句子成分及基本句型.ppt
句子成分及基本句型,by高一年级英语组,主语、谓语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等,句子的成分:,(一)主语:,主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。,e.g. (1) Lucy is a beautiful nurse. (名词作主语)(2) He reads newspapers every day. (代词作主语)(3) Smoking is harmful to the health.(动名词作主语)(4) To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.(5) What we should do is not yet decided.,(不定式作主语),(主语从句作主语),(二)谓语,说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。,说明主语“,(三) 宾语,宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。,e.g. His parents are teachers. We study hard. We dont finish reading the book. He can speak English.,(行为动词作谓语),(系动词和表语一起作谓语),(助动词和行为动词一起作谓语),(情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语),She is doing her homework now.She says(that)she is ill.We often help him.He likes to play basketball.We enjoy listening to the music.,(名词作宾语),(宾语从句作动词宾语),(代词作宾语),(不定式作宾语),(动名词短语作宾语),说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物,宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外,动词不定式可作动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。,说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,直接宾语指物,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如:give, show(给看),bring, pass, buy等。e.g.(1)Our teacher tells us a story. (2)The sun gives us light.,间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。间接宾语前加“to”的有:give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise(答应), refuse(拒绝)等间接宾语加“for”的有:make, buy, do, get, play, order(命令), sing, pay等,(1) I give him a book. 改成: (2) He passes me the book. 改成: (3) He writes me a letter. 改成: (4) He will buy me some books. 改成: (5) She is making me a cake. 改成:,I give a book to him.,He passes the book to me.,He writes a letter to me.,He will buy some books for me.,She is making a cake for me.,(四)宾语补足语,在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。,e.g. They make her happy. I see her dance. Well help you to make the Olympics a success. Please let him in. We heard her singing a song.,(形容词),(不定式),(名词),(副词),(分词短语),(五)表语,表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。 e.g. I am a teacher. He is always happy. They are on the playground now. It gets cold.,(名词),(形容词),(介词短语),(形容词),Be动词(am,is,are, was, were) 表保持(keep, stay, remain) 表改变(get, become, turn) 感官动词 feel,sound(听起来) seem/look(看起来) taste(尝起来) smell(闻起来)e.g. It sounds interesting. We should all remain careful.,系动词,系动词,表语,系动词,表语,(六)定语,定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。 单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。e.g. The black bike is mine. What's your name? They make paper flowers.,(形容词),(代词),(名词),说明1:当定语修饰不定代词:nothing, anything, everything, something等时,定语在不定代词后面。 e.g. I tell him something interesting. (形容词interesting作不定代词something 的后置定语) He has something to do. (to do为不定式作后置定语)说明2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。 e.g. The boys in the room are in Class Four. (in the room是介词短语作the boys的后 置定语。),(七)状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。,e.g. He did it carefully. We often help him. Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday. When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher. He sits there.,(副词),(副词),(介词短语),(从句作时间状语),(副词地点状语),简单句的五种基本句型,A. 主语+不及物动词(主谓) e.g. The sun rises. 太阳升起来。 The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。 rise和stop都是不及物动词,因此后边不必加宾语。B. 主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾) e.g. I love my country. He helps me. I like action movies. I buy a book.,C. 主语+系动词+表语(主系表) e.g. Her brother is a driver. We feel happy.(feel为系动词,表示感到) It gets dark.(get为系动词,表示变得) Tom looks ill. (look为系动词,表示看上去,看起来)D. 主语+及物动词+双宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)(主谓+直宾+间宾) e.g. He gives Tom a present.(双宾语) Mother make a new dress for me.(双宾语),E. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主+谓+宾+宾补) e.g. They call her Mary.(宾补) We make our classroom clean and tidy.(宾补) He always makes us laugh.(宾补),Thank you!,