2020高考英语易错语法点30题专题01名词(解析版)11532.pdf

1 高考语法复习 1 名词【走进高考】1.【2019江苏卷】26.Nowadays the _ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.A.priority B.potential C.proportion D.pension【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A.priority 优先；优先权；B.potential 潜在的，可能的；C.proportion 比例，占比；D.pension 退休金，抚恤金。故选 A。2.【2018江苏】Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the _ youve made.A.assignment B.association C.acquisition D.assumption【答案】D【解析】考查名词，词义辨析及语境理解。句意：试着去理解实际发生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假设行事。A.assignment 分配；B.association 交往；C.acquisition 获得；D.assumption 假设。故选 D。3.【2019天津卷】7.We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n)_on our lives in many ways.A.statement B.impact C.impression D.judgment【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。statement“陈述说明”；impact“强烈的影响，冲击力”；impression“印象，感想”；judgement“判断力判断”。故选 B。4.【2018天津】6.The_ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.A.advice B.order C.possibility D.invitation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A.advice 建议；B.order 命令；C.possibility 可能性；D.invitation 邀请。故选 C。5.【2018江苏】32.Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the _ youve made.A.assignment B.association C.acquisition D.assumption 2【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：尝试理解实际发生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假设行事。6.【2018新课标卷 I语法填空】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).【答案】causes 【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天 5 到 10 分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填 causes。7.【2018浙江卷】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese 56 (dish)is seen as especially troublesome.【答案】dishes【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填 dishes。8.【2018浙江卷】F Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in 64 (weigh)problems.【答案】weight【解析】考查名词。此处指体重问题，用名词修饰 problems，故填 weight。9.【2018天津】The _ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the other space.A.advice B.order C.possibility D.invitation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其他星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A.advice 建议；B.order 命令；C.possibility 可能性；D.invitation 邀请。故选 C。10.【2016天津】The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _ of rain later tonight.A.effect B.sense C.change D.chance 【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：天气预报说今天会是多云，后半夜可能有雨。A.影响；B.感觉；C.改变；D.机会，可能性。故选 D。11.【2016浙江】It is important to pay your electricity bill on time,as late payments may affect your _.A.condition B.income C.credit D.status 3【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：准时付电费很重要，因为付晚了会影响你的信用。condition 条件；income收入；credit 学分，信用（卡）。根据句意故选 C。12.【2016江苏】Can you tell us your_ for happiness and a long life?Living every day to the full,definitely.A.recipe B.record C.range D.receipt【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。名词 recipe 秘诀，食谱，药方；record 记录；range 范围；receipt 收据，收条；句意：-你能告诉我你对幸福长寿的秘密吗？-当然是尽情享受每一天。根据句意可知 A 项意思，与上下文相符。13.(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all (cause)答案：causes 解析：all 修饰可数名词复数。14.(2018全国卷)This switch has decreased (pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.15.答案：pollution 解析：作动词 decrease 的宾语，用名词形式。15.(2017全国卷)This development was only possible with the (introduce)of electricpowered engines and lifts.3.introduction 16.(2017全国卷)This trend,which was started by the medical community(医学界)as a method of fighting heart disease,has had some unintended side (effect)such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.16.答案：effects 解析：此处用 some 修饰，用名词复数。17.(2017全国卷)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible (crowd)on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.答案 crowds 4 解析：crow 是可数名词，需要用复数。18(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few (day)with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed,the other is with mumshe never suspects.18 答案：days 解析：few 修饰可数名词复数。【语法精讲】考点解读：1.给出名词提示词，考查名词的数；2.给出其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)的提示词，填写名词 考点一 名词的数 名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分，不可数名词没有复数形式。一、可数名词复数的变化规则 1可数名词复数的规则变化 一般情况下在词尾直接加-s books,horses,beds,pages 以-s,-x,-sh,-ch 结尾的名词，在词尾加-es glasses,boxes,brushes,watches(例外：stomachstomachs)以辅音字母y 结尾的名词，把 y 变为 i 再加-es；以元音字母y 结尾的名词，直接加-s cities,countries,factories,boys,toys,holidays 以-o 结尾的名词，常在词尾加-s radios,photos,pianos,zoos(例外：heroes,tomatoes,potatoes)以-f 或-fe 结尾的名词，常把 f 或 fe 变成 v，再加-es；少数词尾加-s halfhalves,leafleaves,knifeknives(例外：roofs,chiefs,gulfs,beliefs,proofs)2.可数名词复数的不规则变化 单复数同形 deer,sheep,Chinese,means(方式，方法),series,species 词形变化 manmen,womanwomen,childchildren,toothteeth,footfeet,mousemice 合成名词 的复数 将主体名词变为复数：passerbypassersby,lookeronlookerson 无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。grownupgrownups,standbystandbys 名词前有 man/woman 和中心词都要变为复数形式。如：woman doctorwomen 5 man 或 woman 修饰 doctors，man waitermen waiters 疑难点(1)常以复数形式出现的名词：thanks,congratulations,shoes,trousers,works(著作；工厂),manners(礼貌),spirits(情绪),instructions(操作说明),directions(用法说明),papers(试卷，文件),times(时代)等。(2)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有 take turns to do sth.,in high spirits,make friends with,shake hands with,make preparations for，make both ends with,take pains to do 等。二、不可数名词 1常考的不可数名词 一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用 a 或 an 修饰。通常只用作不可数的名词有：milk,music,homework,housework,weather,news,butter,information,bread,advice,progress,equipment,fun,luggage,luck,work(工作),traffic,furniture,wealth,word(消息),room(空间),man(人类)等。疑难点：word 意为“消息”，room 意为“空间”，man 意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。2抽象名词的具体化 具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)in surprise 惊讶地 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事 win success 获得成功 a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)win honour 赢得荣誉 an honour 一个(件)值得尊敬的人(事)failure 失败 a failure 一个(件)失败的人(事)by experience 靠经验 an experience 一次经历 with pleasure 乐意 a pleasure 一件乐事 即时演练单句语法填空 Where did you two have your stomachs(stomach)examined?At the doctors.We were examined by two famous Germans(German)考点二 名词的格 1s 所有格 主要用于表示有生命的人或物的名词，其变化方法如下：构成 例词 一般是名词词尾加s Johns home 约翰的家 以-s 或-es 结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加 students textbooks 学生们的课本 6 词尾不带-(e)s 的复数名词，仍加s childrens game 孩子们的游戏 2.of 所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用 of 所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用 of所有格。the title of the article 文章的标题 the name of the girl over there 那边那位女孩的名字 3双重所有格 双重所有格的构成为：“名词of名词s”或“名词of 名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，名词前可用 a,any,some,a few,two,this,that,these,those 等修饰，但不能用 the。a picture of my mothers 我母亲(拥有)的一张照片 this little cat of your sisters 你妹妹的这只小猫 疑难点：(1)表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助s 表示所有关系。a weeks holiday 一周的假 thirty minutes ride 三十分钟的车程(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的 shop,house,home 等常省去。at the doctors(office)在医生的诊所里 at Mr.Greens(house)在格林先生家 即时演练单句语法填空 Last night we went to the barbers,where I met a friend of my brothers(brother)【解题技巧】判断词性，确定名词单复数 1根据题干的语法结构，特别是设空处前的限定词判断词性：冠词、代词、数词、量词、形容词和介词后应接名词形式。2根据句法结构判断词性：如果所填词在句中作主语、宾语、同位语时，一般用所给词的名词形式。3确定词性为名词后，根据常用的前后缀将所给词转换成适当的形式；然后再根据名词本身确定可数与不可数，如果名词可数，则需根据其前限定词及谓语动词的形式来确定名词的单复数形式。(1)表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助s 表示所有关系。a weeks holiday 一周的假 thirty minutes ride 三十分钟的车程(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的 shop,house,home 等常省去。at the doctors(office)在医生的诊所里 at Mr.Greens(house)在格林先生家 7 3双重所有格 双重所有格的构成为：“名词of名词s”或“名词of 名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，名词前可用 a,any,some,a few,two,this,that,these,those 等修饰，但不能用 the。a picture of my mothers 我母亲(拥有)的一张照片 this little cat of your sisters 你妹妹的这只小猫 2抽象名词的具体化 具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：word 意为“消息”，room 意为“空间”，man 意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。【高考模拟】单句语法填空 1(2019江西新余期中)Sometimes theres so much work for you to deal with and you feel its beyond your ability to fulfill it.Actually,you can take (measure)to help yourself.答案 measures 解析：句意：有时候，你有太多的工作要处理，而你觉得完成它超出了你的能力。事实上，你可以采取措施来帮助自己。measure 作“措施，方法”讲时，为可数名词，take measures to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“采取措施做某事”，故此处应用复数形式。2(2019河南中原名校联考)It thinks that Singlish may hurt peoples (able)to speak standard English and make it hard for them to communicate with foreigners.答案 ability 解析：句意：它认为新加坡式的英语可能会伤及人们说标准英语的能力，使他们很难与外国人交流。设空处前有名词所有格 peoples 修饰，应用名词。3(2019浙江五校联考)In order to understand the role and function of belief in our society,one way is to compare the (different)between a society with belief and a society without it.答案 differences 解析：句意：为了理解信念在我们社会中的作用和功能，一个方法就是比较一个有信念的社会和一个无信念的社会的差异。设空处前有定冠词修饰，应用名词；根据句意，此处指不止一个差异，应用名词复数形式。4(2019河北衡水中学联考)After several (day),I got my watch back and it was still working.答案 days 解析：句意：几天后，我把手表拿回来了，它还在运转。day 为可数名词，其前有 several 修饰，应用复数形式。5(2019洛阳统一考试)Once I broke a (neighbor)window.Seeing nobody around,I ran away immediately.答案 neighbors 8 解析：考查名词所有格形式。此处用名词所有格形式作定语，修饰名词 window。6(2019湖北七校联考)Even though there werent (leaf)on the trees,yet I could still hear birds singing songs of spring.答案 leaves 解析：句意：虽然树上没有树叶，但我仍然能够听到鸟儿在唱春天的赞歌。leaf 作“叶子”讲时，为可数名词，根据该句中的 werent 可知，此处应用复数形式。7(2019河南豫北名校联考)There is also new evidence that green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies.It is especially effective at ridding bacteria of your (tooth)and keep them healthy!答案 teeth 解析：句意：也有新的证据表明绿茶可以帮助消灭我们体内的细菌。它在去除牙齿上的细菌，保持牙齿健康方面尤其有效！根据常识可知，人的牙齿有很多颗，故空格处用所给名词的复数形式。8(2019河南豫西南部分示范高中月考)There are (style)of music that can drive you unquestionably crazy.答案 styles 解析：此处表示有一些音乐风格无疑能让你疯狂。There be 句型中，主语为 be 后面的名词，此处 be 动词为are，故空格处应用所给名词的复数形式。9(2019山东烟台期中)Firstly,these countries have highly diversified groups of residents from different cultural (background)答案 backgrounds 解析：句意：首先，这些国家有来自不同文化背景的高度多元化的居民群体。background 作“出身背景”讲时，为可数名词，由句中 different 可知，此处指“不同的文化背景”，故填所给名词的复数形式。10(2019山东滕州一中检测)Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)is an important part of Chinese culture.Great (success)have been made in many areas through TCM cures.答案 successes 解析：句意：中医是中国文化的重要组成部分。中医疗法在许多领域已经取得了巨大的成功。success 在此处为抽象名词具体化，表示成功的事物，为可数名词。根据空后的 have 可知，此处应用所给名词的复数形式。