全国英语等级考试三级（pets3级）历年真题试卷(四).docx

全国英语等级考试三级（pets3级）历年真题试卷(四)材料题（江南博哥）根据下面资料，回答26-30题。Isabel has turned down two job offers in the past year. In 2006, she started her own consulting practice, but by 2008, most of her larger clients had to drop her because of the economy. In 2011,she was undertaking irregular assignments and knew she needed a steady job. The first job she con-sidered was Director of HR for a company in Utah. After the initial interviews, she felt the job fit her except for the location. Still, she flew west to meet the hiring manager. The hiring manager ex-plained that Isabel was the top candidate for the job but that, before she continued with the process,she should better understand the firm´ s culture. She directed Isabel to several videos of the compa-ny´ s CEO, who regularly appeared in front of the company in costume as part of morale building exercises and expected his senior leaders to do the same. "Even though I was desperate for a job, I knew I couldn´ t do that," Isabel says. She called the recruiter to turn down the job and explained that she didn´ t feel there was a cultural fit.A few months later, she interviewed for another job : a director of employee relations at a local university. After several interviews, the hiring manager told her the job was hers if she wanted it.The job had many positives: it was a low-stress environment, it offered great benefits, and the university was an employee-friendly place. But the job was relatively junior despite the title and Isa-bel worried it wouldn´ t be challenging enough. Finally, she turned it down. "It would be great to have a paycheck and great benefits but I would definitely have trouble sleeping at night," she says.In both cases, she was frank with the hiring managers about why she wasn´ t taking the jobs."In the past, it felt like dating, I was worried about hurting people´ s feelings," she says. Howev-er, they appreciated her frankness and thanked her for her honesty. She says it was hard to turn down the jobs and it was a risk for her financially but she felt she had to.26 单选题 In 2011，Isabel_A.did consulting now and thenB.found a job close to her homeC.refused several job interviewsD.ran a successful consulting firm正确答案：A参考解析：参考译文伊莎贝尔去年拒绝了两份工作的邀请。2006年，她开始做自己的咨询公司，但是直到2008年，她的大多数大客户都由于经济原因拒绝了她。2011年，当她在做许多不规律的工作时，她开始意识到她需要一份稳定的工作。她考虑做的第一份工作是一家位于犹他州公司的人力资源主管一职。在初试之后，她觉得这份工作很适合她，除了地点以外。不过，她还是飞到西部去见了人事部经理。经理告诉伊莎贝尔，她是这份工作的第一候选人。但是，在她入职之前，最好先了解公司的文化。她给伊莎贝尔播放了一些公司执行总裁的视频，视频中执行总裁身着戏服对员工做道德教育，并且希望他的高级主管们也能如此。伊莎贝尔说：“即使我很渴望得到这份工作，但是我知道我做不到这点。”于是她打电话给招聘人员拒绝了这份工作，并解释了原因，她觉得不能很好地适应该公司的文化。几个月后，伊莎贝尔又去面试了另一份工作一所当地大学的员工关系主管。在几轮面试之后，人事部经理通知她，只要她愿意，就可以得到这份工作。这份工作有许多好处：工作压力小，工作待遇丰厚，并且大学有一个友好的工作环境。但是这个职位除了名称好听点其实是一份初级工作，伊莎贝尔担心它不具挑战性。最终，她还是拒绝了这份工作。她说：“优厚的薪水和待遇当然是好事，但是我晚上肯定睡不着。”在这两个例子中，伊莎贝尔对人事经理都如实告知了其拒绝的真实原因。她说：“在那段时间里，我觉得就像是在约会一样，总是担心会伤害别人的感情。”然而，他们都很欣赏她的坦白并对她的真诚表示感谢。她说，拒绝工作邀请是件很难的事，并且冒着经济风险，但是她觉得她必须这样做。【精析】推断题。从文章第一段第二、三句“In 2006，she started her own consulting practice，but by 2008In 2011，she was under-taking irregular assignments and knew she needed a steady job”可知，伊莎贝尔之前是经营一家顾问公司，后来生意变得不好，她在2011年只能偶尔接些工作，这与A项“偶尔做些咨询工作”相符，C项是“拒绝了几次工作面试”，从文中可得知，伊莎贝尔两份工作都去面试了，但是她拒绝了工作邀请，C不正确。故选A。27 单选题 Isabel turned down the first job offer mainly because of its_A.CEOB.cultureC.locationD.recruiter正确答案：B参考解析：细节题。从文章第一段最后一句“She called the recruiter to turn down the job and explained that she didnt feel there was a cul-tural fit”可知，她拒绝这份工作的原因是企业文化原因，故选B。28 单选题 Isabel was dissatisfied with the second job due to its_A.junior rifleB.low benefitsC.environmentD.lack of challenge正确答案：D参考解析：细节题。从文章第二段第四句“But the job was relatively junior despite the title and Isabel worded it wouldnt he challenging enough”可知，伊莎贝尔拒绝第二份工作的原因是由于工作缺乏挑战性，故选D。29 单选题 Isabel believed that her rejection of the jobs was_A.harmfulB.surprisingC.justifiableD.troublesome正确答案：A参考解析：细节题。从文章第三段第二句“In the past，it felt like dating，I was worded about butting peoples feelings”可知，伊莎贝尔觉得就像约会一样，拒绝别人会伤害别人的感情。harmful“有害的，造成损害的”；surprising“令人惊讶的”；justifiable“可辩解的，有道理的”；troublesome“麻烦的，讨厌的”。故选A。30 单选题 According to Isabel，it is important to_A.look for jobs with little stressB.look for jobs with great benefitsC.be truthful in declining job offersD.be cautious in declining job offers正确答案：C参考解析：推断题。从文章第三段第三句“However，they apprecia-ted her frankness and thanked her for her honesty”可知，虽然伊莎贝尔拒绝了这两份工作，但是他们都很欣赏她的坦白和真诚。C项“选择工作时要坦诚”符合题意，故选C。材料题根据下面资料，回答31-35题。You do not usually get something for nothing. Now, a new study reveals that the evolution of an improved learning ability could come at a particularly high price: an earlier death.Past experiments have demonstrated that it is relatively easy through selective breeding to make rats, honey bees and-that great favourite of researchers-fruit flies a lot better at learning. Ani-mals that are better learners should be competitive and, thus, over time, come to dominate a popu-lation by natural selection. But improved learning ability does not get selected amongst these ani-mals in the wild. No one really understands why.Tadeusz Kawecki and his colleagues at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland have meas-ured the effects of improved learning on the lives of fruit flies. The flies were given two different fruits as egg-laying sites. One of these was laced with a bitter additive that could be detected only on contact. The flies were then given the same fruit but without an additive. Flies that avoided the fruit which had been bitter were deemed to have learned from their experience. Their children were reared and the experiment was run again.After repeating the experiment for 30 generations, the children of the learned flies were com-pared with normal flies. The researchers report in a forthcoming edition of Evolution that although learning ability could be bred into a population of fruit flies, it shortened their lives by 15%. When the researchers compared their learned flies to colonies selectively bred to live long lives, they found even greater differences. Whereas learned flies had reduced their life spans, the long-lived flies learned less well than even average flies.The authors suggest that evolving an improved learning ability may require a greater investment in the nervous system which takes resources away from processes that delay ageing. However, Dr.Kawecki thinks the effect could also be a by-product of greater brain activity increasing the produc-tion of Reactive Oxygen Species ( ROS), which can increase oxidation in the body and damage health.No one knows whether the phenomenon holds true for other animals. So, biologists, at least,still have a lot to learn.31 单选题 Past experiments prove selective breeding can make animals better_A.commandersB.competitorsC.survivorsD.learners正确答案：D参考解析：参考译文人们通常很难不劳而获。如今，一项新的研究显示学习能力的进化需付出相当大的代价：减少寿命。以往的实验证明人们可以很容易地通过选择性培育提高老鼠、蜜蜂和研究者最爱的果蝇的学习能力。动物中的佼佼者具备更大的竞争力，因此，根据自然选择的法则在动物群中占支配地位。但是在野生环境中，具备这种能力的动物却无法占统治地位，没人理解到底是为什么。瑞士佛里堡大学的塔德乌什奎克和他的同事们对提高果蝇学习能力的效果进行了测试。在两地产卵处分别给果蝇不同的水果。研究者们给其中一处果蝇抹了苦味添加剂的水果，果蝇只有在接触时才能察觉。之后又给这些果蝇提供了相同的水果，但没有添加剂。会避开苦味添加剂水果的果蝇被认为通过经历提高了学习能力。它们繁殖后代，实验还在继续进行。在对30代果蝇做反复的实验后，将学习能力强的果蝇后代与普通果蝇后代进行对比。研究者们将结果汇报在即将出版的进化论一书中，尽管果蝇成功地将学习能力繁殖到下一代，但是它们的生命却缩短了15。当研究者们将学习能力强的果蝇与专门培育生命力强的果蝇相比，他们发现了更大的不同。学习能力强的果蝇缩短了它们的生命期限，长命果蝇的学习能力低于普通果蝇。研究者们推测学习能力的进化可能会需要大量神经系统的活动，这样会加速衰老的过程。然而，奎克教授认为这种影响也可能是大脑活动产生活性氧的副作用，活性氧会增强身体的氧化并损害健康。没有人知道其他动物是否也会产生同样的现象。因此，生物学家至少还有很多要去研究学习。【精析】细节题。从文章第二段第一句“Past experiments have demonstrated that it is relatively easy through selective breeding to make ratshoney bees andthat great favourite of researchers-fruit flies a lot better at learning”可知，实验证明选择性繁殖可以提高动物的学习能力，故选D。32 单选题 In this experiment，scientists observed that_A.some flies avoided the fruit without an addictiveB.some flies preferred the fruit with an addictiveC.the eggs of the flies were not damagedD.the impact on the flies did not last long正确答案：A参考解析：推断题。从文章第三段第五句“Flies that avoided the fruit which had been bitter were deemed to have learned from their expe-rience”可知，那些果蝇通过学习能力的提升能够避开带有添加剂的水果，由此可以推断，果蝇已经有经验，看见同种水果也会避开，所以果蝇也会避开没有添加剂的同种水果，故选A。33 单选题 The forthcoming report says that_A.long-lived flies are better at laying eggsB.long-lived flies are poorer in learningC.learned flies have a relatively long lifeD.learned flies live as long as average ones正确答案：B参考解析：细节题。从文章第四段最后一句“Whereas learned flies had reduced their life spans，the long-lived flies learned less well than even average flies”可知，长命果蝇的学习能力低于普通果蝇，故选B。34 单选题 According to DrKawecki，greater brain activity_A.reduces oxygen consumptionB.regulates the nervous systemC.speeds up the ageing processD.stabilizes the ageing process正确答案：C参考解析：推断题。从文章第五段最后一句“However，DrKawecki thinks the effect could also be a by-product of greater brain activity increasing the production of Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS)，which Can increase oxidation in the body and damage health”可知，奎克教授认为这种影响也可能是大脑活动产生活性氧的副作用，活性氧会增强身体的氧化并损害健康。由此可推断，大量的脑力活动会加速衰老，故选C。35 单选题 We learn from the text that_A.the research findings need to be tested furtherB.biologists are doing similar research on other animalsC.the animal world usually follows the same universal lawsD.biologists are applying their findings to other areas正确答案：A参考解析：推断题。从文章最后一段“No one knows whether the phenomenon holds true for other animalsso，biologists，at least，still have a lot to learn”可知，生物学家们目前只对果蝇做了实验，还不知道其他动物是否有同样效果，他们还要去继续研究，故选A。材料题根据下面资料，回答36-40题。Richard :I´ ve always viewed tipping as a way of saying "thank you" to the one who serves me. I be-lieve what is bad is when no tip is left at all. The better the service, the higher the tip. Unless the service is literally perfect, I never tip more than 10% of the bill. Much like the harder teachers in school, I never give an easy "A. " My assessment is honest.Daniel :A tip is a "thank you," but in truth, a tip is payment for service.20% is a standard tip. Serv-ers deserve it for their hard work. Restaurants will never pay more for labor unless they are forced to do so by new laws. Tips make up about 97% of a server´ s total income. Those tips arc needed for survival. So, before servers are paid a living wage, tip 20%.Kate:Why should I pay the difference between what the restaurant is willing to pay the employee and what an acceptable wage is? I do pay 20%, but ! hate it. A friend of mine left Europe for New York City, found a job in a restaurant there and ended up making $ 5,500 a month. Enough above mini-mum wage? How about miners, construction workers, resident doctors, etc? Do they get tipped?Patricia:18 -20% for good service is today´ s standard. The restaurant and its employees are too polite to tell you this or to put it on their menus, but that is their expectation and you need to understand that. I believe it is good manners to respect this. To do otherwise is to be openly rude. If you dis-agree, you are wise to eat elsewhere, as you are hurting a hardworking professional.Michael :Tipping has gotten out of control. I always bad thought it was 15%, and now suddenly servers have made it 20%. I tip 15%, and that´ s it. If the service is really superior, then I work higher from there. Interesting to be told, "If you can´ t afford to tip 20%, then you should eat at home. "If all those people stayed away, the restaurant would not even be in business.Now match the name of each person (36 -40) to the appropriate statement.Note: there are two extra statements.StatementsA Its rude not to tipBI do tip，though I dont like itCTipping shouldnt be compulsoryDTips are essential to serverssurvivalEIf you dont tip，you are punishing the serverFI think the current tipping standard is too highGMy tip faithfully reflects how good the service is36 单选题 第(36)题选 RichardABCDEFG正确答案：G参考解析：参考译文理查德：我总是将给小费视为对服务员的感谢。我认为糟糕的情况是口袋里没有钱可给小费。服务越好，小费就应该越多。除非服务特别好，一般我不会给超过账单10的小费。就像学校里严厉的老师一样，我从不轻易给A。我的评估是诚实的。丹尼尔：小费是一种感谢，但是事实上，小费是服务的费用。小费的标准是20。服务员的辛勤工作是值得的。餐馆不应该再多支付员工费用除非有新的法律出台。小费占了服务员总收入的97。这些小费是他们的基本生活费用。因此，在服务员有薪水之前，应该付他们20的小费。凯特：为什么我要支付餐馆发的员工薪水和可接受薪水之间的差价呢?我确实会付20的小费，但是我讨厌这点。我的一个朋友离开欧洲，在纽约的一间餐馆工作，每月的收入有5500美金。远高于最低薪水了吧?那矿工、建筑工人、住院医师等人呢?他们有小费吗?帕特丽夏：现在优质服务的小费标准是l8-20。餐厅和它的员工们很有礼貌，不能告诉你这点，也不能把它写在菜单里。不过，这是他们的期望，你得理解。我认为应该尊重这点。否则就是一种非常粗鲁的表现。如果你不同意，你最好去别的地方就餐，因为你会伤害一个努力工作的服务员。迈克：给小费已经失去了控制。我之前认为是15，现在突然提到了20。我只给15的小费，就这样。如果服务真的很好，我再提高。有人说过很有趣的话“如果你支付不起20的小费，你就应该在家吃饭。”如果那些人都不去餐馆吃饭，那么餐馆就会关门。【精析】主旨题。理查德对小费的观点“The better the service，the higher the tipMy assessment is honest”我对服务越满意，小费就越高，我的评价是很诚实的，这与G项“我的小费真实地反映了服务质量”观点相符。故选G。37 单选题 第(37)题选 DanielABCDEFG正确答案：D参考解析：主旨题。丹尼尔对小费的观点“Those tips are needed for survival”小费对他们的生活是必需的，这与D项“小费是他们生存下去的必需品”观点相符。故选D。38 单选题 第(38)题选 KateABCDEFG正确答案：B参考解析：主旨题。凯特的观点“I do pay 20，but I hate it”我虽然会给20小费，但是我讨厌这点，这与B项“我会付小费，但我讨厌它”观点一致。故选B。39 单选题 第(39)题 Patricia 选ABCDEFG正确答案：A参考解析：主旨题。帕特丽夏的观点“To do otherwise is to be openly rude”不付小费是一种粗鲁的表现，这与A项“不付小费是粗鲁的行为”观点一致。故选A。40 单选题 第(40)题选 MichaelABCDEFG正确答案：F参考解析：主旨题。迈克的观点“Tipping has goaen out of controlI always had thought it was 15，and now suddenly servers have made it 20”现在的小费已经失控了，我之前认为是l5，现在突然提到了20。这与F项“我认为现在的小费标准太高了”观点相符。故选F。材料题根据下面资料，回答41-45题。In 2009, the number of hungry people in the world reached one billion for the first time. It´ s difficult not to be shocked by the fact that more than one in seven people in the world do not have enough to eat.(41)_ Hunger kills more people per year than diseases such as AIDS, malaria and TB combined.The UN estimates that almost two thirds of the world´ s hungry people are in Asia, which is of course the world´ s most populous continent. (42)_ Although this region has a much lower popu-lation than Asia, it has the highest percentage of hungry people. Almost all of the rest are in Latin America, North Africa and the Caribbean. In the richest regions of the world there are only a tiny number of people who don´ t have enough to eat.There are many reasons for world hunger. They include wars, droughts, floods, and the over-use of fanning land. (43)_ Many people also blame greedy businessmen for pushing up the prices of basic foods in the global market. But the most important reason, quite simply, is poverty, which has increased recently due to the financial crisis of 2008.Although many people make the obvious point that there would be less hunger if the global population were smaller, few people would argue that there is not enough food to go around.(44)_ In the last 50 years, global food production has risen even more quickly than the global population. There are many areas of the world i