income increases by 6%.相差相差10%These two measurements differ by 10%.21(3)倍数增大的表达倍数增大的表达a.净增倍数的表达净增倍数的表达增加意义的谓语增加意义的谓语+by+数字数字 提高提高7.5The signal level has to be increased byincreased by 7.5.b.为为的的 x 倍倍x times+名词或名词或 that of 约是约是的三倍的三倍The melting point of aluminum is about three three times that of times that of lead.c.比比 重重(大大)x 倍倍x+比较级比较级+than几乎比几乎比重三倍重三倍Iron is almost three times heavier thanthree times heavier than aluminum.22 增加意义谓语增加意义谓语+数字数字+timesThe sales of microcomputer has has increased increased six six timestimes since 1970.用用double(treble)等谓语等谓语If we trebletreble the pressure.倍数减少的表达倍数减少的表达减少到减少到1/5(减少了减少了4/5)is reduced by a factor of 5减少为减少为1/4 is reduced four times 使用使用fold放在基数词的后面放在基数词的后面The executive time is also increased,sometimes several-foldseveral-fold.244.2 物理量的变化表达物理量的变化表达4.2.1 物理量自身变化的表达物理量自身变化的表达增减或变化的名词增减或变化的名词+in+物理量物理量 电压增大电压增大 increase in voltage 温度升高温度升高 rise in temperature 温度变化温度变化 variation in temperature 体积减少体积减少 decrease in volume 动能的改变动能的改变 change in kinetic energy 液体上升液体上升 elevation in fluid25在在加加压压下下固固体体的的体体积积变变化化十十分分小小，以以致致方方程程1中的体积中的体积V可认为是一个常数。可认为是一个常数。The change in volume of a solid under pressure is so small that the volume V in eq.1 can be considered constant.材材料料的的压压缩缩系系数数等等于于每每增增加加一一个个单单位位压压力力时时的的相对体积的减少相对体积的减少The compressibility of a material equals the fractional decrease in volume per unit increase in pressure.26dQ在在dt时间内的增加比例于图时间内的增加比例于图1中的深色阴影区。中的深色阴影区。The increase in dQ in the time dt is proportional to the heavily shaded area in Fig.1.在在0至至4，水的体积随温度升高而减小，水的体积随温度升高而减小Water,in the temperature range from 0to 4,decreases in volume with increasing temperature.284.2.3 几何尺寸和形状的表达几何尺寸和形状的表达4.2.3.1 长度、高度和厚度长度、高度和厚度直径直径12毫米的钢球毫米的钢球 a steel ball 1 to 2 mm in diameter直径直径2毫米的钢球毫米的钢球 a steel ball of 2 mm in diameter10厘米长的铜棒厘米长的铜棒 a copper rod 10 cm long薄到薄到2 的纤维的纤维 a fiber as thin as 2 宽度各为宽度各为0.1mm的平行槽的平行槽 parallel slits each of width 0.1mm294.2.3.2 面积和体积面积和体积容量容量20立方米的容器立方米的容器 a tank having a capacity of 20m3容量容量2l的烧瓶的烧瓶 a flask of volume 2l2 3 5cm3的钢锭的钢锭 2 3 5cm3 steel block 或或 a two by three by five cm3 steel block直径直径2 102毫升长毫升长1毫米的毛细管毫米的毛细管 a capillary of diameter 2 102 mm and length 1mm.31宽宽5厘米长厘米长18厘米的长方薄板厘米的长方薄板 a rectangular sheet 5 cm wide and 12 cm long六股七丝的电缆六股七丝的电缆 six by seven cable一间一间4米米 5米的房间米的房间 a room 4m by 5m在在2个大气压下温度为个大气压下温度为27时的一升氦时的一升氦 a liter of helium under a pressure of 2 atm and at a temperature of 27324.2.3.3 形状的表达形状的表达1.按汉字形状表达按汉字形状表达 丁字形螺栓丁字形螺栓 Tbolt 丁字形槽丁字形槽 Tslot 丁字形钢丁字形钢 Tsteel 工字钢工字钢 I-steel 十字管十字管 Cross-pipe 元字形元字形 Zigzag 人字架人字架 A-bracket332.按英语字母形状表达按英语字母形状表达Z形梁形梁 Z beam V形齿轮形齿轮 V gearS形曲线形曲线 S shaped curve O形环形环 O ringU形管形管 U tube A形架形架 A frameT形刀架形刀架 T rest343.按实物形状表达按实物形状表达菱形菱形 diamond-shape 上凹的上凹的 concave upward 星形星形 star-like 下凹的下凹的 concave downward 锲形锲形 Vshape 上凸的上凸的 convex upward槽钢槽钢 Usteel 椭圆形椭圆形 oval8字形字形 a figure-of-eight 双凸面双凸面 convexo-convex阶梯形阶梯形 staircase 亚铃形亚铃形dumb bell-shaped 354.2.4 精度的表达精度的表达可读到可读到可读到可读到1/101/10刻度刻度刻度刻度 can be read to 1/10 division样品夹持器可对准中心到样品夹持器可对准中心到样品夹持器可对准中心到样品夹持器可对准中心到0.0020.002毫米的范围内毫米的范围内毫米的范围内毫米的范围内.The sample holder can centered within 0.002 of a millimeter.所有测量只记录适量的有效位所有测量只记录适量的有效位所有测量只记录适量的有效位所有测量只记录适量的有效位.All measurements should be recorded only to the appropriate number of significant figures.准确到两位准确到两位准确到两位准确到两位 be accurate to two decimal places记录到一位数的精度记录到一位数的精度记录到一位数的精度记录到一位数的精度 be recorded to one-decimal accuracy被舍入至最近的分数值被舍入至最近的分数值被舍入至最近的分数值被舍入至最近的分数值 be rounded to the nearest fractional value364.2.5 角度的表示角度的表示与电子运动方向成与电子运动方向成与电子运动方向成与电子运动方向成 角角角角 be at an angle to the direction of motion of the electronA A与与与与B B在在在在相相相相隔隔隔隔3 3 的的的的方方方方向向向向上上上上 A and B are in direction separated by 3 与与与与x x轴成倾斜轴成倾斜轴成倾斜轴成倾斜 be oblique with respect to x-axis置置置置MM与与与与Z Z轴轴轴轴垂垂垂垂直直直直 M is placed perpendicular to the Z-axisSP2 hybridization is indicated whenever an atom forms three identical bond directed at 120 to each other.C2H4 molecule is also flat,and the bonds from each Carbon atom make very nearly 120 with each other.The two H-O bonds in water molecule make an angle of 105 with each other.374.2.6 温度和湿度的表达温度和湿度的表达在在在在1000K1000K以上以上以上以上(附近，以下附近，以下附近，以下附近，以下)的温度的温度的温度的温度 at temperature above(around,below)1000 K8080的的的的500500克水克水克水克水 500 g of water at a temperature of 80在常温下在常温下在常温下在常温下 at ordinary temperature在室温下在室温下在室温下在室温下 at room temperature在三态点在三态点在三态点在三态点 at the triple point在临界温度点以上的气体在临界温度点以上的气体在临界温度点以上的气体在临界温度点以上的气体 a gas at a temperature above the critical point 在相对湿度为在相对湿度为在相对湿度为在相对湿度为100%100%时时时时 at 100%relative humidity384.2.7 压力的表达压力的表达压力在压力在106 Torr以上以上(以下，附近以下，附近)at pressure above(below,around)106 Torr1.02105压力压力 a pressure of 1.02105 Pa在低于在低于0.13帕的真空下帕的真空下 under a vacuum of less than 0.13Pa 394.2.8 位置，方位关系的表达位置，方位关系的表达1.地理位置，需要借助介词地理位置，需要借助介词 in,to,on 等等(1)in 用于某地属于某一范围之内的情况用于某地属于某一范围之内的情况中国在亚洲东部中国在亚洲东部 China is in the east of Asia.(2)to 用于某地不属于某一范围的情况用于某地不属于某一范围的情况朝鲜位于日本以西朝鲜位于日本以西 Korea lies to the west of Japan.(3)on 仅表示位置仅表示位置中国东临太平洋中国东临太平洋 China faces Pacific on the east.(4)of 表示与某地之距离有方位关系表示与某地之距离有方位关系他的祖籍在上海以北他的祖籍在上海以北100英里处英里处.His native province is 100 mile(to the)north of Shanghai.40A市位于市位于Z市上游市上游1500英里处英里处.City A is located some 1500 miles up river from city Z.A市位于市位于C省，在省，在X河南岸，距海约河南岸，距海约380英里英里City A is located in C Province,on the south band of the X River,about 80 miles from the sea.A市市位位于于B省省内内X河河与与Y河河交交汇汇处处，在在K上上游游669英英里里.City A is situated in B Province at the junction of X and Y Rivers,some 699 miles upriver from K.412.方位关系方位关系方方位位(compass points)表表达达，东东西西两两个个方方向向英英汉汉表达顺序一致，而南北两个方向语序相反表达顺序一致，而南北两个方向语序相反。东南东南 Southeast(SE)东偏北东偏北 East by north 东北东北 Northeast(NE)西偏北西偏北 West by north 西南西南 Southwest(SW)南偏西南偏西 South by west 西北西北 Northwest(NW)北偏东北偏东 North by east424.3 化学常用表达用语化学常用表达用语4.3.1 Nomenclature of Compounds4.3.1.1 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds43一、一、Naming ionic compounds1.positive ions(1)Monatomic cations having single oxidation numbers take name of the metal from which they are derived.For example,Na+is named sodium;Mg2+is named magnesium,Al3+is named aluminum,and so on.44(2)Monatomic cations having multiple oxidation numbers are named in either of two ways:(a)The ion takes the English name of the metal from which it is derived,immediately followed by a Roman numeral written in parenthesis that indicates the oxidation number.This system of naming ionic compounds is called the Stock Systemthe Stock System.For example,Cu+is named Copper()and Cu2+is named Copper();Fe2+is named iron()and Fe3+is named iron()Sn2+is named tin()and Sn4+is named tin();and so on.45(b)The ion takes the Latin name of the metal from which it is derived together with one of the suffixes-ous or-ic,representing the lower and higher oxidation numbers.We shall call this system of naming ionic compounds the the older systemolder system.For example,Cu+is named cuprous and Cu2+is named cupric;Fe2+is named ferrous and Fe3+is named ferric;Sn2+is named stannous and Sn4+is named stannic;and so on.46(3)There are only two common polyatomic cations,Their formulas and names are noted below:NH4+ammonium Hg22+Mercury(I)in the stock System Mercurous in the older System2.Negative ions2.Negative ions(1)Monatomic anions are named by adding the suffix-ide to the stem of the name of the nonmetal from which they are derived.For example,HO is named hydride.Cl is named chroride,O2 oxide,N3 nitride and so on.47(2)polyatomic anions are named according to the following system:(a)The binary anions are named with the suffix -ide;OH hydroxide CN cyanide.(b)The polyatomic anions containing carbon are named uniquely;C2H3O2 acetate CO32 carbonate C2O42 oxalate48(c)when a nonmetal forms two different oxyanions(anions containing oxygen),the suffix-ite is used to name containing the nonmetal with the lesser oxidation number and suffix-ate is used to higher NO2 nitrite,NO3 nitrate SO3 sulfite,SO22 sulfate49(d)when a nonmetal forms more than two different oxyanions,the prefixes hypo-(meaning lower than usual)and per(meaning high than usual)are used together with the suffixes,-ite and-ate,in order of increasing oxidation number,as fellows:hypo-ite,-ite,-ate,and per-ate.PO2 hypophosphite PO3 phosphite PO43 phosphateClO hypochlorite ClO2 chlorite ClO3 chlorate ClO4 perchlorate50(e)oxyanions containing hydrogen(except acetate and hydroxide)are named hydrogen()or alternatively,bi()HCO3 hydrogen carbonate,or bicarbonate HSO3 hydrogen sulfite,or bisulfite HSO4 hydrogen sulfate,or bisulfate例例.Na2C2O4 sodium oxalate,HgSO4 Mercury()sulfate or Mercuric sulfate,Fe3(PO4)2 iron()phosphate,ferrous phosphate,Ca(HCO3)2 calcium bicarbonate.51二二 Naming binary covalent compounds.First we name the element that is written first in the chemical formula,preceded by a Greak prefix that tell us how many atoms of the element are in the compound;then we name the other element,preceding it by another Greek prefix that tells us how many atoms of this second element are in the compound.Greek prefix+first element+Greek prefix+another element+(ends in-ide)with positive oxidation number is written first.Each of these elements is a nonmetal,or a metalloid,and the name of the second one is modified so that it end in52-ide.The element with the positive oxidation number is written and named first.Hence the symbol of the element that appears earliest in the following sequence is written first:B,Si,C,Sb,As,P,N,H,S,I,Br,Cl,O,F,A great many binary covalent compounds have acquired common names that are used more frequently than these derived from the systematic procedure noted above.In some cases these names are exclusively used.53Greek prefix number Example Mono-1 Carbon monoxide CO Di-2 Carbon dioxide CO2 Tri-3 Phosphorus trichloride PCl3Tetra-4 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4Penta-5 Phosphorus pentachloride PCl5Hexa-6 Sulfur hexafluoride SF6Hepta-7Dichlorine heptoxide Cl2O7Octa-8Dichlorine octoxide Cl2O8Ennea-或或(nona)9Tetraiodine enneaoxide I4O9Deca-10Tetraphosphorus decoxide P4O10 54*when two vowels appear next to one another,as in monooxide and ao in heptaoxide,the vowel from the Greek prefix is dropped for the sake of euphony.Acceptable names for same common binary covalent compounds.NH3 ammonia AsH3 arsine N2H4 hydrazine H2S hydrogen sulfide CH4 methane PH3 phosphine SiH4 silane H2O water55三三 Naming acids Binary acids contain hydrogen and one other nonmetal.The general chemical formula of binary acid is HX or H2X,where X is a particular nonmetal.They are named by placing the prefix hydro-before the stem of the name of the identifying nonmetal,and attaching the suffix ic to the stem of the nonmetal,followed by the word acid.This means that the binary acids are named as follows:hydro-(stem of the nonmetal)-ic.Acid.56For example,consider the names of the following binary acids:HF hydrofluoric acidHCl hydrochloric acidH2S hydrosulfuric acidHCN is named hydrocyanic acid,Even though it isnt binary.Oxyacids are acids tha