实例解析托福阅读推理题技巧.docx

实例解析托福阅读推理题技巧 托福阅读考试中有许多的题型，其中有一类题型让考生有心理阴影和恐惊，尤其是其中的“推断”两个字，通过这两个字大家有没有想到柯南、福尔摩斯之类的带有悬疑色调的东西。但是托福阅读推断题真的有这么可怕吗?我们应当如何去应对呢?一起来了解一下! 实例解析托福阅读推理题技巧 应对托福阅读推断题，考生要如何去应对呢?毋庸置疑，推断题肯定有肯定的难度所在，这点我们从托福考试官方指南(og)的变更上就可发觉一些端倪。第三版og上，推断题的考查数量为0-2题，第四版og已经增加到1-3题，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可见一斑。 那么，我们改如何应对推断题呢?推断题真的像我们想象的这么难么? 今日我们一起来从考查形式上来解刨一下推断题。 题干特征：推断题的题干常常会出现infer,suggest,imply, indicate这类单词 考查形式主要分为两大类：对比推断和细微环节推断，而后者出现的几率更大。 考查形式一：对比推断 A时间对比：一般有两个形成对比的时间点，它们所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文会出现before1990的信息，而题目会问after 1990的信息? 解决方案：收集问题对应的时间点的信息，然后取反。 留意原文中出现的表示时间节点的词 before, after, notuntil 例题 The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main,the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for theraising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficientway of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices werehigh, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to bebreaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817, during the first greatwave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830s, whereas in 1810 onlya seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains, by 1840 more thana third lived there. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815? They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. They were able to sell their produce at high prices. They had not been successful in raising cattle. They did not operate in a national market economy. 答案D 对应关键句：After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmersto escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periodswhen commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. B干脆对比：两个或多个事物的特征如原文会出现A的特点，然后会有B和A相比较的信息，然后题目问B的特点? 解决方案：收集题干所问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的全部信息(一般为上述的B)，然后在原文所描述的与之相关的信息(一般为上述的A)的基础之上取反。 留意原文中出现的表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas,on the contrary, incomparison to, distinct from, different from等词。 例题 Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-aremammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Theirstreamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowholecannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of seaotters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on landand at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fullymarine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walkingmammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearlyintermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like There were great numbers of them. They lived in the sea only. They did not leave many fossil remains. 答案A 对应关键句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, andwalruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision whatthe first whales looked like. 考查形式二：细微环节推断 考查细微环节推断，事物的特点，属性等。 解决方案：收集题干所提问的推断对象(about后面的信息一般为推断对象)的全部信息。假如推断对象所涉及的信息比较多，难以抓到重点，则逐个选项进行定位筛选。 例题 Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground,filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoricwater; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoricwater is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain andsnow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, beforeemerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enoughspace in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walkon? It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time. It prevents most groundwater from circulating. It has the capacity to store large amounts of water. It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers. 答案C AThere it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. BBy far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is thegroundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. C At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” groundunderfoot to hold all this water. DOrdinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, fromprecipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. 综上所述，推断题并没有我们想象的那么晦涩。它仍旧是关注细微环节层面的题目，主要考查考生收集和题目相关的信息和梳理这些信息的实力。我们须要做到： 1把题干提问的推断对象的信息收集完全，并理解到位。 2记居处看即所得，不要过分推断，不要脑补。 3任何文章中出现的信息都有可能考查推断，所以不要忽视任何一个细微环节。 托福阅读的重点是透析上下文 考生做旧托福考试(TOEFL)阅读或者平常的阅读练习时，时常表现出一些不良的做题习惯。有些考生读文章时喜爱在试题上划线，好像不做记号，阅读就无法进行，思维就停止活动。不过在新托福网络考试中，考生面对电脑就做不了任何标记记号。 有些考生文章根本不读完，干脆做题。这种方法相当于瞎子摸象，对文章只有局部的感觉，整个文章的概念无法获得。要提示考生的是，近年考试中针对整个文章提问的题量有所增加。所以，这种不看文章干脆做题的方法是极其危急的。 有些考生则喜爱把文章一字不漏地细读之后再做题。这种方法仅适合于两种状况，其一，考生已具备相当的阅读水平，长期以来运用这种方法效果甚佳;其二，某一篇详细的文章是考生所熟识的内容，细读文章并不会花太多的时间。一般来说，大部分考生采纳细读文章方法，做题时间严峻不足。考生不应当遗忘，阅读理解测试速度和理解两个方面。 在做词汇题时，很多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关，相识单词能做对，不相识单词就会做错。事实上，那些相识的单词常常做错，不相识的单词反而能做对。缘由是，做不相识单词时，考生会细致研读词汇题的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。而做相识单词时，忽视上下文的重要性，往往是装腔作势的看一下上下文，便匆忙做出选择。所以，做好词汇题关键在于透彻分析上下文词汇题的句子以及上下一句话，有时候，个别词汇题或许须要在文章其他段落找寻线索。 托福阅读详细的提速技巧 关于阅读方法只是对在有限时间内有效阅读托福文章的方法进行一个简洁的介绍。阅读技巧，特殊是速度技巧中，有两个重要的方法:Skimming&Scanning. Skimming是只看主要大意的速读。一篇文章的大意是有重点的。比如，当出现first second的这种归类总结的地方，或because，as a result这样的因果关系，或是 but，however的语意转折处，都须要特别留心。托福文章讲解并描述主要观点之后通常会有for example来佐证，假如看懂了主要观点，那么对示例所用的时间和精力就不须要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍阅读文章意图抓住文章大意时是特别重要的。 Scanning是“扫描”，但详细到阅读中，大家最熟识的莫过于查词典时。在有意识地去查某个生词的时候，我们不会去把它所在的页上每一个字都看一遍才找到想要的。几乎眼睛对词典中的一页扫一下，脑中只有要找的字，看到它，其他的地方都像没有看到一样。在托福的阅读中，scanning的技巧在回答问题时，依据题干中问到的内容，在文章中scan，可以帮助考生精确地定位，找到答案。 托福阅读的陷阱介绍 中的细微环节题其实不难，但前提是定位的点要对，比如下面这个例题： Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound? A. It is native to lowlands and marshes. B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer. C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie. D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied. 这是一个典型的细微环节题，在该题题干中，有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位，因为它是专出名词，在文中会比较惹眼。但是假如一旦选择了这个地名，势必会定位在该段的第一句话，托福细微环节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案，这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的，因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应当是white-tailed deer，这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的，按该词定位应是该段最终一句话。所以依据它的意思应当选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符，B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细微环节题的例子： Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changesin plant numbers and the mix of speciesare cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities? A. They occur at the end of a succession. B. They last longer than any other type of community. C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time. 这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位，但在定位过程中会出现许多问题。首先考生要学会跳动式定位，即依据文章中特别的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜寻我们真正须要的关键词。文中的particular是加了阴影的，succession是在引号里面的，都特别醒目，通过看这两个词我们会发觉它们旁边没有我们须要的东西;再比较突出的就是数字及破折号，在500的上方有a climax community，但它是单数，与题干关键词不完全匹配，细微环节题讲究的是精确定位，所以我们应当选择500斜下方的Climax communities，即该段的最终一句话。 否定事实细微环节题的出题思路有两种：一是无中生有，即依据定位点的内容，四个选项只有一个没有提到，这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴，即依据定位点的内容表述，只有一个选项与之冲突，这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言，依据定位的最终一句话，从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项，D项的意思与原句相符，而C项与原句冲突，所以正确答案是C。综上所述，做新托福阅读的细微环节题，最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位。 实例解析托福阅读推理题技巧本文来源：网络收集与整理，如有侵权，请联系作者删除，谢谢！第14页 共14页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页