《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案8216.pdf

计算机英语（第4 版）练习参考答案Unit One:Computer and Computer Science Unit One/Section A I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.Charles Babbage;Augusta Ada Byron 2.input;output 3.VLSI 4.workstations;mainframes 5.vacuum;transistors 6.instructions;software 7.digit;eight;byte 8.microminiaturization;chip II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.artificial intelligence 人工智能2.paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3.optical computer 光计算机4.neural network 神经网络5.instruction set 指令集6.parallel processing 并行处理7.difference engine 差分机8.versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件9.silicon substrate 硅衬底10.vacuum tube 真空管11.数据的存储与处理the storage and handling of data 12.超大规模集成电路very large-scale integrated circuit 13.中央处理器central processing unit 14.个人计算机personal computer15.模拟计算机analogue computer 16.数字计算机digital computer 17.通用计算机general-purpose computer 18.处理器芯片processor chip 19.操作指令operating instructions 20.输入设备input device III.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list,making changes if necessary:We can define a computer as a device that accepts input,processes data,stores data,and produces output.According to the mode of processing,computers are either analog or digital.They can also be classified as mainframes,minicomputers,workstations,or microcomputers.All else(for example,the age of the machine)being equal,this categorization provides some indication of the compu ter spseed,size,cost,and abilities.Ever since the advent of computers,there have been constant changes.First-generation computers of historic significance,such as UNIVAC(通用自动计算机),introduced in the early 1950s,were based on vacuum tubes.Second-generation computers,appearing in the early 1960s,were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes.In third-generation computers,dating from the 1960s,integrated circuits replaced transistors.In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers,which first appeared in the mid-1970s,large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip.Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing,including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用。语音识别的改进将使计算机的操作更加容易。虚拟现实，即使用所有人类官能与计算机进行交互的技术，也将有助于创建更好的人机接口。人们正在开发其他的奇异计算模型，包括使用生物机体的生物计算、使用具有特定属性的分子的分子计算，以及使用遗传基本单位DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）存储数据和执行运算的计算。这些都是可能的未来计算平台的例子，而它们迄今还能力有限或完全属于理论范畴。科学家们研究它们，是因为嵌入硅中的电路的微小型化受到物理限制。还有一些限制与即使最微小的晶体管也会产生的热量有关。Unit One/Section B I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.experimentation 2.interfacing 3.interdisciplinary 4.microprocessor II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.artificial neural network 人工神经网络puter architecture 计算机体系结构3.robust computer program 健壮的计算机程序4.human-computer interface 人机接口5.knowledge representation 知识表示6.数值分析numerical analysis 7.程序设计环境programming environment 8.数据结构data structure 9.存储和检索信息store and retrieve information 10.虚拟现实virtual reality Unit One/Section C I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.output 2.supercomputer 3.microcontroller4.handheld;convergence II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.Web page（万维）网页2.touch screen 触摸屏，触屏3.blade server 刀片服务器4.removable storage device 移动（式）存储设备5.声卡sound card 6.存储服务器storage server 7.便携式媒体播放器portable media player 8.硬盘hard disk Unit Two:Computer Architecture Unit Two/Section A I Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.input;output;storage 2.Basic Input/Output System 3.flatbed;hand-held 4.LCD-based 5.dot-matrix;inkjet 6.disk;memory 7.volatile 8.serial;parallel II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.function key 功能键，操作键，函数键2.voice recognition module 语音识别模块3.touch-sensitive region 触敏区4.address bus 地址总线5.flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪6.dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机（针式打印机）7.parallel connection 并行连接8.cathode ray tube 阴极射线管9.video game 电子游戏10.audio signal 音频信号11.操作系统operating system 12.液晶显示（器）LCD(liquid crystal display)13.喷墨打印机inkjet printer 14.数据总线data bus 15.串行连接serial connection 16.易失性存储器volatile memory 17.激光打印机laser printer 18.磁盘驱动器disk drive 19.基本输入输出系统BIOS(Basic Input/Output System)20.视频显示器video display III.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list,making changes if necessary:CD-ROM stands for compact disc read-only memory.Unlike floppy and hard disks,which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s,optical discs use reflected light.On a CD-ROM disc,1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy(高低不平的)areas(called pits)on its bottsoumrface.The CD-ROM disc is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam of light on these areas.The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1 or a 0.Like a commercial CD found in music stores,a CD-ROM is a rea-donly disc.Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user.Thus,you as a user have accessonly to the data imprinted(压印)by the publisher.A single CD-ROM disc can store 650 megabytes(兆字节)of data.That is equivalent to 451 floppy disks.With that much information on a single disc,the time to retrieve or access the information is very important.An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is their access rate.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:调制解调器是在模拟与数字信号之间进行转换的设备。计算机使用的是数字信号，这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列1 和 0 表示。模拟信号是连续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一个例子。调制解调器经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号。信号到达目的地后，另外一个调制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理。如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。Unit Two/Section B I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.graphical 2.file;scheduler 3.virtual 4.slice II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.interrupt handler 中断处理程序2.virtual memory 虚拟存储（器），虚存，虚拟内存3.context switch 上下文转换，语境转换4.main memory 主存（储器）5.bit pattern 位模式6.外围设备peripheral device 7.进程表process table 8.时间片time slice 9.图形用户界面graphical user interface 10.海量存储器mass storageUnit Two/Section C I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.repository 2.central;sub-systems work 4.layered 或 abstract machine II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.code generator 代码生成程序，代码发生器2.abstract machine 抽象机3.program editor 程序编辑程序，程序编辑器4.configuration item 配置项5.计算机辅助设计CAD(computer-aided design)6.数据冗余data redundancy 7.指挥与控制系统command and control system 8.视频压缩与解压缩video compression and decompression Unit Three:Computer Language and Programming Unit Three/Section A I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.artificial;instructions 2.low-level;high-level 3.machine 4.machine 5.functional;logic 6.statement 7.module 8.digital II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.storage register 存储寄存器2.function statement 函数语句3.program statement 程序语句4.object-oriented language 面向对象语言5.assembly language 汇编语言6.intermediate language 中间语言，中级语言7.relational language 关系（型）语言8.artificial language 人工语言9.data declaration 数据声明10.Structured Query Language 结构化查询语言11.可执行程序executable program 12.程序模块program module 13.条件语句conditional statement 14.赋值语句assignment statement 15.逻辑语言logic language 16.机器语言machine language 17.函数式语言functional language 18.程序设计语言programming language 19.运行计算机程序run a computer program 20.计算机程序员computer programmer III.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list,making changes if necessary:A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer.It lets the programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard to machine-specific details.The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to the development of assembly language,which allows programmers to use mnemonics(助记符)for instructions and symbols for variables.Such programs are then translated by a program known as an assembler(汇编程序，汇编器)into the binary encoding used by the computer.Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders(连接装入程序)combine pieces ofassembled code and load them into the machine msain memory unit,where they are then ready for execution.The concept of linking separate pieces of code was important,since it allowed libraries prograomf s to be built up to carry out common tasks a first step toward the increasingly emphasized notion of software reuse.Assembly language was found to be sufficiently inconvenient that higher-level languages(closer to natural languages)were invented in the 1950s for easier,faster programming;along with them came the need for compilers,programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code.As programming languages became more powerful and abstract,building efficient compilers that create high-quality code in terms of execution speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer science problem in itself.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:面向对象程序设计语言，如C+和 Java，基于传统的高级语言，但它们使程序设计员能够从合作对象集而非命令列表的角度进行思考。诸如圆之类的对象具有像圆的半径一类的属性，以及在计算机屏幕上绘制该对象的命令。一个对象类可以从其他的对象类继承特征。例如，定义正方形的类可以从定义长方形的类那里继承直角等特征。这一套程序设计类简化了程序设计员的工作，带来了更多可复用的计算机代码。可复用代码使程序设计员可以使用已经设计、编写和测试的代码。这使得程序设计员的工作变得比较容易，并带来更加可靠和高效的程序。Unit Three/Section B I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.objects 2.platform-independent 3.multithreading 4.runtime II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.native code 本机（代）码2.header file 头标文件；页眉文件3.multithreaded program 多线程程序4.Java-enabled browser 支持 Java的浏览器5.malicious code 恶意代码6.机器码machine code 7.汇编码assembly code 8.特洛伊木马程序Trojan horse 9.软件包software package 10.类层次class hierarchy Unit Three/Section C I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.subscript;index 2.fixed 3.histogram 4.two-dimensional II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.bar chart 条形图2.frequency array 频率数组3.graphical representation 图形表示4.multidimensional array 多维数组5.用户视图user(s)view 6.下标形式subscript form 7.一维数组one-dimensional array 8.编程结构programming construct Unit Four:Software Development Unit Four/Section A I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.application;operating 2.assemblers piler 4.interpreter 5.debugger 6.loop 7.driver 8.John von Neumann II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.inference engine 推理机2.system call 系统调用piled language 编译执行的语言4.parallel computing 并行计算5.pattern matching 模式匹配6.memory location 存储单元7.interpreter program 解释程序8.library routine 库程序，程序库例行程序9.intermediate program 中间程序，过渡程序10.source file 源文件11.解释执行的语言interpreted language 12.设备驱动程序device driver 13.源程序source program 14.调试程序debugging program 15.目标代码object code 16.应用程序application program 17.实用程序utility program 18.逻辑程序logic program 19.墨盒ink cartridge 20.程序的存储与执行program storage and executionIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list,making changes if necessary:A compiler,in computer science,is a computer program that translates source code into object code.Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languages that people can understand.Computers cannot directly execute source code,but need a compiler to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code.Compilers collect and reorganize(compile)all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code.Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer s machine code.If the object code is the same as the machine language,the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation.If the object code is not in machine language,other programs such as assemblers,binders(联编程序),linkers,and loaders(加载程序)finish the translation.Most computer languages use different versions of compilers for different types of computers or operating systems,so one language may have different compilers for personal computers(PC)and Apple Macintosh computers.Many different manufacturers often produce versions of the same programming language,so compilers for a language may vary between manufacturers.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:在软件中，错误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错误。较轻微的错误，如光标表现异常，会造成不便或带来挫折，但不会对信息产生破坏性影响。较严重的错误会导致程序中止（对命令停止反应），可能使用户别无选择，只能重新启动程序，结果致使任何前面已经做好但尚未保存的工作丢失。两种情况无论是哪一种，程序员都必须凭借称为调试的过程，发现并改正错误。由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险，商用应用程序在发行前要经过尽可能全面的测试与调试。程序发行后发现的较轻微错误在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误有时可用称为补丁的特殊软件加以修补，以规避问题或减轻其影响。Unit Four/Section B I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.entity 2.duration 3.data;process或 process;data 4.implemented II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.check box 复选框，选择框，校验框2.structured design 结构化设计3.building block 积木块，构建模块，构件4.database schema 数据库模式5.radio button 单选（按）钮6.系统建模技术system modeling technique 7.模型驱动开发model-driven development 8.数据流程图data flow diagram 9.下拉式菜单drop-down(或 pull-down)menu 10.滚动条scroll bar Unit Four/Section C I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.heterogeneous 2.asynchronous 3.bridges 4.openness II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.procedure call 过程调用2.fault tolerance 容错3.homogeneous system 同构系统4.autonomous agent 自主主体5.路由算法routing algorithm 6.异构型环境heterogeneous environment 7.多址通信协议multicast protocol 8.通信链路communication(s)link Unit Five:Software Process Unit Five/Section A I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.off-the-shelf 2.exclusive 3.cascade 4.requirements;integration 5.throwaway 6.immediate;stable 7.reuse-oriented;framework 8.software;compromises II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.system specification 系统规格说明2.unit testing 单位（或单元、部件）测试3.software life cycle 软件生命周期（或生存周期）4.system validation testing 系统验证测试5.evolutionary development process 演化开发过程6.linear model 线性模型7.program unit 程序单元8.throwaway prototype 抛弃式原型9.text formatting 正文格式编排，文本格式化10.system evolution 系统演变11.系统设计范例system design paradigm12.需求分析与定义requirements analysis and definition 13.探索式编程方法exploratory programming approach 14.系统文件编制system documentation 15.瀑布模型waterfall model 16.系统集成system integration 17.商用现成软件commercial off-the-shelf(或 COTS)software 18.基于组件的软件工程component-based software engineering(CBSE)19.软件维护工具software maintenance tool 20.软件复用software reuse III.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list,making changes if necessary:There are three different types of software maintenance.Firstly,there is maintenance to repair software faults.Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct;design errors are more expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components.Requirements errors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may be necessary.Secondly