四级阅读10大常设题处(8)12872.pdf
学英语 找长喜 1 四级阅读 第八堂 四级阅读文中 10 大常设题处 学会在阅读时识别常设题处，以提高阅读效果，明确做题时应该重点留意何处。30 分钟听讲 命题者在设题时，必然有一定的倾向性。一篇文章的哪些地方常会成为设题点是有一定规律的。考生如果掌握了这些规律，就能在阅读文章时，对这些可能会出题的地方适当多加理解。这样在看完文章开始做题时，往往能针对题干中的关键词，迅速找到题目出处。分析、总结历年四级真题，我们发现篇章阅读的常设题处主要有以下 10 点：一、篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处 文章的主题句经常出现在首段，段落的主题句经常出现在段首。另外，首段的末句或第二段的首句也是文章主题句出现的高发区。文章的尾段或段落的结尾一般会是概括或总结性的陈述，经常会得出某种结论或提出某项建议。因此，文章的篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处经常被作为篇章阅读设题的重要题眼，而且大多是考查对文章或段落主旨的理解。【真题示例 1】(09-12)【原文】Of course,fund raising isn t the only skill outsiders offer.The globalization of education means more universities will be seeking heads with international experience of some kind to promote international programs and attract a global student body.Foreigners can offer a fresh perspective on established practices.【题目】66.In what way do top level administ rators from abroad contribute to university development?A They can enhance the universitys image.B They will bring with them more international faculty.C They will view a lot of things from a new perspective.D They can set up new academic disciplines.【解析】选C。本题是在篇尾处设题。根据选项中的 perspective 将答案出处定位到最后一段。文中提到聘用国外高管人才的好处，其中末句提到这些外国人(即来自外国的校长)除了能增强学校的筹资能力外，还能提供他们对于已有的惯常做法的全新视角，C是对该句的同义转述，故为答案。【真题示例 2】(09-06)【原文】The January fashion show,called FutureFashion,exemplified how far gr een design has come.Organized by the New York based nonprofit Earth Ple dge,the show inspired many top designers to work with sustainable fabrics for the first time.Several have since made pledges to include organic fabrics in their lines.【题目】57.What is said about Future Fashion?A It inspired many leading designers to start going green.B It showed that designers using organic fabrics would go far.C It served as an example of how fashion shows should be organized.D It convinced the public that fashionable clothes should be made 学英语 找长喜 2【解析】选A。本题是在篇首处设题。根据题干中的 FutureFashion 将答案出处定位到首段。该段第一句提到，FutureFashion 向人们展示环保设计发展到什么程度，第二句提到，此次展览首次鼓励众多顶级设计师使用环保布料，由此可知答案为A，其中的 leading designers 对应文中的 top designers，going green 对应 work with sustainable fabrics。【真题示例 3】(08-12)【原文】If you re a male and you re reading this,congratulations:you re a survivor.According to statistics,you re more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer than a woman,and nine times more likely to die of AIDS.Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term,about 78 years for men in Australia,you ll die on average five years before a woman.【题目】57.Why does the author congratulate his male readers at the beginning of the passage?A They are more likely to survive serious diseases today.B Their average life span has been considerably extended.C They have lived long enough to read this article.D They are sure to enjoy a longer and happier life.【解析】选C。本题是在篇首处设题。根据题干中的 at the beginning of the passage 将答案出处定位到文章开头。文章开头提到，“如果你是一位男性并且你正在阅读此篇文章，那么恭喜你：你是一个幸存者！”，由此可以推断作者向他的男性读者表示祝贺的原因应该是C项，A“他们今天很可能会幸免于严重的疾病”与第一段第二句所举例子表达的意思相矛盾，故排除。二、转折处 作者常常会借用转折连词或副词来引出某项重要的事实或观点，转折词之后的内容往往表达的是作者真实的写作目的、观点或态度，因此出题人经常会围绕转折词前后的内容来设题。篇章阅读中常见的表示转折关系的连词或副词有 however，but，yet，nevertheless，while，though，although，at the same time 等。另外，indeed，in fact，virtually，practically 也常常用来表示前后语义的转折。【真题示例 1】(09-12)【原文】But for many African American women like me,just a little of her poise(沉着),confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image that s been around for far too long.【题目】61.What do many African American women hope Michelle Obama will do?A Help change the prevailing view about black women.B Help her husband in the task of changing America.C Outshine previous First Ladies.D Fully display her fine qualities.【解析】选A。本题是在转折处、篇尾处设题。根据题干中的 many African American women 将答案出处定位到末段末句。A是对 will gotoo long 的同义转述，help change 即go a long way in changing(对大有帮助)，prevailing view(普遍的看法)即 an image that s been around for far too long(已经存在太久的印象)。【真题示例 2】(08-12)【原文】Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retailstore,but instead will alert their 学英语 找长喜 3 friends,relatives,coworkers,strangers and anyone who will listen.Store managers are often the last to hear complaints,and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors,according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School.【题目】62.Why are store managers often the last to hear complaints?A Most customers won t bot her to complain even if they have had unhappy experiences.B Customers would rather relate their unhappy experiences to people around them.C Few customers believe the service will be improved.D Customers have no easy access to store managers.【解析】选B。本题是在转折处设题。根据题干中的 store managers often the last将答案出处定位到第三段。商店经理总是最后一个接到投诉这一事实出现第三段首句，因而其原因应在第二段寻找。第二段提到顾客很少向经理或者零售店的老板投诉，相反，他们会警告他们的朋友、亲戚、同事等。B中的 relate their unhappy experiences to people around them与原文的 alert their friends,relatives,co workers相对应，故为答案。三、观点态度处 文章中表达作者对于某人或某事物的观点或态度的地方或涉及到的其他人或组织机构的观点或态度也常受出题人青睐。解题时要留意文章中出现 doubt，appreciate，hate，against 等表达观点或态度的词语的地方，以及一些带有感情色彩的特殊句式(祈使句、感叹句、反问句等)。【真题示例 1】(09-06)【原文】Natalie Hormilla,a fashion wr iter,is an example of the uncon verted consumer.When asked if she owned any sustainable clothes,she replied:“Not that I m aware of.”【题目】60.What is Natalie Hormilla s attitude toward ecofashion?A She doesn t seem to care about it.B She doesn t think it is sustainable.C She is doubtful of its practical value.D She is very much opposed to the idea.【解析】选A。本题是在人物的观点态度处设题。根据题干中的 Natalie Hormilla 将答案出处定位到末段。该段前两句提到，只有 18的消费者知道 ecofashion（生态时尚），Natalie Hormilla 就是观念未转变的消费者之一。第四句提到，当被问及是否有环保衣服时，Natalie Hormilla 回答“我都不知道有这种衣服”。第六句提到，她承认，她的头脑里还没有“环保”这一概念。由此可知，她对生态时尚并不在意，故答案为A。题干中的 ecofashion 对应文中的 sustainable clothes 和 green。【真题示例 2】(08-06)【原文】Al Gore calls global warming an“inconvenient truth,”as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.But the real truth is that we don t know enough to relieve global warming,and without major technological breakthroughs we can t do much about it.【题目】58.According to the author s understanding,what is Al Gore s view on global warming?A It is a reality both people and politicians are unaware 学英语 找长喜 4 B It is a phenomenon that causes us many inconveniences.C It is a problem that can be solved once it is recognized.D It is an area we actually have little knowledge about.【解析】选D。本题是在人物的观点态度处设题。本题考查作者对 Al Gore 针对全球变暖的观点的理解，从而把答案定位到第二段。该段首句指出，Al Gore 认为全球变暖是一个被忽视的事实（inconvenient truth），该句中的假设条件状语从句 as if.是作者对 inconvenient truth 的理解：只要认识到全球变暖，我们就可以找到解决方法。第二句转折指出，事实是，对于缓解全球变暖，我们知之甚少，并且 没有重大的技术突破 我们仍将无能为力，D是对原文 don t know 的同义转述，故为答案。四、因果关系处 两个事件内在的因果关系常常会成为设题点，一般来说，这种题有两种出题形式：给原因推结果或是给结果找原因。【真题示例 1】(09-12)【原文】But selfishly,I m more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do,not just for this country,but for me as an African American woman.And that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the type of African American woman they so rarely see.【题目】57.Why does Michelle Obama hold a strong fascination for the author?A She will pay closer attention to the interests of AfricanAmerican women.B She will present to the world a new image of AfricanAmerican women.C She possesses many admirable qualities becoming a First Lady.D She serves as a role model for AfricanAmerican women.【解析】选B。本题是在因果关系处设题。根据题干中的 fascination 将答案出处定位到首段第三句。由该句中的 but for me as an African A merican woman 可知，作者尤其对米歇尔奥巴马能为身为非裔美国妇女的自己做什么而着迷。分析接下来的两句，发现这两句解释了作者之所以这么着迷的原因：米歇尔奥巴马将让人们第一次有机会靠近和接触他们极少见到的非裔美国女性类型，B中的 new 对应文中的 they so rarely see,故为答案。【真题示例 2】(08-06)【原文】From 2003 to 2050,the world s population is projected to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion,a 42%increase.If energy use per person and technology remain the same,total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions(mainly,CO2)will be 42%higher in 2050.But that s too low,because societies that grow richer use more energy.We need economic growth unless we condemn the worlds poor to their present poverty and freeze everyoneelses living standards.With modest growth,energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.【题目】59.Greenhouse emissions will more than double by 2050 because of.A economic growth B wasteful use of energy C the widening gap between the rich and poor D the rapid advances of science and technology【解析】选A。本题是在因果关系处设题。根据题干中的 2050 将答案出处定位到第三 学英语 找长喜 5 段。该段对温室气体的排放量做了预测：如果人均能源使用量和技术维持现在的水平，到2050 年，能源使用的总量和温室气体排放量(主要是二氧化碳)将会增加 42%，接着转折，科学家指出这只是保守估计，实际数字将会翻倍(double)，而造成这一数据上升的原因是我们要发展经济(We need economic growth)，故答案为A。【真题示例 3】(08-06)【原文】The digital bread crumbs(碎屑)you leave everywhere ma ke it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are,where you are and what you like.In some cases,a simple Google search can reveal what you think.Like it or not,increasingly we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret.【题目】64.Why does the author say“we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret”(Lines 7 8,Para.3)?A Modern society has finally evolved into an open society.B People leave traces around when using modern technology.C There are always people who are curious about others affairs.D Many search engines profit by revealing peoples identities.【解析】选B。本题是在因果关系处设题。根据题干中给出的信息可直接找到答案出处。此句话的上句即为答案：你在所有地方留下的数字残渣都会使陌生人很容易就重新构造出一个你来，有时，简单地搜索一下你的信息就知道你在想什么，也就是说，在人们使用高科技产品的同时留下了很多私人信息的痕迹，故答案为B。五、特殊标点符号处 特殊标点符号主要包括：破折号(主要表解释或补充说明)；括号(主要表解释)；冒号(主要表解释或列举)；引号(主要表引用或引号内内容有特殊含义)；分号(主要表并列或进一步解释说明)等等。出题人经常会针对这些特殊标点的前后设题，考查考生对特殊标点含义及其前后内容的准确理解。【真题示例 1】(09-12)【原文】Michelle will have to work to pl ease everyone an impossible task.【题目】60.What does the author say about Michelle Obama as a First Lady?A However many fans she has,she should remain modest.B She shouldn t disappoint the African American community.C However hard she tries,she cant expect to please everybody.D She will give priority to African American womens concerns.【解析】选C。本题是在破折号处设题。题干中的 First Lady 虽在文中几处均有提及，但根据命题往往按照文章顺序进行的规律，可将答案出处重点定位到末段(首句有 First Lady)。该段第三句提到，米歇尔将必须努力取悦每个人这是个不可能完成的任务。对比四个选项发现，C 正是对该句的同义转述，故为答案。【真题示例 2】(09-12)【原文】High level personnel tend to head in only one direction:outw ard from America.【题目】62.What is the current trend in higher education discussed in the passage? 学英语 找长喜 6 A Institutions worldwide are hiring administrators from the U.S.B A lot of political activists are being recruited as administrators.C American universities are enrolling more international students.D University presidents are paying more attention to fund raising.【解析】选A。本题是在冒号处设题。根据题干中的 discussed in the passage 可知，本题考查文章的主旨，故将答案出处定位到全文。文章前两段通过英国牛津大学、法国的大学等事例说明，世界上的许多大学倾向于从美国招聘校长，接下来的段落分析这种趋势产生的原因。由此不难看出，本文主要讨论的是世界范围内的许多大学都在从美国招聘校长，故答案为A。【真题示例 3】(09-12)【原文】In 2003,when Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard,another former Yale provost,as its vice chancellor,the university publicly stressed that in her previ ous job she had overseen(监督)“a major strengthening of Yale s financial position.”【题目】65.Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard as vice chancellor chiefly because.A she was known to be good at raising money B she could help strengthen its ties with Yale C she knew how to attract students overseas D she had boosted Yale s academic status 【解析】选A。本题是在引号处、因果关系处设题。根据题干中的 Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard as vice chancellor将答案出处定位到第五段第二句。题干是对该句publicly stressed 前内容的信息再现，A“她被认为擅长筹集资金”则是对 publicly stressed 后提到的“在以前的岗位上她的监督管理使耶鲁的财政地位得到显著加强”的信息提炼，故为答案。剑桥大学 publicly stressed(公开强调)其实是在解释聘用 Alison Richard 的原因。【真题示例 4】(09-06)【原文】Like most consumers,she finds little time to shop,and when she does,she s on the hunt for“cute stuff that isn t too expensive.”By her own ad mission,green just isn t yet on h er mi nd.But thanks to the combined ef forts of designers,retailers and suppli ers one day it will be.【题目】61.What does the author think of green fashion?A Green products will soon go mainstream.B It has a very promising future.C Consumers have the final say.D It will appeal more to young people.【解析】选B。本题是在破折号处、转折处设题。文章倒数第二句提到，Natalie Hormilla这样的消费者脑中现在还没有绿色时尚的概念，接着最后一句通过 but 转折指出，但是有了设计师、零售商和供应商的共同努力，终有一天，绿色时尚会进入消费者的头脑中(will be后面省略了 on her mind)，由此可知，作者认为绿色环保服装前途光明，故答案为B，其中的 future 对应文中的 one day。六、特殊句、复杂句处 篇章阅读题经常考查的特殊句式包括强调句、倒装句、虚拟语气句，以及包含 notbut, 学英语 找长喜 7 prefer doing to doing 等特殊结构的句子，这些句式中经常暗含作者想要表达的某种观点态度或想要陈述的事实细节。另外，包含插入语、同位语、从句、非谓语动词短语等多个附属和修饰成分的复杂句也常常是篇章阅读命题的重点。解答这类题时，考生一定要注意弄清句子的层次逻辑关系。【真题示例】(09-12)【原文】Many African American bl ogs have written about what theyd like to see Michelle bring to the White House mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family.【题目】59.What do many African Americans write about in their blogs?A Whether Michelle can live up to the high expectations of her fans.B How Michelle should behave as a public figure.C How proud they are to have a black woman in the White House.D What Michelle should do as wife and mother in the White House.【解析】选D。本题是在复杂句和破折号处设题。根据题干中的 African Americans 和blogs 将答案出处定位到末段第二句。该句的句子结构比较复杂。破折号后的现在分词短语作伴随状语，该句提到，很多非裔美国人在博客中写着他们希望米歇尔带到白宫的东西主要向世界展示，一位黑人女性能够支持她的丈夫，并且抚育起健康的黑人家庭。D 是对破折号后内容的同义转述，其中 as wife 对应 support her man，(as)mother 对应 raise a strong black family，故为答案。七、引言处 作者为论证自己的观点，常会引用其他人或组织机构的论断或发现等，出题人常会在此处设题。【真题示例 1】(09-06)【原文】“You re what you eat and drink,and that s record ed in your hair,”said Th ure Cerling,a geologist at the University of Utah.【题目】63.What does the author mean by“You re what you eat and drink”(Line 1,Para.3)?A Food and drink affect one s personality development.B Food and drink preferences vary with individuals.C Food and drink leave traces in one s body tissues.D Food and drink are indispensable to one s existence.【解析】选C。本题是在人物引言处设题。根据题干中的 You re what you eat and drink将答案出处定位到第三段。that s recorded in your hair中的 that 指代的是 and 前提到的 what you eat and drink，而C中的 Food and drink 对应 what you eat and drink，leave traces in 对应recorded in，body tissues 对应 hair，故为答案。【真题示例 2】(08-12)【原文】Regular check ups for men wo uld inevitably place strain on the public purse,Cartmill says.“But prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases.Besides,the ultimate cost is far greater:it s called premature death.”【题目】 学英语 找长喜 8 61.What does Cartmill say about regular check ups for men?A They may increase public expenses.B They will save money in the long run.C They may cause psychological strains on men.D They will enable men to live as long as women.【解析】选B。本题是在引言处和转折处设题。根据题干中的人名 Cartmill 和 regular checkups 将答案出处定位到末段。该段首句提到卡特米尔说男性定期检 查会增加公共支出，第二句引用其原话提到“但是从长远看来，预防要比治疗疾病便宜得多”，由此可知，卡特米尔认为预防，即 regular check ups(定期检查)从长远来看能省钱，故答案为B。八、对比、比较处 阅读文章中的对比常常表现为新老观点的对比、错误与正确观念的对比、新事物与旧事物的对比等，而比较则常常表现为两种或多种事物的优点、缺点、用途、功能、原理等特点的比较。这些对比或比较关系经常会受到出题人的青睐。篇章阅读中常见的表示对比或比较关系的词或短语有 while，whereas，than，compared with，in contrast to 等。解题时要留意这些词或短语，并注意出现比较级、最高级的地方，另外要注意弄清对比或比较的对象。【真题示例 1】（09-06）【原文】Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable,but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes(同位素).The heaviest rain falls first.As a result,storms that form over the Pacific deliver he avier water to California than to Utah.【题目】64.What is said about the rainfall in Americas West?A There is much more rainfall in California than in Utah.B The water it delivers becomes lighter w
