2013人教版八年级英语下及上学期11到12单元期末总复习提纲20753.pdf

1 初二下英语期末总复习资料(2013)Unit 1 Will people have robots?一般将来时.(P96)1.由“Will/Shall+动词原形”构成的一般将来时.系动词 am、is、are 的原形都是 be.如：It will be very hot tomorrow.Shall 适用于第一人称 I、We;Will 适用于所有人称，通常可以用 will 来代替 shall.Will、Shall 均可缩写为ll.如 I will=Ill;she will=shell.否定句形式：will not=wont,shall not=shant.2.与一般将来时连用的时间状语有：tomorrow、the day after tomorrow、next week、soon、in the future、in three days、some day.3.There be 句型中的一般将来时.There will be+名词+其他成分 如：There will be fewer cars.4.形容词 more、fewer、和 less 的用法.More 更多的 原形 many 和 much.修饰 C 复数或 Un.Fewer 更少的 原形 few.修饰 C 复数.Less 更少的 原形 little.修饰 U.重点语法：一般将来时态的应用 do/does 的一般将来时态形式：(shall/will)do do/does 的一般将来时态的被动语态：(shall/will)be done 一般将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：肯定句例句：People will have robots in a few years.否定句例句：People will not/wont have robots in a few years.一般疑问句例句：Will people have robots in a few years?特殊疑问句例句：What will people have in a few years?Reading Strategy(阅读方法)Look at the title and picture,and predict what you will read about.(看着标题和图片，预知你要阅读那些方面的内容。)This helps you get ready to acquire new information.(这样可以帮助你获得一些新的信息。)Unit 2 What should I do?1.情态动词 should.(P95)Should 和 can、may、must 等情态动词一样，无人称和数的变化，后接动词原形，能独立构成疑问句和否定句.如：Who should pay the taxes?You shouldnt play football in the street.2.情态动词 could.单独的情态动词，表“能，可以”.用来提供建议，后跟动词原形.它和 should 都用来提供建议.如：-I will take part in a party tomorrow night，but my clothes are out of style.I need some money to buy some clothes in style.What should I do?-You could borrow some money from your friends.-No，I dont like to do that.-Then you should get a part-time job and make some money.3.提建议.1You should/could+do 你应该/可以2Why not+do?为什么不？做怎么样？3Why dont you+do?你为什么不？4What/How about+doing?如何？Reading Strategy(阅读方法)You will learn to use new words better if you use a learners dictionary.(时刻学着应用新单词来学习比时刻使用字典这种途径方法更好。)A bilingual dictionary sometimes gives the wrong meaning for the situation you want.(在某些你需要的场合下，一本双语字典有时会给你错误的解释。)重点语法：过去将来时态（将来时态的委婉说法）do/does 的过去将来时态形式：(should/would)do do/does 的过去将来时态的被动语态：(should/would)be done 过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：肯定句例句：You should write a letter to him.否定句例句：You shouldnt write a letter to him.一般疑问句例句：Should I write a letter to him?特殊疑问句例句：What should I do?Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?过去进行时.1.过去进行时表在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作.是由“was/were+现在分词”构成.was 用于第一、三人称单数，were 用于其他人称.与过去进行时连 2 用的过去时间状语有：at this/that time、yesterday morning、at that moment、at 10 oclock last night 等.2.过去进行时还可表在过去某个时间即将发生的动作.主要限于 come、go、leave、meet、arrive、take off 等动词.3.判断句子是否用过去进行时.1 根据时间状语判断：at eight/ten oclock last night、at this/that time yesterday、at ten yesterday evening、from 7 to 10 yesterday evening 等.2 根据 when 或 while 引导的状语从句判断，如：I was reading the newspaper when my father got home.3 根据上下文的意思判断，如：Last night，I was watching TV.Suddenly(突然)the light was out.4.when 与 while 在过去进行时中的句型结构.(1)when 的用法：1when 从句(一般过去时)+主句（过去进行时）动作：fell into the sea、fishing.例句：When one of them fell into the sea，the boys were fishing.意义：主句动作正在进行过程中，又发生从句动作.2when 从句（过去进行时）+主句（一般现在时）动作：walking、dropped down to.例句：When I was walking in the park，my wallet dropped down to the ground.意义：从句动作正在进行时，又有主句动作发生.(2)while 的用法：1while 从句（过去进行时）+主句（一般现在时）动作：watching、began to rain.例句：While I was watching the football game，it began to rain.意义：从句动作正在进行时，又发生主句动作.2While 从句（过去进行时）+主句（过去进行时）动作：washing、cooking.例句：While Dad was washing his car，Mum was cooking.意义：从句动作正在进行的同时，主句动作也在进行中.5.特别提示.When 引导的从句既可表某一点时间，后接瞬间性动词（when 句型1）；又可表某一段时间，后接延续性动词.也就是说:当指一段时间时，when 可用 while 代替；但当指一点时间时，when 不能用 while 代替.如：When we arrived in shanghai，it was just eight oclock.(when 指一点时间)When/while we were watching TV，he came in.(when 与 while 指一段时间)！注意：while()we arrived in shanghai 重点语法：过去进行时态 do/does 的过去进行时态形式：(was/were)doing do/does 的过去进行时态的被动语态：(was/were)being done 过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式：肯定句例句：I was walking down the street when a UFO landed.否定句例句：I wasnt walking down the street when a UFO landed.一般疑问句例句：Were you walking down the street when a UFO landed?特殊疑问句例句：What were you doing when a UFO landed?动词 when 和 while 的选择：when 后加瞬间动词，while 后加延续性动词。例句：The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed.=While the boy was walking down the street,the UFO landed.感叹句结构：(1)How+adj.+the+主语+谓语动词=(2)What+(a/an)+adj.+n.+主语+谓语动词例句：What a beautiful flower it is!=How beautiful the flower is!What beautiful flowers they are!=How beautiful the flowers are!Reading Strategy(阅读方法)The title can be helpful for you to understand a text.(一篇文章的标题可以帮助你理解整篇文章。)Its also a good idea to read the first sentence of each paragraph before you read.(在阅读整篇 3 文章之前，阅读每段的第一句话也是一个很有效的方法。)Unit 4 He said I was hard-working.直接引语和间接引语.(P100-101)1.含义：引述别人的话时，采用两种方式：一是引用别人的原话，两边用引号标出，称为直接引语；二是用自己的语言转述别人的话，称为间接引语.引述或转述要由动词来承担，有：say、tell、ask、think、write 等.2.直接引语变间接引语的方法.(1)从句人称的变化.1 直接引语的主语是第一人称变化时要和主句的主语保持一致.2 直接引语的主语是第二人称变化时要与主句的宾语保持一致.3 直接引语的主语是第三人称变化时人称不变.如：They said，“We will go there by bus.”They said they would go there by bus.She said to me，“Are you interested in science?”She asked me if I was interested in science.His mother told me that she couldnt go to school.(2)从句动词时态的变化.1 主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，直接引语变化时，从句时态保持一致.如：He says，“I have finished my homework.”He says that he has finished his homework.She will say，“Ill do it tomorrow.”She will say that shell do it the next day.2 主句的时态是一般过去时，从句的时态要作相应的变化，即：1 一般现在时一般过去时.2 一般过去时过去完成时.3 现在进行时过去进行时.4 现在完成时过去完成时.5 过去完成时过去完成时（不变）.6 一般将来时过去将来时.如：The girl said，“Im sorry for being late for class.”The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.He said to me，“I am writing a letter.”He told me that he was writing a letter.(3)直接引语如果是客观事实或真理，变化时，从句时态不变.如：The teacher said，“The earth moves around the sun.”The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.3.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化.（1）指示代词变化：thisthat.thesethose 等.（2）时间状语变化：nowthen.todaythat day.yesterdaythe day before.tomorrowthe next day 等.（3）地点状语变化：herethere.（4）动词变化：comego.如：She said，“I will come this evening.”She said that she would go that evening.He said，“My sister was here three days ago，but she is not here now.”He said that his sister had been there three days before，but she was not there then.4.间接引语的语序及引导词.直接引语变化时，间接引语应用陈述句语序.直接引语如是陈述句，主句与从句之间用 that引导，有时可省略；如是特殊疑问句，主句与从句之间就用原来的疑问词引导；如是一般疑问句，主句与从句之间用 if 或 whether 引导.如：My teacher said，“I come from shanghai.”My teacher said that he came from shanghai.He asked me，“Where do you come from?”He asked me where I came from.I asked her，“Did you watch the game yesterday?”I asked her whether she had watched the game the day before.重点语法：宾语从句,状语从句（P101-102）结构：主语+谓语动词+宾语从句(主语+谓语动词+宾语/表语)例句：-Im good at English.He says.(改为加宾语从句的复合句)-He says Im good at English.4 注意：主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。例句：He says Im good at English now.He says I was good at mathematics when I was young.主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday.He said I was good at English now yesterday.宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day.Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday.动词原形不能作主语，必须用其-ing 形式。例句：She said helping others changed her life.Reading Strategy(阅读方法)First read for meaning,not for detail.(首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。)You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from the context.(至于不懂的单词，你可以通过上下文来寻找它的正确释义。)Unit 5 If you go to the party,youll have a great time!If 引导的条件状语从句.1.含义与结构.If 意为“如果”，可用来引导条件状语从句.条件状语从句属于复合句，从句表主句动作发生的前提或条件.if 引导的从句在句中的位置比较灵活，可放在主句之前（这时要和主句用逗号隔开），也可放在句子的后面（不使用逗号）.其结构：If+陈述句，主句+谓语=主语+谓语+if+陈述句.意为“如果，就”.如：If you ask him，he will help you.2.用法.(1)条件状语从句通常由连词 if 引导，意为“如果、假如”.主句不能用 be going to表将来，而应该用shall、will.1If you leave now，you are never going to regret it.()2If you leave now，you will never regret it.()(3)if 引导条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时（主将从现）.注意宾语从句中的 if 与条件状语从句 if 的区别.宾语从句中的if“是否”相当于 whether，引导宾语从句，时态需根据语境确定.如：I dont know if it will rain tomorrow.重点语法：if 引导的条件状语从句结构：主句+if+条件状语从句 if+条件状语从句+(comma)+主句注意：在 if 引导的条件状语从句中，主句应用将来时态，状语从句用一般现在时态。例句：Youll have a great time if you go to the party.=If you go to the party,youll have a great time.Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?现在完成进行时的用法.(P99)1.概念及构成:现在完成进行时表从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作，而且还要继续下去，其结构：助动词+have/has been+动词 ing.现在完成进行时的句子中多用延续性动词，如：live、learn、study、work 等.常与 for two hours、since 1996、all this morning、these few days 等表示一段时间的状语连用.如：I have been cleaning the room all this morning.我今天一上午都在打扫房间.Ive been studying English since I was 4 years old.自从 4 岁起我就一直学英语.2.现在完成进行时的句型.(1)肯定句：主句+have/has been+动词 ing+其他.如：I have been learning English for ten years.我学英语已经十年了.I have been collecting stamps since I was ten years old.我从十岁起就一直在集邮.(2)否定句：主语+have/has+not+been+动词ing+其他.如：I havent been seeing films for a long time.我有很长时间没有看电视了.I havent been doing my homework since eight oclock.从 8 点钟我就一直没做作业.（3）一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+been+动词 ing+其他？肯定回答：Yes,主语+have/has.否定回答：No,主语+havent/hasnt.如：Have you been doing your homework since this morning?从今天早上你就一直在写作业吗？Yes，I 5 have.Has he been writing the letters to his friend?他一直在给他的朋友写信吗？No，he hasnt.(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？如：How long has it been raining?雨下多久了？What book have you been reading recently?最近你在看什么书？3.现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别.（1）现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时侧重的是动作的持续进行.如：I have read a book about birds.(已经读完)I have been reading a book about birds.(一直都在读，现在还在读，还会继续读下去)（2）两种时态都有延续性，但现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，无感情色彩；现在完成进行时表一个动作的延续，重复，有时有一定的感情色彩.如：She has been singing all the day.她都唱了一整天了.(抱怨，厌烦)重点语法：现在完成进行时态 do/does 的现在完成进行时态形式：have/has been doing do/does 的现在完成进行时态的被动语态：have/has been being done 现在完成进行时态所应用的场合：某事从过去发生一直持续到现在都在做 过去发生的动作对现在造成影响例：我已上了三年初中。I have been in Junior School for 3 years.自从那次他与我谈过心后，我天天都在进步。I have been making progress since he talked with me that time.现在完成进行时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式：肯定句例句：I have been skating for five hours.否定句例句：I havent been skating for five hours.一般疑问句例句：Have you been skating for five hours?特殊疑问句例句：How long have you been skating?注意：瞬间动词不能和一段时间连用。例句：你借这本书已经多长时间了？How long have you been keeping this book?Reading Strategy(阅读方法)Let your eyes scan the text quickly to find details that youre looking for.(在阅读文章之前，用眼睛“横扫”整篇文章，快速寻找你需要的文章要点。)You can find information quickly without reading the whole text.(这样你就不用细读整篇文章，就能寻找到你需要的一些信息。)Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music?1.Would you mind？的用法.Would you mind?意为“你介意吗？”，mind 后接动词 ing 形式.如：Would you mind moving your bike?Would you mind not singing here?（1）在 Would you mind+doing?结构中，doing 为动名词，用来提出客气的请求.动名词是由动词原形加词尾 ing 构成，其构成法与现在分词一样.（2）Would you mind?之后接 sb.s doing 形式，用来询问，征求对方的意见（在非正式的文体中，doing 形式之前的所有格可换成宾格形式）.如:Would you mind my(me)smoking here.（3）在某些动词后只能用动名词，而另一些动词后只能用不定式.目前我们学过的有：mind、finish、enjoy 等.如：He enjoys walking in the park.I finished reading the book yesterday.Would you mind opening the window.2.动名词的否定式：Would you mind not doing?如：Would you mind not shouting?3.回答带有 mind 的问句时应该注意 yes 或 no 都是针对 mind 选用的.表“介意，在乎”时，选用 yes,后面跟句子，意思是不让对方做某事.表“不介意，不在乎”时，选用 no，后面跟句子，意思是允许对方做某事.如对 Do you mind my smoking here?的回答，用 Yes，youd better not.是的，你最好别抽.用 No，certainly not.不介意，你当然可以抽.4.情态动词 shall、will 及 should 的用法.(1)shall1.表说话者的意图、允许、警告、命令、决心等.用于陈述句的第二、三人称中，有“必须、应、可”之意.如：You shall buy that book tomorrow.你应该明天买这本书.2.询问、征求意见.如：Shall I close the window?我关上窗户好吗？（2）should 表义务、责任或劝告.有“应该、应当”之意.如：You should learn from each other.6 你们应该互相帮助.(4)will 表意志、意愿.有“愿、要”之意.如：Will you help me with my work?你愿意帮我做作业吗？（5）would 是 will 的过去式，表请求个人想法，语气比较婉转.如：I would like to express(表达)my thanks to you.我非常感想你.重点语法：mind ones doing sth.介意（某人）做某事 Reading Strategy(阅读方法)As we read,we need to find topic sentences.(在我们阅读的时候，我们需要寻找“主题语句”，也就是和文章中心最相关的语句。)These sentences usually gives us a summary,or overall meaning of each paragraph and help us understand what the paragraph is about.(这些语句通常会给我们一些文章的“概要”，或者每个文段的全部意思，来帮助我们理解段落大意。)After the topic sentence comes more detail and explanation.(当“主题语句”出现后，该段的一些解释和细节也就会随之出现。)Unit 8 Why dont you get her a scarf?1.提建议.常用的提建议的方法：（1）Lets+动词原形.如：Lets go out for a walk.(2)shall we+动词原形.如：Shall we meet outside the school gate(大门)？（3）How/What about+名词或动词 ing 形式.如：What about this one?How about playing football?（4）Youd better(not)+动词原形.如：Youd better catch a bus.Youd better not take in class.(5)Why dont you+动词原形？或 Why not+动词原形？.如：Why not make it earlier?Why dont you come with us?（6）Would you like+名词或动词不定式？如：Would you like a cup of tea?如同意对方的建议，回答：Good idea/Great/Cool/Certainly/OK/Of course/Yes，please/Yes，I think so/All right/I agree with you/Id love to.如不同意，回答：NO，lets/Im afraid not/No，thanks/I dont think so/I dont agree.重点语法：询问别人为什么要做或者不做某事 why dont you do sth.=why not do sth.例句：Why dont you get her a camera?=Why not get her a camera?what about=how about 例句：How about some tennis balls?=What about some tennis balls?Reading Strategy(阅读方法)To understand the important ideas from the text,we must summarize.(为了了解文段最主要的意图，我们必须要进行总结。)Do this by answering who,what,where,why questions as you read.(在阅读时，常注意回答时间、地点、人物这些基本要素问题，达到总结的目的。)Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement?1、现在完成时(P98)：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或保存的状态，强调的是现在的情况，常用 for 和 since表示一段时间的状语或 so far，now，today，this week(month，year)等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。不能和表示过去的时间状语连用（如：in 1990，last Sunday 等）。例如：He has studied English for 5 years.He has studied English since 2001.Now I have finished the work.注意：表过去某一时间发生的动作或状态一直延续到现在（强调现在），动作或状态一般是延续性的，因此要用表延续性的动词或表状态的动词。表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy 等的完成时不能与 for，since 等表示一段时间的词连用。也不能用于how long 引导的疑问句中。如不能说：He has borrowed the book for two months.()但可以说：He has kept the book for 2 months.或：It has been 2 months since he borrowed the book.或：Two months has passed since he borrowed the book.这些瞬间动词常与它对应的可以表示时间段的词语进行互换。becomebe,borrowkeep buyhave,begin(start)be on,openbe open diebe dead,leave-be away,come-be here/in,go outbe out,join-be a member/be in,begin to study-study 7 注明：非延续性动词在否定结构中可用于现在完成时态：I havent bought anything for two days.2、现在完成时的结构：have/has+过去分词 否定结构：havent/hasn t+过去分词 一般疑问句中：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词 重点语法：现在完成时态 do/does 的现在完成时态形式：(have/has)done do/does 的现在完成时态的被动语态：(have/has)been done 现在完成时态主要强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响。例句：我去年去过美国，那是我第一次出国。I have ever been to America.Its the first time for me to go abroad.Reading Strategy(阅读方法)After reading,write down three or more things you have learned.(在阅读整篇文章之后，把你学到的三样或更多事物写下来。)We always remember things better if we take time to reflect.(如果我们花时间去思考一些问题的话，那么我们就能更容易地记住一些事情。)动词的过去分词的规则变化 1、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：(1）、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ed”。work-worked-worked,visit-visited-visited (2）、以“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d”。live-lived-lived,(3）、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i，再加“ed”。study-studied-studied,cry-cried-cried (4）、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ed”。stop-stopped-stopped,drop-dropped-dropped 1.Have you ever been to an amusement park?have been to.have been to+地点：去过某地（已回）have been to 表示“到(去)过某处”，现在已不在那个地方。如：He has been to England 他曾到过英国。(现在已经不在英国了)Have you ever been to the Great Wall？你到过长城吗?（现在已经不在长城上）have gone to+地点：去了某地（未回）have gone to 表示“去了某处”，“到某处去了”，现在已不在说话的地点了。如：He has gone to England。他已去英国了。(已经不在说话的地方，到达英国或者在去英国的路上)2、never,yet,ever，still ever,already 常用于否定句.疑问句中。ever 常用于现在完成时中。ever 用于强化比较级和最高级。Whats the best gift you have ever received?ever since：自那时起 The shop has been open ever since.forever：永远的（地）never：从不-Have you ever been to an amusement park?-N