教育专题：教育专题：Unit2Sailingtheoceans--period1Warmingupandreading.ppt

Unit 2Words minimum pole overhead offshore outwardsecuremagneticadj.最小的最小的;最低的最低的n.地极地极;柱柱;杆杆adj.在头上的在头上的adv.在头顶上在头顶上;在空中在空中adj.离岸的离岸的;海面上的海面上的adj.外面的外面的;向外的向外的adv.向外向外;在外在外adj.安全的安全的;可靠的可靠的adj.磁的磁的;有磁性的有磁性的awkwardreference precise simplify portable shortcoming updatedtendency reliableadj.难使用的难使用的;笨拙的笨拙的n.参考参考adj.精确的精确的;准确的准确的vt.单一化单一化;简单化简单化adj.轻便的轻便的;手提的手提的n.缺点缺点;短处短处vt.更新更新n.趋向趋向;倾向倾向adj.可靠的可靠的;可信赖的可信赖的1 What is a navigator?2 What is the difference between a navigator and an explorer?In pairs discuss these questions:A navigator explores new routes acrossthe sea.A navigator explores the sea;an explorer discovers new places on land.3 Look at these famous people.Are they navigators or explorers?What do you know about them?Zheng He,in the year between 1405 and 1433,seven large treasure fleets sailed westwards on voyages of trade and exploration.Under the command of Zheng He,the fleets set sail from the South ChinaSea across the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea,and then traveled further south,discovering the eastern coast of Africa.He renewed relations with the Kingdoms of the East African.When Marco Polo was still very young,he decided to travel together with his father.It took them more than three years to travelto China.After nearly seventeen years travel in the East,Marco and his father wanted to return home.Marco PoloMarco Polo was born in Venice in 1254.He was the most famous foreigner to visit Asia during the Middle Ages.James Cook(1728-1779)was the greatest Britain navigator.Cook enlisted in the Royal Navy in 1755.In 1768 he was promoted and sent to the Pacific where he surveyed Tahiti,NewZealand,and Australia.On his famous 2nd expedition(1772-75)he explored Antarctica.In 1776 in his third and final voyage,heexplored the West coast of North America and discovered the Hawaiian Islands.Navigator is someone who finds the position and plots the course of a ship,an aircraft,a car,etc,using maps andinstruments.Navigator seanautical instrumentsfind new islands or continentsExplorer is someone who travels into orthrough a place in order to learn about it.Very often navigators are also explorers.Explorer landuse of compass and landmarksfind new places within an already identified island or continent 1 How do you think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented?Look at the pictures on page 11.Then answer the questions.Kept close to the shore,used nature suchas the sun,wind,birds,tide,etc,to helpthem,and used some of the instrumentsincluding a compass,astrolabe,etc.2 Which do you think was easier to work out:latitude or longitude?Latitude,because it was used to measure how far you had travelled fromland on a straight line.It was discovered a long time before longitude.3 Can you identify these early navigational instruments seamen used and explain how they are used?1 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4 _ compass(in ancient China)astrolabesextantsea/nautical/marine chart4 Which ones do you think are still used today?Sea charts are still used today.SAILING THE OCEANSNow read about what navigation was like before modern instruments were used.1 What is the use of a bearing circle,astrolabe,quadrant or sextant?()What is the use of a compass?()A to set the course of the ship B to measure the position of the ship C to measure the speed of the ship D to tell the timeBA1 Read the passage and answer the following questions.Speed and time are important in findingout the longitude of a ship because the earth moves fifteen degrees westwards every hour.If you know your direction,speed and time,you can work out the approximate longitude or change in your position in relation to the stars.2Why are speed and time important in working out the longitude of a ship?The position of the sun and stars are useful for working out latitude because they are fixed points in the sky and their movements in relation to the earth are already known.So they can be used to measure a ships position.3 Why is the position of the sun and various stars useful for working out latitude?The sailors would need to be excellent navigators,able to cope with both hot and cold weather,experienced in sailing through very bad weather and able to co-operate in a team.2Suppose you were a sea captain aiming to sail round Africa.Discuss in groups:1 What skills would you seek in your sailors?I would anticipate very hot weather(around the equator),cold weather(around the Cape of Good Hope),very stormy seas(around the Cape),and problems with food and water(unless helped by local natives the water may be contaminated and the food scarce),etc.2What problems would you anticipate3 for this journey?SAILING THE OCEANSUsing nature tokeep alongsidecoastline Part1Using navigationalinstruments to helpPart 2Using celestial bodiesUsing the wildlifeFinding longitudeUsing the seaFinding latitudeUsing the weather3 What would you do if you came across the following problems during your voyage?Read the chart below and fill in your plans of action to deal with them.What would you do if:Plan of action You were far from land and a storm arose.wait till the storm is over,and then find your new position and return to your original course You knew your latitude but didnt know your longitude.You were blown off-course.use knots to find your speed and work out your approximate longitude use the compass and the astrolabe,quadrant or sextant to find out your position,return to your former course You were offshore but you needed more food and water.You wanted to keep a straight course.follow nesting birds to shore;look for special cloud formations or fog over streams to find land use a compass You were lost with no land in sight.measure your position using the sun or stars;look for sea birds,cloud formations,fog or seaweed to show that land is nearby 1To find the ships position at sea a sailor2 used the North Star and the sun.4Read the passage again and use the information to analyse the navigational skills.Write the answers in your own words.Using nature 2 A sailor knew that land was nearby if he saw _ _.3 Sailors used _ _ to increase their speed.fresh seaweed,nesting birds returninghome in the evening or fogsea currents or tides andwinds Using instruments 4 There were two methods to find longitude:1 _ 2 _ _.measuring time and speedcompass and complicated mathematical tables 5 Write down the working principles of the following instruments:Beating circle:_ _.Astrolabe:_ _.to compare the height of the sun now with the position of the sun at middayto compare the position of the ship in relation to some stars or the sunQuadrant:_.a more precise form of the astrolabe,to measure how high stars are above the horizon,and compare that measurement with previous measurements(using the ship as one of the fixed points to find its position)Sextant:_.an updated version of the quadrant and so it was more accurate,to measure the angle between two fixed points outside the ship(using two mirrors to find the ships position)5 Imagine you are on a boat with twenty-nine other people.You have a small box for your personal things but it can only hold ten items.What would you need for a weeks journey across the North Sea to England?CategoryItemsCategoryItemsClothesShoesHygieneToolsBeddingMedicinesGamesBooksshirt,trousers waterproof bootssoapscissors,knifeblanketsea-sick tablets,cold medicinecards,chessnovels,essay collections 1.at the mercy of 听任听任摆布，在摆布，在面面前无能为力前无能为力They were lost at sea at the mercy of wind and weather.have/show mercy on sb.宽恕或怜悯某人；宽恕或怜悯某人；without mercy 毫不容情地毫不容情地Avoid(making)any reference to hisillness.千万别提起他的病。千万别提起他的病。2.reference n.提到提到;说到说到;涉及涉及 附注附注;旁注旁注 check your references 要核对引证的资料要核对引证的资料【知识拓展知识拓展】refer v.提到，说起，涉及；参考，提到，说起，涉及；参考，查询，常与查询，常与to 连用。连用。When I said some people are stupid I wasnt referring to you.当我说某个人很当我说某个人很愚蠢的时候，我没有提到你。愚蠢的时候，我没有提到你。If you dont know what this means,please refer to the dictionary.如果你不知如果你不知道这是什么意思，请查看字典。道这是什么意思，请查看字典。She simplified the instructions so that the children could understand them.她简化了指令以便于儿童理解。她简化了指令以便于儿童理解。3 simplify v.简化简化;使单纯使单纯That will simplify my task.那可简化了我的工作。那可简化了我的工作。1.The data should be updated once a week.这些数据应该每星期更新一次。这些数据应该每星期更新一次。2.Maps need regular updates.地图需要经常修订。地图需要经常修订。3.I updated the committee on our progress.我向委员会报告了我们的进展情况。我向委员会报告了我们的进展情况。4 update v.更新更新;补充最新资料补充最新资料S subject 主主语语P predicate 谓谓语语O object 宾宾语语Att attribute 定定语语Adv adverbial 状状语语Com complement 补补语语Pre predicative 表表语语C clause 从从句句Short forms 缩略语缩略语Difficult sentences analysis1 The number of knots that were counted during a fixed period of time gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour一定时段得出的绳节数显示航船的海哩一定时段得出的绳节数显示航船的海哩时速。时速。S Att CPOAdv2.Later,when seamen began to use the compass in the 12th century they could calculate longitude using complicated mathematical tables后来到了十二世纪海员开始使用指南后来到了十二世纪海员开始使用指南针的时候，他们就能够借助复杂的数针的时候，他们就能够借助复杂的数学表格计算出航行的经度了。学表格计算出航行的经度了。using complicated mathematical tables 是现在分词短语作状语，表示手段。是现在分词短语作状语，表示手段。3.The earliest，the astrolabe，was a special all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship in relation to the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky最早的，那些古代的星盘，是一种单一最早的，那些古代的星盘，是一种单一形式的工具，用来确定船舶与太阳和形式的工具，用来确定船舶与太阳和太空星辰的相对位置。太空星辰的相对位置。in relation to(=concerning)this matterIts brain is small in relation to(=compared with)its body.Little of what he said has any relation to fact.in relation to 是复合介词短语是复合介词短语,作状语。作状语。