高考英语总复习(专题攻略)之词汇、短语与句型动词时态和语态的必考考点归纳与详解15.pdf

第-1-页 高考英语中动词时态与语态必考考点归纳与详解 一动词时态考察要点简述 1.一般现在时考点分析 1表示客观事实或普通真理不受时态限制 The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.Water boils at 100oC.2表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率时间状语连用。Ice feels cold.We always care for each other and help each other.3表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象关系或概念词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem 等。如：Smith owns a car and a house.All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.4在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由 if 引导条件状语从句中可以用 shall 或 will 表“意愿，但不表示时态。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party,my family will be pleased.如果你愿意承受并参加我们舞会，我家人会非常快乐。第-2-页 5少数用于表示起止动词如 come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop 等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、方案或安排要发生动作。当 be 表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现状态，只用一般现在时。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m.every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.2.一般过去时考点分析考核重点。1一般过去时根本用法：表示过去事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体时间状语连用或有上下文语境暗示；用于表达过去习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望事通常用过去式。如：I met her in the street yesterday.I once saw the famous star here.2如果从句中有一个过去时间状语，尽管从句中动作先于主句发生，但从句中谓语动词连用过去式。如：He told me he read an interesting novel last night.3表示两个紧接着发生动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but,and,when,as soon as,immediately,the moment,the minute。The moment she came in,she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.4常用一般过去时句型：第-3-页 Why didnt you/I think of that I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.I didnt recognize him.3.一般将来时考点分析。1表示未来动作或状态常用 will/shall+动词常与表示将来时间状语边用如 tomorrow、next week 等。2表示一种趋向或习惯动作。Well die without air or water.3表示趋向行为动词如 come、go、start、begin、leave 等词常用进展时形式表示将来时。4be going to 与 will/shall,be to do,be about to do 用法及区别：be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall/will do 表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出决定。be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句主句中；而 will那么能，表意愿。如：If it is fine,well go fishing.(正确)If it is fine,we are going to go fishing.(错误)be to do sth.表按方案、安排即将发生动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、制止，可能性等。第-4-页 A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。Autumn harvest is about to start.4.现在进展时考点分析。1表示说话时正在发生着一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定安排或方案；go、come 等起止动作可用进展时代替将来时。如：I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight.We are leaving on Friday.At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)The girl is always talking loud in public.(与 always、often 等频度副词连用，表经常反复行动或某种感情色彩)2下面四类动词不宜用现在进展时。表示心理状态、情感动作：like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need。表存在状态动词：appear,exist,lie,remain,seem belong to,depend on。表示一时性动作动词：allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete。第-5-页 表示感官动词：see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look。5.过去完成时考点分析考核重点。1常用过去完成时几种情况：在 by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since 后接表示过去某一时间短语或从句以前发生动作。如：By the end of last year,we had produced 20,000 cars.The train had left before we reached the station.表示曾实现希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用 had hoped/planned/meant/intended/though/wanted/expected 等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped/planned +to have done。“时间名词+before在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词+ago在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.表示“一就几个句型：Hardly/No sooner/Scarcely had+主语+过去分词+when/than/before+一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.=No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.2在 before 或 after 引导时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。第-6-页 After he(had)left the room,the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.6.过去将来时考点分析。参照一般将来时比照：用 would do、was/were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave 等过去进展时表过去将来时；was/were to do sth.与 was/were about to do sth.表过去将来。7.过去进展时考点分析。1过去某一时刻正在进展动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。2某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由 when 或while 引导时间状语从句中。8.现在完成时考点分析。1现在完成时除可以与 for、since 引导状语连用外，还可以与下面介词短语连用：during/in/over the last(past)few years(months,weeks)、in recent years 等。2以下句型中常用现在完成时 It is(has been)+一段时间+since 从句 This(That/It)is the first(second)time that+完成时 This(That/It)is the only +that+完成时 This(that/It)is the best/finest/most interesting +that 从句+完成时 3在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：第-7-页 I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment,you will realize the theory better.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.9.注意几组时态区别：1一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有 ago、last year、just now、the other day 等。结果上有差异：现在完成时强调是对“现在影响与结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调是动作发生在“过去，与现在毫无关系。2过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调是“过去过去；如出现同一主语连续几个动作“连谓形式那么只用一般过去时即可。二被动语态考察要点简述 被动语态构成方式：be+过去分词，口语只也有用 get/become+过去分词表示。被动语态根本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作承受者常用被动语态by 短语有时可以省略。1.使用被动语态时应注意几个问题。1主动变化被动时双宾语变化。看以下例句。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.第-8-页 An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.2主动变被动时，宾补成主补位置不变；作补语不定式前需加 to。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long(by the boss)3短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴。The children were taken good care of(by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.4 情态动词与 be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better 等构造变被动语态，只需将它们后面动词原形变为 be+过去分词。5 当句子谓语为 say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report 等时，被动语态有两种形式：A谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。B用 it 作形式主语，真正主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.类似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that 第-9-页 2.不能用被动语态几种情况。1所有不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。2表示状态谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to 等。3表示归属动词，如 have、own、belong to 等。4表示“希望、意图动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate 等。5宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。6宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。7有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见动词有 sell、write、wash、open、lock 等。3.主动形式表被动意义。1当 feel、look、smell、taste、sound 等后面接形容词时；当 cut、read、sell、wear、write 等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开场、完毕、关、停、转、启动等意义时。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销。My pen writes smoothly.我钢笔写起来很流畅。2当 break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定等意思时。The plan worked out successfully.第-10-页 The lamps on the wall turn off.3want,require,need 后面动名词用主动表示被动含义。4be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义。5 在“be+形容词+to do中，不定式逻辑宾语是句子主语，用主动代被动。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent出租也用主动形式表被动。4.被动形式表示主动意义几种情况。1be seated 坐着 He is seated on a bench.He seats himself on a bench.坐在凳子上。2be hidden 躲藏 He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。3be lost 迷路 4be drunk 喝醉 5be dressed 穿着 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.5.被动语态与系表构造区别 被动语态强调动作；系表构造表主语特点或状态。如：第-11-页 The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)The book is well sold.(系表构造)