牛津英语模块二Unit1语法学案正式版491.pdf

1/7 模块二 Unit 1 Tales of the unexplained I、现在完成时态(Present Perfect Tense)II、现在完成进行时态(Present Perfect Continuous Tense)【考点分析】动词的时态和语态是考题中出现频率最高的语法项目。一般情况下，动词的时态和语态经常是结合在一起进行考查的，也是每年的必考点。试题呈现“情景立意”和“能力立意”的趋势，试题创设的语境比较明确，注重在具体语境中考查时态和语态的用法，体现了对语法知识、语义理解及语言交际能力的综合考查。依照近几年高考题动词时态和语态考点分布的情况看，一般过去时态、过去完成时态、现在完成时态、现在完成进行时态等是考题命题的热点。本单元主要讲解现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态的用法。I、现在完成时态【现在完成时态的构成】助动词 have(has)+过去分词。当句子的主语是第三人称单数时，助动词用 has，其余人称均用助动词 have。现在完成时态的基本用法 1、表示一个发生在过去的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，这时可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用，如 just（刚刚），already,yet,ever,recently,lately,never,so far 等。She has just bought a beautiful dress from one of the shops in the city.她刚在市里的一家商店买了一件漂亮的衣服。Weve done a lot of work on the project,but we havent completed it yet.我们在工程方面花了不少功夫，但是到现在还没有完成。-Are you going to further your studies after graduation?毕业后你打算进修吗？-Well,I havent decided yet.I might make some other choices.嗯，我还没有决定。我可能会做其他选择。So far,scientists have named about 1.8 million living species,and that is just a small number of what probably exists on Earth.到现在为止，科学家已经命名了一千八百万种有生命的物种，而这仅仅是地球上可能存在的物种的很小一部分。2、表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态（或许还将持续下去）。这时常和“since+时间点”、“for+时间段”以及 how long,(ever)since,ever,before,so far,in the last/past few years（在过去的几年里）,up to now,till now 等时间状语连用。The marathon has been an Olympic event since the modern game started in 1896.自从1896 年现代奥运会开始以来，马拉松一直都是奥运会的比赛项目。In the past two years,the students in the mountainous areas have made great progress in English.在过去的两年里，山区的学生在英语方面取得了很大的进步。How long have you studied English?你学习英语多久了？【警示误区 1】非延续动词可以有现在完成时态，但是一般不可以接段时间状语。如果要保留段时间状语，必须将非延续动词改为延续动词。非延续动词的否定式则可以和 for 等引起的表示段时间的状语连用。2/7 常用的非延续动词（组）有：arrive,begin/start,break,buy,come,close,die,fall,hear,get up,join,jump,go,leave,lose,marry,open,reach,return/give,borrow/lend,become/turn,bring/take,finish/end,receive/hear from,put on 等。比较下面一个句子在英语中不同的表达：汤姆已经参军 5 年了。Tom has been in the army for 5 years./Tom has been a soldier for 5 years./Tom has served in the army for 5 years./Tom joined the army 5 years ago./It is 5 years since Tom joined the army.但是不能用 Tom has joined the army for 5 years.To my disappointment,I havent received his e-mails for almost a month.令我失望的是，我有一个月没有收到他的电子邮件了。【警示误区 2】have/has been(to)和 have/has gone(to)的区别：have/has been(to)表示“已经去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，侧重某种经历，可以用于各种人称，可以与 once,never,several/many times 等连用；而 have/has gone(to)表示“已经去了某地（已经到了那里或正在路途中），侧重说话时某人不在当地”，常用于第三人称，不能与 once,never,several/many times等连用。They have been to Nanjing several times.他们去过南京几次。Tom has gone to Nanjing.汤姆已经去南京了。3、表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在已经成为一种经历，常带有 often,never,ever,once,twice,three times,before,since 等时间状语。I have never seen her as angry as that,so I kept quiet.我从来没有看到过她那样生气，所以我当时保持沉默。The sky is clear blue and I dont think I have ever seen anything else so beautiful in my life.天空碧蓝如洗，我想我一生也没有见过如此美景。4、在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某个时刻以前已经完成的动作，用现在完成时态代替将来完成时态。Ill show you our garden when the rain has stopped.等雨停了之后，我领你去看看我们的花园。（强调“雨停下来”）We wont believe you unless we have seen it with our own eyes.除非我们亲眼看到，否则我们是不会相信你。（强调“看完”）I will go to the movie with you as soon as I have finished my work.我做完工作就和你去看电影。（强调“做完”）5、在 This/It is the first/secondtime+(that).句型中，that 从句中的谓语动词要用现在完成时态。在含有序数词以及形容词最高级的句型中谓语动词一般用现在完成时态。This is the first time(that)I have seen such a grand palace.这是我第一次见到过这么宏伟的宫殿。The Flowers of War is the most moving film(that)I have ever seen.金陵十三钗是我看过的最感人的电影。Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.霍华德卡特是世 人所知的最著名的探险家之一。【警示误区】This was the best film that I had ever seen.这是我看过的最好的一部电影。II、现在完成进行时态【概述】现在完成进行时态表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，强调动作或状态的持续性。现在完成进行时态是完成时态和进行时态的组合，因此，它具备完成时3/7 态和进行时态的一些因素。其结构为：have/has been doing。当句子的主语是第三人称单数时，助动词用 has，其余人称均用助动词 have。现在完成进行时态的基本用法 1、现在完成进行时态表示过去的动作持续到现在，并有可能延续下去。可以和 for,since 等引导的时间状语连用。The Smiths have been living in the country for 10 years.史密斯一家人一直住在乡下 10 年了。He hasnt been sleeping well since he returned home.他自从回到家后就一直没有睡好觉。People have been enjoying the benefits of cycling in Amsterdam for years.多年来，人们一直享受着在阿姆斯特丹骑自行车的益处。The CCTV has been broadcasting English programs ever since 1977.中国中央电视台从1977年起就一直播放英语节目。【警示误区】since 引导的从句谓语动词常用过去时态。The teacher has been working in this school for 30 years since he graduated from university.自大学毕业以来，这位老师一直在这所学校工作 30 年了。2、表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到说话时刚刚结束。The passengers have been waiting for the train for about 5 hours.乘客等火车将近 5 个小时了。He has been working all night long.他连续工作了一夜。3、表示动作的重复，侧重断断续续，并非一直不停。The committee have been discussing the matter several times this year.委员们今年已经数次讨论那件事情了。Ive been studying a lot this week and I need a break.本周我学了很多，需要休息一下。III、现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态的用法区别 1、现在完成进行时 have/has been doing 强调的是在一段时期内某项活动的持续性，强调的是动作本身，而现在完成时 have/has done 则是强调动作产生的结果或取得的成就，而不是动作本身。现在完成进行时态的动作不一定已经完成，很可能会持续下去，而现在完成时态一般表示动作已经完成。We have been designing solar racing cars for a long time.我们很长时间以来一直在设计太阳能赛车。We have designed five or six different cars so far.到目前为止，我们已经设计了五六种不同的小汽车。Mary has been washing clothes for more than two hours,but she hasnt finished it yet.玛丽洗衣服两个多小时了，但是还没有洗完。2、现在完成进行时态往往表示动作在重复，而现在完成时态一般不表示动作的重复。Ive been taking part in races for about four years.四年来，我一直在参加比赛。How many races have you taken part in?你参加过多少次比赛了？3、现在完成进行时态与进行时态一样带有感情色彩，可以使表达显得生动，而现在完成时态往往只表示一个事实，一种影响或结果，不带感情色彩。What have you been doing?You look fed up！你一直在干什么呀？你看上去很不爽！What have you done?你做了些什么？4、有些动词如 do,live,learn,play,paint,rain,snow,stand,study,teach,work,wait 等，用于现在完成时态，并不表示动作已经完成。所以它们既可以用于现在完成时态，又可以用于现在完成进行时态。但是如果强调动作延续时间的长久或带有感情色彩时，用现在完成进行时态4/7 更好一些。The teacher has taught/has been teaching in this school for twenty years.那名老师已经在这所学校教书 20 年了。I have been painting the wall all day long.How tired I am now!我一整天都在粉刷墙壁，现在我真累啊！She is always finding fault with others.她总是挑别人的毛病。（表示厌恶）Lily has always been studying hard.丽丽总是刻苦学习。（表示赞许）【同步训练】1.Look!Somebody the sofa.Well,it wasnt me.I didnt do it.（2012 江西卷）A.is cleaning B.was cleaning C.has cleaned D.had cleaned 2.I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me?Sorry,I _ the piano for years.（2012 湖南卷）A.dont play B.wasnt playing C.havent played D.hadnt played 3.The manager _ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.（2012 全国 II）A.has told B.is telling C.has been telling D.will have told 4.Alvin,are you coming with us?Id love to,but something unexpected _.(2012 浙江卷)A.has come up B.was coming up C.had come up D.would come up 5.In order to find the missing child,villagers _ all they can over the past five hours.(2012 安徽卷)A.did B.do C.had done D.have been doing 6.Tom _ in the library every night over the last three months.A.works B.worked C.has been working D.had been working 7.In the last few years thousands of films _ all over the world.A.have produced B.have been produced C.are producing D.are being produced 8.Im sure you will do better in the test because you _ so hard this year.A.studied B.had studiedC.will study D.have been studying 9.I didnt ask for the name list.Why _on my desk?I put it there just now in case you needed it.A.does it land B.has it landed C.will it land D.had it landed 10.His first novel _ good reviews since it came out last month.A.receives B.is receiving C.will receive D.has received 11.It is the most instructive lecture that I _ since I came to this school.A.attended B.had attended C.am attending D.have attended 12.With the help of high technology,more and more new substances_in the past years.A.discovered B.have discovered C.had been discoveredD.have been discovered 13.I have got a headache.No wonder.You _ in front of that computer too long.A.work B.are working C.have been working D.worked 14.Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture,but when and where _ yet.A.hasnt been decided B.havent decided C.isnt being decided D.arent decided 5/7 15.I wont tell the student the answer to the math problem until he_on it for more than an hour.A.has been workingB.will have worked C.will have been working D.had worked 16.Hi，Jack!When did you arrive in Berlin？Last weekend.I _a different culture since then.A.was experiencing B.will be experiencing C.have been experiencing D.had been experiencing 17.I wonder if you could go with me to the supermarket.Dont disturbme.I _my experiment report all the morning and havent finished it yet.A.write B.was writing C.have written D.have been writing 18.Over the past decades,sea ice _ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.A.had decreased B.decreased C.has been decreasing D.is decreasing 19.By the time he realizes he _ into a trap,itll be too late for him to do anything about it.A.walks B.walked C.has walked D.had walked 20.This is the first time we _ a film in the cinema together as a family.A.seeB.had seen C.saw D.have seen 21.Dashan,who _ crosstalk,the Chinese comedic tradition,for decades,wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.（2016 江苏卷）A.will be learning B.is learning C.had been learning D.has been learning 22.Excuse me,which movie are you waiting for?The new Star Wars.We _ here for more than two hours.（2016 北京卷）A.waited B.wait C.would be waiting D.have been waiting 23.Despite the previous rounds of talks,no agreement _ so far by the two sides.（2015 天津卷）A.has been reached B.was reached C.will reach D.will have reached 24.In the last few years,China _ great achievements in environmental protection.（2015 北京卷）A.has made B.had made C.was making D.is making 25.Where is Peter?I cant find him anywhere.He went to the library after breakfast and _ his essay there ever since.（2015 福建卷）A.wrote B.had written C.has been writing D.is writing 【参考答案和解析】1、答案 C。解析：过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响用现在完成时态。因此选 C 项。2、答案 C。解析：根据 remember,can 可知语境为现在，for years 指从过去到现在，所以用现在完成时态。3、答案 C。解析：本题关键时间状语是 since 9 am，指从过去某一动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，因此用现在完成进行时态最佳。句意为：经理从早上 9 点开始就一直在不停的告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。4、答案 A。解析：根据题目中的 are you coming 和 Id love to 判断空格处要用现在时态，且要用完成时态，因此只有 A 项为正确答案。5、答案 D。解析：后面的 over the past five hours 意味着空格处表示的动作一直持续进行，因此用现在完成进行时态，所以选择 D。6/7 6、答案 C。解析：题干中出现的 over the last three months 明显提示用现在完成进行时态或现在完成时态，故选 C。句意为：在过去的三个月里，Tom 每天晚上都在图书馆里学习。7、答案 B。解析：in the last few years 意思是“在过去的几年时间里”，其实是从过去算到现在，是现在完成时的标志，因此选 B 项。句意为：在过去的几年时间里，全世界制作了成千上万部电影。8、答案 D。解析：前半句 Im sure you will do better 交代了时间起点是现在。because 引起的状语从句不能用将来时，只能用现在时态，所以 D 项符合要求。this year 是个时间段，have been studying 表示一直持续到现在的动作，故用现在完成进行时。句意为：我确信你将在这次考试中取得更好的成绩，因为这一年来你一直用功学习。9、答案 B。解析：I didnt ask for 和 I put it there just now 都表示过去的动作，很有迷惑性，但空格表示到说话时为止的情况，过去发生的对现在有影响的动作，故选 B。10、答案 D。解析：since 自从以来，引导含有过去时的从句时，主句用现在完成时。故选 D。句意为“他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来受到了好评。”11、答案 D。解析：since 自从以来，引导含有过去时的从句时，主句用现在完成时。选D。句意为“自从我到这个学校以来，这是我所听到的最有教育意义的演讲。”12、答案 D。解析：in/during the past years 所在句子要用现在完成时态，substances 是“被发现”，故用被动语态。13、答案 C。解析：由“I have got a headache.”可知，空格处应用现在完成进行时表示动作“从过去开始持续到现在”，体现过去开始的动作对现在的影响及结果。14、答案 A。解析：根据句意，空格处应用被动语态，不用主动语态，故排除 B 项；又因为when and where 表示单数意义，故排除 D 项；再根据句末的 yet 可知，最好用现在完成时态，故选 A 项最佳。15、答案 A。解析：主句为一般将来时态，时间状语从句需用一般现在时或现在完成（进行）时态。因为本题有段时间状语 for more than an hour 修饰，因此选择 A 项。16、答案 C。解析：过去发生的动作持续到说话时刻，因此用现在完成时态，选择 C 项。17、答案 D。解析：答句中连词 and 连接前后平行关系，空格处要用现在完成时态，又有时间状语 all the morning 修饰，因此选择 D 项。18、答案 C。解析：根据段时间状语 over the past decades 判断空格处用现在完成进行时态，因此选 C 项。19、答案 C。解析：根据 realizes 和 it will be 等判断，空格处用现在时态；再根据 by the time引导的从句中谓语动词要用完成时态，因此选 C 项。句意是：直到他意识到他已经走进圈套时，他再做什么都晚了。20、答案 D。解析：本题考查 This is the first time.句型，其后用现在完成时态，因此选 D 项。21、答案 D。解析：考查动词时态。根据句意以及 for decades 可知，learn 这一动作从过去一直延续到了现在，并且现在还在进行，因此用现在完成进行时态。22、答案 D。解析：考查动词时态。空格处表示该动作从两个多小时前一直持续到说话时，而且可能会持续下去，因此用现在完成进行时态合适。23、答案 A。解析：本题结合被动语态考查动词的时态。根据题干中的时间状语 so far 可知空格处应该用现在完成时态，而 agreement 与谓语动词 reach 之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，因此选择 B 项。24、答案 A。解析：根据时间状语 in the last few years 可知，空格处动词要用现在完成时态。25、答案 C。解析：根据时态状语 ever since 可知，空格处应该用现在完成进行时态，表示动作从过去开始一直持续到现在且还在进行，所以选择 C 项。7/7