呼吸科常用英文.pdf

呼吸科常用英文 呼吸科常用英文 询问病史 case history You need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset,exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases/develop a differential diagnosis.Ask your patient whether there is a history of tobacco use,or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.General/biographical data,marital status,nativity,occupation,informant,time of admission and record,chief complaint,history of present illness,previous health status(well,ordinary or bad),any infectious diseases,allergic history,history of trauma or surgery,smoking(about how many years,average how many pieces per day,ceased for how many years),alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spouses health status,menorrhea(menarche age,cycle lasting for how many days,menstrual cycle,last menstruation period or age of menopause,any menstrual pain or irregular cycle),childbearing or pregnancy(times,natural labor,abortions,premature delivery,stillbirths,difficult labor,family history(any congenital diseases,father and mother:still alive,illness,or cause of death,siblings and children)常用的症状 symptoms fever Cough 咳嗽 Sputum(dry,purulent 脓性的,copious green sputum 大量绿色痰，tenacious yellow sputum 黄粘痰，frothy white sputum白色泡沫痰，rusty sputum 铁锈色痰 wheezing Dyspnea during exertion or at rest 呼吸困难 Orthopnea 端坐呼吸 Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 夜间阵发性呼吸困难 Shortness of breath（SOB）Chest tightness 胸部紧迫感 Exercise intolerance pleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛 Pharyngalgia;pharyngodynia 咽痛 Hemoptysis 咯血 Bucking 呛咳 Sneeze 喷嚏 snore 打鼾 malaise 不舒服 myalgia 肌痛 insomia 失眠 hoarseness 声嘶 pleural effusion mediastinal mass:thyroid,thymoma,teratoma,TB lymph nodes,terrible diagnoses including lymphoma and aneurysm Chest CT scan(computed tomography)Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)PET-CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography)Abdominal ultrasound skin prick test 皮肤点刺试验（dust mites 尘螨，pollen 花粉，cockroach 蟑螂）tuberculin skin test(purified protein derivative(of tuberculin)test,PPD test)Pulmonary function test:Spirometry 呼吸量测定法，肺量测定法 obstructive lung diseases:airflow limitation FEV1/FVC FVC RV and TLC KCO 0.75 extraparenchymal variable normal FEV1:forced expiratory volume in 1 second FVC:force vital capacity TLC:total lung capacity RV:residual volume KCO:transfer factor(diffusion rate)PEFR:peak expiratory flow rate flow-volume loop(inspiration and expiration)bronchoprovocation/challenge test 支 气 管 激 发 试 验：histamine or methacholine-inhalation bronchodilatation 支气管舒张试验:salbutamol 沙丁胺醇 fiberoptic bronchoscopy:biopsies,bronchial brush samples for pathological examation,bronchial washings)bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL)protected specimen brush(PS transthoracic percutaneous needle aspiration percutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance(for peripheral tumours)video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided lung biopsy open lung biopsy pleural biopsy biopsy of enlarged lymph nodes D-Dimers electrocardiogram(ECG)echocardiogram 超声心动图 V/Q isotope scan(ventilation/perfusion scanning)spiral CT/MRA(Magnetic Resonance Angiography)pulmonary angiography Doppler USS thigh and pelvis(USS:ultrasound scanning)cardiac monitor PSG(polysommography)常见的病名 diseases acute upper respiratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染 common cold 普通感冒 influenza 流感 pharynigitis 咽炎 acute broncho-bronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎 pneumonia 肺炎 community acquired pneumonia(CAP)社区获得性肺炎 hospital acquired pneumonia(HAP)医院获得性肺炎 nosocomical pneumonia(NP)医院内肺炎 bronchiectasis 支气管扩张 chornic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎 pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(acute exacerbating)AECOPD COPD 急性发作 bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘 allergic rhinitis 过敏性鼻炎 respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭 lung abscess 肺脓肿 pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病 lung cancer:肺癌 primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管肺癌 squamous cell carcinoma 鳞癌 adenocarcinoma 腺癌 bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma 支气管肺泡细胞癌 small cell lung carcinoma（SCLC）小细胞肺癌 pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤 pulmonary embolism（PE）肺栓塞 pulmonary thromboembolism(PTE)肺血栓栓塞症 pulmonary infarction 肺梗死 deep venous thrombosis,DVT 深静脉血栓形成 empyema 脓胸 pneumothorax 气胸 pyopneumothorax 脓气胸 chronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病 congenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病 cor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病 pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压 pulmonary encephalopathy 肺性脑病 right heart failure;right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭 pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病 interstitial lung disease,ILD 弥漫性间质性肺疾病 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,IPF 特发性肺纤维化 cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis,CFA 隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎 connective tissue related lung diseases 结缔组织相关性肺疾病 systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE 系统性红斑狼疮 rheumatoid arthritis,RA 类风湿性关节炎 systemic sclerosis,SSc 系统性硬化 scleroderma 硬皮病 sjorens syndrome 感知综合征 polymyositis 多发性肌炎 dermatomyositis 皮肌炎 sarcoidosis 结节病 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis,PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症 Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis 特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病 Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病 Eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿 Histiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症 X Wegener granulomatosis Wegener 肉芽肿 extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎 pneumoconiosis 尘肺 drug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病 aspergillosis 曲 菌 病：allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis(ABPA)pleural disease 胸膜疾病 broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜瘘 oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮 osteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改变 glaucoma 青光眼 cataract 白内障 acute lung injury，ALI 急性肺损伤 acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征 urticaria 荨麻疹 eczema 湿疹 hypertension 高血压 diabetes 糖尿病 常用的药物 drugs or agents be administered,treat sb.with empirical 经验性的,prophylactic 预防性,remedial 治疗性 Expectorant 祛痰药 Mucolytics 粘液溶解剂 bronchodilator B2-agonists:short-acting:salbutamol 沙丁胺醇 long-acting:salmeterol 沙美特罗 muscarinic antagonists:ipratropium bromide 异丙托溴胺 aminophylline 氨茶碱 steroids inhaled:budesonide 布地奈德，beclomethasone倍氯米松，fluticasone 氟替卡松 systemic:prednisolone po.,hydrocortisone iv.mast cell stabilizers:cromoglycate sodium 色甘酸钠 leukotriene receptor antagonists:montelukast 孟鲁司特 respiratory stimulants:lobeline nikethamide cardiac tonic 强心剂 diuretics 利尿剂 albumin 白蛋白 antitussive agents 镇咳药 ammonium chloride 氯化铵 ambroxol 氨溴索（mucosolvan 沐舒坦）常用的治疗措施 low or high flow oxygen:nasal cannulae 鼻导管，Venturi face-mask nebulizer 喷雾器:finer particle size(3 to 20um)allows tracheobronchial deposition metered dose inhaler(MDI)continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)-tight-fitting mask(non-invasive)intermittent positive-pressure ventilation(IPPV)non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation(NIPPV)mechanical ventilation:non-invasive or invasive (via intubation 插 管 ，tracheostomy 气 管 造 口 术，tracheotomy 气管切开术)synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation,SIMV 同步间歇指令通气 pressure support ventilation,PSV 压力支持通气 thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术 chest drain/drainage 引流术 chemotherapy 化疗 radiation therapy 放疗 pneumonectomy 肺切除术 lobectomy of lung，pulmonary lobectomy 肺叶切除术 thoracotomy 开胸术，胸廓切开术 pleurodesis 胸膜剥脱术 pleurectomy 胸膜切除术 pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术 thromboendarterectomy 血栓动脉内膜切除术 inferior vena cava filter 下腔静脉过滤器 常见的疾病 chornic bronchitis:procuctive cough,most days of 3 months of the year,for at least 2 consecutive years,cough with white or purulent sputum bronchiectasis:cystic囊 性 的/varicose曲 张 样/cyclindrical柱 状-tram-tracks 轨道样 hemoptysis physiotherapy:chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural drainage long term oxygen inhalation:to prevent cor pulmonale medical:bronchodilators,mucolytics,rotating courses of antibiotics surgical:resection,artery embolization for hemoptysis lung abscess usually on right side,as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;in the supine patient,abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.pneumothorax accumulation of air in pleural space,with secondary partial collapse of subpleural bleb ruputure lactrogenic:positive pressure ventilation,bronchoscopy,esp.biopsy types:closed,open,tension mediastinal deviation:trachea and apex shift contralaterally CXR:translucency+collapse:visible rim between lung and chest wall2 cm=50%lung volume loss aspiration 吸引术，intercostal drain refractory or recurrent:pleurodesis,pleurectomy,bulla stapling or lasering pleural effusion chest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breath Transudate 漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces across microcirculation,diuretics can result in rapid resolution,protein 30g/L or pleura:serum protein 1/2 or pleura:serum LDH2/3;often seen in cardiac failure,hypoalbuminemia,embolism,superior or inferior vena cava obstruction,hypothyroidism.Exudate 渗出液：capillary permeability increases or lymph drainage decreases often seen in infection,neoplasia,surgery or trauma.CXR:meniscus-shaped,rises towards axilla Appearance:clear,straw-coloured:suggests transduate turbid,green:indicates exudates(pus cells)or empyema(bacterial infection)bloody(haemothorax 血胸):tumor,pulmonary embolism,acute pancreatitis,trauma white(chylothorax 乳糜胸)：lymph,blocked thoracic duct,usually due to tumour Therapy:transudate:diuretics exudates:repeated drainage(thoracocentesis)intrathoracic streptokinase via chest drain:to lyse fibrinous adhesions pleural adhesion:tetracycline.bleomycin lung cancer hoarseness:due to left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy dysphagia pancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate ganglion resulting in Horner syndrome hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy superior vena cava obstruction(SVCO):headache,shortness of breath;conjunctival edema,plethora,vein dilation,pericardial tamponade(JVP,ABP,quiet HS paraneoplastic syndromes:endocrine(ACTH:Cushings;B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss;PTH:hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma),skin（dermatomyositis）immunocompromised e.g.shingles 带状疱疹 squamous cell carcinoma:30%of all primary lung tumours,but decreasing incidence,relatively good prognosis if localized,squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls,central location,clubbing,hypercalcemia(PTH-rp secretion)adenocarcinoma:30%,increasing incidence,esp.women,less association with smoking,poor prognosis,metastasis early,gland-like and mucin-secretion,peripheral location,pleural effusions,hypercoagulable state small cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis,metastasis occur early,small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules,central location,paraneoplastic syndromes common bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma:variant of adenocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation,e.g.fibrosing,copious clear mucoid sputum NSCLC:surgical resection possible at first,adjuvant chemotherapy SCLC:radiotherapy+chemotherapy(etoposide+cisplatin)secondary lung cancer:breast,oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon if liver metastasis),melanoma,bone(sarcoma),thyroid,renal,prostate,ovary,choriocarcinoma,testes etc.obstructive sleep apnoea obstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep,snoring,sleepiness during day,aponeic spells(O2,patient awakes from sleep),awakening with nocturia,daytime somnolence,decreased memory and attention,increased accident risk,polycythaemia,systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertension Causes:central obesity(fat deposition around upper airway leads to airway narrowing,abdominal fat elevates diaphragm),structural features of upper airway(nasal obstruction:rhinitis,polyps,deviated sputum;adenotonsillar hypertrophy,micrognathia;macroglossia due to hypothyrodism/amyloid/Downs;cervical masses:goiter,laryngeal stenosis),smoking(exacerabates hypoxia),alcohol(acts as a sedative thereby reducing upper airway tone),neuromuscular or CNS diseases PSG(polysommography):overnight sleep study Therapy:conservative:weight loss,avoid alcohol/smoking/sedatives,avoid supine position continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)mandibular advancement device(MAD)adenoidectomy（curative in children）uvulopalatopharyngoplasty 悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术 maxillomandibular osteotomy obesity-hypoventilation syndrome:collapse of alveoli at end-expiration,decreased compliance due to weight of abdomen and chest wall,central respiratory drive 常用的化疗药 cisplatin 顺铂 Gemcitabine 吉西他滨：Gemzar(盐酸吉西他滨注射剂)paclitaxel;taxinol 紫杉醇（Taxol 泰素）docetaxel 多西他赛（泰素帝）常见的抗生素 beta-lactam antibiotics:inhibit cell wall synthesis penicillin skin test amoxicillin 阿莫西林 piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他唑巴坦钠 ticarcillin/clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉维酸钾 cephamycin 头孢菌素类 cefradine 头孢拉啶 cefaclor 头孢克洛 cefoperazone/sulbactam 头孢哌酮/舒巴坦 ceftriaxone 头孢曲松 cefpiramide 头孢吡啶 ceftazidime 头孢他定 ceftizoxime 头孢唑污 carbopenems 碳青霉烯类 azactam 氨曲南 meropenem 美罗培南 imipenem and sodium cilastatin 亚胺培南/西司他丁钠（泰能 tienam）Glycopeptides 糖肽类 inhibit cell wall assembly vancomycin 万古霉素 norvancomycin 去甲万古霉素 teicoplanin 替考拉林 Macrolides 大环内酯类：inhibit protein synthesis roxithromycin 罗红霉素 clarithromycin 克拉霉素 azithromycin 阿奇霉素 erythromycin 红霉素 Aminoglycoside antibiotics:氨基糖苷类 reno-and ototoxic inhibit initiation and elongation process during protein synthesis amikacin 阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）gentamicin 庆大霉素 streptomycin 链霉素 Sulfamido 磺胺类 sulfamethoxazole compound(SMZ.CO)Quinolones 喹诺酮类：inhibit DNA gyrase norfloxacin 诺氟沙星 ofloxacin 氧氟沙星 levofloxacin 左氧氟沙星 gatifloxacin 加替沙星 moxifloxacin 莫西沙星 ciprofloxacin 环丙沙星 Tetracycline 四环素类 minocycline 美满霉素 Nitromidazole 硝基咪唑类 metronidazole 甲硝唑 tinidazole 替硝唑 ornidazole 奥硝唑 Antitubercular agents 抗结核药 rifampicin 利福平 rifapentine 利福喷丁 isoniazide,isonicotinic hydrazide acid INH 异烟肼 pyrazinamide 吡嗪酰胺 ethambutol 乙胺丁醇 Antifungal/antimycotic drug 抗真菌药 nystatin 制霉菌素 amphotericin 两性霉素 B fluconazole 氟康唑 voriconazole 伏立康唑 itraconazole 伊曲康唑 Antivirus agents ribavirin 利巴韦林 oseltamivir 奥司他韦 acyclovir 阿昔洛韦 ganciclovir 更昔洛韦 valaciclovir 伐昔洛韦 foscarnet sodium,phosphonoformic acid 膦甲酸钠（可耐）lamivudine 拉米夫定 entecavir 恩替卡韦 常见的病原微生物 microorganism,microbe 微生物 bacterium 细菌 lipopolysaccharide（LPS）脂多糖 antibiotics 抗生素 pyrogen 致热原 exotoxin 外毒素 endotoxin 内毒素 Gram stain 革兰染色 Colony forming unit,CFU 集落形成单位 antibacterial agents 抗菌药 resistance 耐药性 ESBLs：extended spectrum B-lactamases 超光谱 B 内酰胺酶 MRSA：methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 bacteremia 菌血症 toxemia 毒血症 endotoxemia 内毒素血症 septicaemia 败血症 pyemia 脓毒血症 pathogen 致病原 pathogenicity 致病性 virulence 毒力 median lethal dose(LD50)半数致死量 median infective dose(ID50)半数感染量 virus 病毒 replication 复制 viremia 病毒血症 normal microbiota,microflora,normal flora,physiological microbiota 正常微生物群 flora disequilibrium 菌群失调 dysbacteriosis 菌群失调症 opportunistic infection 机会性感染 conditioned infection 条件致病性感染 endogenous infection 内源性感染 exogenous infection 外源性感染 antimicrobial susceptibility testing 药物敏感试验 minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)最小抑菌浓度 minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)最小杀菌浓度 disinfection 消毒 sterilization 灭菌 asepsis 无菌 aseptic technique 无菌技术 bacteriostasis 抑菌 antisepsis 防腐 disinfectant 消毒剂 bacteriostatic agent 抑菌剂 bactericide 杀菌剂 autoclaving or steam under pressure sterilization 高压蒸汽灭菌法 ultraviolet radiation,UV 紫外线 isolation precaution 隔离预防 artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫 vaccination 疫苗接种 killed/inactivated vaccine 死/灭活疫苗 attentuated live vaccine 减毒活疫苗 toxoid 类毒素 artificial passive immunity 人工被动免疫 antitoxin 抗毒素 gammaglobulin 丙种球蛋白 Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌 Coagulase-negative staphylococci 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌 Streptococcus pneumoniae,pneumococcus 肺炎链球菌 Viridans streptococci 草绿色链球菌 Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌