2023年高考英语阅读理解备考策略专题03阅读理解之说明文主旨类43820.pdf

专题 03 阅读理解之说明文主旨类 一（2022浙江金华一模）You may have noticed sudden,brief twitching(抽动)at some point while your dog was sleeping and wondered if they were dreaming or even expressing some type of discomfort.These involuntary movements only occur during dream states and usually dont last long.So is twitching just a normal part of dreaming,or are there times when you should worry?Dogs sleep an average of 12-14 hours each day.While they sleep,a dogs brain processes information and experiences from the day through dreams.Twitching is often related to active dream cycles in the brain.According to research by psychologist Stanley Coren,an average-size dog will dream about every 20 minutes,and these dreams will last about a minute.Larger breeds have fewer dreams that last longer-about every 45 minutes for 4 minutes.The opposite is true for smaller breed dogs;they will dream about every 10 minutes for up to 30 seconds.Dogs experience the same dream stages as humans,including non-rapid eye movement(NREM),short-wave sleep(SWS),and rapid eye movement(REM).During the REM state,a dogs eyes move around behind their closed eyelids,and the large body muscles are turned off so the dream is not physically acted out.The amount of twitching depends on how much these off switches cramp muscle movement.If your dog sleeps next to you,they may unintentionally disturb your sleep with their sudden body movements.However,it is often advised not to awaken a dog that is twitching in their sleep unless they are clearly in distress.A bad dream or night terror could be the cause of these involuntary movements,and they may wake up frightened.Try to avoid touching them so they dont bite you as a result of being shocked and panicked.Instead,gently call your dogs name until they respond.Speak calmly and tell them that they are safe and secure after they wake up.While they appear to be pretty active in their sleep,dreaming dogs may be slow to awaken.1Which of the following influences how often dogs dream?ATheir sleeping time.BTheir body size.CTheir daily experiences.DTheir health conditions 2What does the underlined word“cramp”mean in paragraph 4?AStimulate.BAnalyze.CRestrict.DMonitor.3Why is it advised not to wake up a dog twitching in sleep?ATo avoid being bitten by the dog.BTo ensure the dog adequate sleep.CTo prevent the dog getting shocked.DTo escape disturbance from the dog.4Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?AHow does Dogs Brain Work?BWhy do Dogs Dream at Night?CWhy do Dogs Twitch in Their Sleep?DHow does Dogs Twitch Affect Their Sleep?二（2022陕西铜川市耀州中学模拟预测）Throughout history scientists have risked their health and their lives in their search for the truth.Sir Issac Newton，the seventeenth century scientist was very smart,but that didnt stop him from doing some pretty stupid things.In his laboratory in Cambridge,he often did the strangest experiments.Once,while testing how light passes through lenses(晶状体),he put a long needle into his eye,pushed it to the back,and then moved it around just to see what would happen.Luckily,there was no lasting bad effect.On another occasion,he stared at the sun,for as long as he could bear,to discover what effect this would have on his sight.To escape suffering permanent damage,he had to spend some days in a dark room before his eyes recovered.In the 1750s,the Swedish chemist Karl Scheele,was the first person to find a way to produce phosphorus(磷).He,in fact,discovered eight more chemical elements,including Chlorine(氯)，though he didnt get any place for them.He was a very clever scientist,but he had a strange habit of tasting a little of every substance he studied.This risky practice finally caught up with him.In 1 786,he was found dead in his laboratory,surrounded by a large number of dangerous chemicals,any of which might have been responsible for his death.Eugene Shoemaker was a respected geologist,he spent a large part of his life studying craters(陨石坑),and how they were formed,and later the research into the comments of the plane Jupiter.In 1997,he and his wife were in the Australian desert.where they went every year to search for places where comets(彗星)might have hit the earth.While driving in the Tanami desert,one of the most open places in the world,another vehicle rushed into them,and Shoe maker died on the spot.Some of his ashes(骨灰)were sent to the moon by the Lunar Prospect or,a spacecraft.and he is the only person who has this honor.5What does the underlined word permanent in Paragraph 2 mean?ABrief.BSlight.CLasting.DOrdinary.6What did Karl Scheele like doing when performing experiments?ATasting chemicals.BStaying in the empty labs.CExperimenting in darkness.DWorking together with others.7What special honor was Shoemaker given after his death?AHe was buried in the Tanami desert.BSome of his ashes were placed on the moon.COne comet of Jupiter was named after him.DA spacecraft carrying him travelled around Jupiter.8The text is mainly about three great scientists_ Aspecial honors Bgreat achievements Cfamous experiments Dsuffering in their research 答案 一（2022浙江金华一模）1B 2C 3A 4C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了为什么狗在睡觉时会抽搐的现象，以及如何处理这种情况避免被狗咬伤或惊吓到狗。1细节理解题。根据第四段“According to research by psychologist Stanley Coren,an average-size dog will dream about every 20 minutes,and these dreams will last about a minute.Larger breeds have fewer dreams that last longer-about every 45 minutes for 4 minutes.The opposite is true for smaller breed dogs;they will dream about every 10 minutes for up to 30 seconds.(根据心理学家斯坦利科伦的研究，一只中等大小的狗每 20 分钟会做梦一次，这些梦会持续大约一分钟。体型较大的品种的梦更少，持续时间更长大约每 45 分钟做一次，持续 4 分钟。小型犬的情况正好相反;他们每 10 分钟做梦一次，持续 30 秒)”可知，狗的体型会影响狗的做梦频率。故选 B。2词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“During the REM state,a dogs eyes move around behind their closed eyelids,and the large body muscles are turned off so the dream is not physically acted out.(在快速眼动状态下，狗的眼睛在紧闭的眼睑后移动，身体的大块肌肉被关闭，所以梦不会在身体上发生)”以及“The amount of twitching depends on how much these off switches”可知，抽搐的程度取决于这些开关对肌肉运动的限制程度。故画线词意思是“限制”。故选 C。3 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Try to avoid touching them so they dont bite you as a result of being shocked and panicked.(尽量避免碰到它们，这样它们就不会因为受惊而咬你)”可知，建议不要吵醒睡梦中抽搐的狗是为了避免被狗咬伤。故选 A。4主旨大意题。根据第一段“You may have noticed sudden,brief twitching(抽动)at some point while your dog was sleeping and wondered if they were dreaming or even expressing some type of discomfort.(你可能会注意到你的狗狗在睡觉时突然短暂的抽搐，想知道它们是在做梦，还是在表达某种不适)”结合文章主要解释了为什么狗在睡觉时会抽搐的现象，以及如何处理这种情况避免被狗咬伤或惊吓到狗。可知，C 选项“为什么狗在睡觉时会抽搐？”最符合文章标题。故选 C。二（2022陕西铜川市耀州中学模拟预测）5C 6A 7B 8D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是科学家们冒着生命危险去寻找真理。详细介绍了三名伟大的科学家为了探究真理做出的危险实验，甚至奉献了自己的生命。5词义猜测题。根据下文“he had to spend some days in a dark room before his eyes recovered.(他不得不在一个黑暗的房间里呆几天，直到他的眼睛恢复。)”由此可推测是为避免永久性的伤害，故猜测 permanent 意为永久的，A.Brief 简洁的；B.Slight轻微的；C.Lasting 持久的；D.Ordinary 普通的。故选 C。6细节理解题。根据第三段“He was a very clever scientist,but he had a strange habit of tasting a little of every substance he studied.(他是一个非常聪明的科学家，但他 有一个奇怪的习惯，就是对他所研究的每一种物质都尝一点。)”可知，Karl Scheele喜欢尝化学物质，故选 A。7细节理解题。根据最后一段“Some of his ashes(骨灰)were sent to the moon by the Lunar Prospector,a spacecraft.and he is the only person who has this honor.(他的一些骨灰被“月球展望号”或宇宙飞船送往月球。他是唯一一个有此殊荣的人。)”可知，Shoemaker 的一些骨灰被放在了月球上。故选 B。8 推理判断题。根据第一段“Throughout history scientists have risked their health and their lives in their search for the truth.(纵观历史，科学家们冒着健康和生命的危险寻找真理。)”可知，文章主要讲述三名伟大的科学家所遭受的危险，故选 D。