仁爱版八年级英语上册语法.pdf

U N I T 1 T o p i c 1 语 法 精 讲 be going to动词原形 1.表示说话人根据现在已有的迹象;判断将要或即将发生某种情况.这类句子的主语可以是人;也可是物.例如：There is going to be a football match in our school tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我们学校将有一场足球赛.已有告示 I feel terrible.I think Im going to die.我感到难受极了;我想我快不行了.Look at those black cloudsIts going to rain.看看那些乌云天快要下雨了.2.表示主语现在的意图或现已作出的决定;即打算在最近或将来进行某事.这种意图或决定往往是事先经过考虑的.例如：He isnt going to see his elder brother tomorrow.他明天不准备去看他哥哥.Mary is going to be a teacher when she grows up.玛丽决定长大了当一名教师.3.只是单纯地预测未来的事;此时可与 will 互换.例如：I think it is going to/will rain this evening.我认为今晚要下雨.注意：1be going to 和 will 在含义和用法上略有不同.be going to 往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will 多表示意愿、决心.两者有时不能互换.例如：He is studying hard and is going to try for the exams.他正努力学习;准备参加考试.不能用 will 替换 Can somebody help me 谁能帮我一下吗 I will.我来.不能用 be going to 替换 2 在 if 之后;通常不用 will 表示预言;但可以用 be going to 表示意图.例如：If you are going to go to the cinema this evening;youd better take your coat with you.你若今晚去看电影;最好带着外套.be going to 也常可以用于主句之中.例如：If you invite Jack;theres going to be trouble.如果你邀请杰克;那就要惹麻烦了.如果表示将来的意愿;will 可用于条件从句.此时 will 为情态动词.例如：If you will learn to play football;Ill help you.如果你想学踢足球;我可以帮你.课堂小测 1、Be careful.The train _d.A.will come B.C.comes D.is coming 2.Look at those clouds.It _a_ soon;Im afraid.A.is going to rain B.is raining C.will rain D.wont rain 3.The radio says it _c_ the day after tomorrow.A.is going to snow B.is snowing C.will snow D.snows 4._b_ he _ some shopping tomorrow afternoon A.Willdoes B.is going to do C.isdoing D.Shall do UNIT 1 Topic 2 语法精讲 UNIT 1 Topic 3 语法精讲 随堂测试 1、There _ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.A.will be going to B.will going to be C.is going to be D.will go to be 2.Charlie _ here next month.A.isnt working B.doesnt working C.isnt going to working D.wont work 3.He _ very busy this week;he _ free next week.A.will be;is B.is;is C.will be;will be D.is;will be 4.There _ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening.A.was B.is going to have C.will have D.is going to be 5._ you _ free tomorrow No.I _ free the day after tomorrow.A.Are;going to;will B.Are;going to be;will C.Are;going to;will be D.Are;going to be;will be 6.Mother _ me a nice present on my next birthday.A.will gives B.will give C.gives D.give UNIT 2 Topic 1 语法精讲 UNIT 2 Topic 2 语法精讲 UNIT 2 Topic 3 语法精讲 情态动词用法总结：情态动词的语法特征：1 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情;只表示期待或估计某事的发生；2 情态动词 除 ought 和 have 外;后面只能接不带 to 的不定式.3 情态动词没有人称;数的变化;即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s.4 情态动词没有非谓语形式;即没有不定式;分词;等形式.一、比较 can 和 be able to 1can could 表示能力；可能 过去时用 could;只用于现在式和过去式could.be able to 可以用于各种时态.They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息了.2 只用 be able to a.位于助动词后.b.情态动词后.c.表示过去某时刻动作时.d.用于句首表示条件.e.表示成功地做了某事时;只能用 was/were able to;不能用 could.He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.注意：could 不表示时态 1 提出委婉的请求;注意在回答中不可用 could.Could I have the television on Yes;you can./No;you cant.2 在否定;疑问句中表示推测或怀疑.He couldnt be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人.二、比较 may 和 might 1 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首;表示祝愿.May God bless you He might be at home.注意：might 表示推测时;不表示时态.只是可能性比 may 小.2 成语：may/might as well;后面接不带 to 的不定式;意为不妨.If that is the case;we may as well try 三、比较 have to 和 must 1 两词都是必须的意思;have to 表示客观的需要;must 表示说话人主观上的看法;既主观上的必要.My brother was very ill;so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害;我只得半夜里把医生请来.客观上需要做这件事 He said that they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作.主观上要做这件事 2 have to 有人称、数、时态的变化;而 must 只有一种形式.但 must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务.He had to look after his sister yesterday.3 在否定结构中：dont have to 表示不必 mustnt 表示禁止;You dont have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他.You mustnt tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他.四、must 表示推测 1 must 用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测;意为一定.2 must 表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时;must 后面通常接系动词 be 的原形或行为动词的进行式.You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天;一定累了.对现在情况的推测判断 He must be working in his office.他一定在办公室工作呢.比较：He must be staying there.他现在肯定呆在那里.He must stay there.他必须呆在那.3 must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时;must 要接完成式.I didnt hear the phone.I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话;我想必是睡着了.4 must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测;must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式.Why didnt you answer my phone call Well;I must have been sleeping;so I didnt hear it.5 否定推测用 cant.If Tom didnt leave here until five oclock;he cant be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿;他此时一定还未到家.五、表示推测的用法 can;could;may;might;must 皆可表示推测;其用法如下：1 情态动词+动词原形.表示对现在或将来的情况的推测;此时动词通常为系动词.I dont know where she is;she may be in Wuhan.2 情态动词+动词现在进行时.表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测.At this moment;our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时;我们老师想必在批改试卷.3 情态动词+动词完成时.表示对过去情况的推测.We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了.The road is wet.It must have rained last night.地是湿的;昨天晚上一定下雨了.4 情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时.表示对过去正在发生事情的推测.Your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你.5 推测的否定形式;疑问形式用 cant;couldnt 表示.Mike cant have found his car;for he came to work by bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车;因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的.注意：could;might 表示推测时不表示时态;其推测的程度不如 can;may.六、should 和 ought to should 和 ought to 都为应该的意思;可用于各种人称.Ought he to go Yes.I think he ought to.表示要求;命令时;语气由 should 应该、had better 最好、must 必须渐强.七、had better 表示最好 had better 相当于一个助动词;它只有一种形式;它后面要跟动词原形.had better do sth had better not do sth It is pretty cold.Youd better put on my coat.Shed better not play with the dog.had better have done sth 表示与事实相反的结果;意为本来最好.You had better have come earlier.八、would rather 表示宁愿 would rather do would rather not do would rather than 宁愿而不愿.还有 would sooner;had rather;had sooner 都表示宁愿、宁可的意思.If I have a choice;I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home.=I would stay here rather than go home.九、will 和 would 注意：1would like；Would like to do=want to 想要;为固定搭配.Would you like to go with me 2Will you Would you like 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时;疑问句中一般用 some;而不是 any.Would you like some cake 3 否定结构中用 will;一般不用 would;wont you 是一种委婉语气.Wont you sit down 十、情态动词的回答方式 问句 肯定回答 否定回答 Need you Yes;I must.No;I neednt Must you /dont have to.十一、带 to 的情态动词 带 to 的情态动词有四个：ought to;have to;used to;be to;如加上have got to;=must;be able to;为六个.它们的疑问;否定形式应予以注意：Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month She didnt use to play tennis before she was fourteen.You ought not to have told her all about it.Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.ought to 本身作为情态动词使用.其他的词作为实义动词使用;变疑问;否定时;须有 do 等助动词协助.典型例题 Tom ought not to _ me your secret;but he meant no harm.A.have told B.tell C.be telling D.having told 答案 A.由于后句为过去时;告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因;此地应用过去完成时;但它在情态动词 ought to 后;所以用 have.十二、比较 need 和 dare 这两词既可做实义动词用;又可做情态动词用.作为情态动词;两者都只能用于疑问句;否定句和条件句.need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带 to;而dare 作实义动词用时;后面的 to 时常可以被省略.1 实义动词：need 需要;要求 need+n./to do sth 2 情态动词：need;只用原形 need 后加 do;否定形式为 need not.Need you go yet Yes;I must./No;I neednt.3 need 的被动含义：need;want;require;worth 形容词后面接 doing 也可以表示被动：need doing=need to be done 随堂测试 1.Must I finish my homework today No;you _.A.cant B.neednt.C.mustnt.D.may not 2._ I speak to Mary Mary Speaking.A.Must B.Need C.May D.Shall 3.This math problem is too hard.Nobody _ do it.A.may not B.may C.cant D.can 4.Can you speak Japanese No;I _.A.cant B.mustnt C.may not D.neednt 5.You _ stop when the lights are red.A.may B.can C.should D.must 6.You _ play football in the street.Its dangerous.A.cant B.shouldnt C.mustnt D.wouldnt UNIT 3 Topic 1 语法精讲 UNIT 3 Topic 2 语法精讲 随堂小测 1.What a friendly person _ We all like talking with him.A.is it B.is he C.it is D.he is 2._ swimming in this river A.How great fun B.What great fun C.How a great fun D.What a great fun 3._ sad news it is We must try our best to help them out of trouble.A.What a B.What C.How a D.How 4.What _ fine weather we have these days A.a B.the C./D.an 5._ lovely day Lets go for a walk.A.What B.What a C.How D.How a 6._ dangerous it is to ride on a busy road A.What B.What a C.How D.How a UNIT 3 Topic 3 语法精讲 随堂小测 1.My brother _ while he _ his bicycle and hurt himself.A.fell;was riding B.fell;were riding C.had fallen;rode D.had fallen;was riding 2.Tom _ into the house when no one _.A.slipped;was looking B.had slipped;looked C.slipped;had looked D.was slipping;looked 3.The last time I _ Jane she _ cotton in the fields.A.had seen;was picking B.saw;picked C.had seen;picked D.saw;was picking 4.I don t think Jim saw me;he _ into space.A.just stared B.was just staring C.has just stared D.had just stared 5.I first met Lisa three years ago.She _ at a radio shop at the time.A.has worked B.was working UNIT 4 Topic 1 语法精讲 随堂测试 1.Which lesson is _ difficult in Book 2 2.Alice writes _carefully than I.3.This story is _ interesting than that one.4.That was one of _ exciting moments in 2008.5.This kind of food must be _ delicious than that one.6.Beihai park is one of _ beautiful parks in Beijing.7.Whos _careful;Tom;Jim or Kate 8.That is _easy of all.9.He is _clever boy in the class.10.John is _ short than Tom.UNIT 4 Topic 2 语法精讲 UNIT 4 Topic 3 语法精讲 特别注意以下几种反意疑问句 1.陈述部分含否定意味的词 few;little;never;nothing;nobody;no;hardly;none;附加疑问句应使用肯定形式但前缀词 unhappy;unlike;disappear 等列外 eg.They are unhappy;arent they 2.陈述部分的主语是 everything;something;nothing;anything 时;附加疑问句的主语应用 it；陈述部分的主语是 everybody;somebody;nobody;everyone;no one 时;附加疑问句的主语应用 they.eg.1Everything is ready;_ 2Everyone is here;_ 3.陈述部分是祈使句时;附加疑问句一般用：will you 但注意：Lets ;shall we Let us ;will you 4.陈述部分含 must 时;附加疑问句一般用 neednt.eg.I must finish my work now;_ 5.陈述部分是 there be 结构时;应用 there be 结构来完成.eg.Theres little water;_ 6.陈述部分含宾语从句时;疑问部分通常与主句一致.但当主句的谓语动词是 think;believe 且主语是 I;we 时;即：I/We think believe+宾从;则附加问句应与从句一致.Im sure+宾从也是如此 eg.1She said I did it;_ 2We dont think you are right;_ 3Im sure youll help me;_ 7.Im;arent I eg.I am older than you;_ 8.陈述部分含 had better;疑问部分应用 had better 来回答.eg.Youd better go out;_ 9.陈述部分是感叹句;附加问句的人称代词应与主语一致.eg.1What a kind girl;_ 2What a fine day;_ 练 习 1.You had to work for 10 hours yesterday;_ A.didnt you B.did not you C.had not you D.did you 2.Dont eat too much;_ A.will you B.dont you C.do you D.can you 3.Lily looks like Lucy;_ A.is Lily B.isnt she C.does Lily D.doesnt she 4.You didnt change your mind;did you-_.A.No;I didnt B.Yes;did I C.No;I did D.Yes;I didnt