第7堂独立主格结构12822.pdf

LECTURE 独立主格结构 本堂目标：学会识别独立主格结构，熟悉其基本形式，重点掌握独立主格结构的语法功能、with/without 的复合结构作独立主格以及to 短语作独立主格。基础预习 一、独立主格结构的特点 独立主格结构是一种书面文体的状语表达形式。它相当于一个状语从句，却没有连词的引导，也不像从句那样具有完整、独立的谓语；它类似于非谓语动词作状语，但又包含着自己独立的主语形式；它更像一个句子，而谓语部分又是不完整、不独立的，或缺少必要的助动词，或其谓语动词被非谓语化。最终它成了一个“四不像”，这就是独立主格结构。特点 例示 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。Weather permitting,we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气允许，我们明天去看你。（独立主格结构的主语是weather，句子主语是we）名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式或介词等是主谓关系。The meeting gone over,everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。（The meeting 与过去分词gone over 是主谓关系）独立主格结构一般由逗号与主句分开。Theyll send you the book for$10,postage included.他们会给你的书寄十美元，包括邮费。【例1】(99-Passage 3)But,for a small group of students,professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills,all other factors being equal,can be the difference between having a job and not.【点睛】all other factors being equal 为独立主格结构；all other factors 与 being equal之间是主谓关系。该独立主格结构由逗号与主句分开，在句中作插入成分，相当于条件状语。【译文】然而对一小部分学生而言，职业培训也许是必由之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，全面的技能也许是能否找到工作的关键。【例2】The plan was that the contending parties should reach an early agreement on basic principles,the details to be worked out later.【点睛】the details to be worked out later 为独立主格结构，其中用到被动语态。the details 是不定式to be worked out 逻辑上的主语，details 与 work out 之间是被动关系。【译文】这个计划是让争执的双方在基本原则上达成协议，细节以后再磋商。二、独立主格的基本形式 独立主格结构的基本构成是：主格形式的独立主语+不完整的（非独立的）谓语形式。其非独立谓语部分可以是分词、不定式、副词、形容词等，以分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）最为常见。结构 例示 名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词 The test finished,we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。名词/代词+形容词 He came into the room,his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。名词/代词+副词 Class over,all students went to play on the playground.下课了，学生们都跑到操场上玩耍。名词/代词+不定式 More time to be given,we will make full use of it.要是能给更多时间，我们会充分利用。名词/代词+介词短语构成 The murderer got into the house,a knife in his hand.歹徒手持尖刀进入房间。【例1】(00-Passage 2)The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80%of its power in upper-middle class India compared to the tribes.【点睛】此处everyone being the same 是独立主格结构，由“代词+现在分词”构成。everyone 是 being 的逻辑主语，两者存在主谓关系，【译文】当今最大的平庸 每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同意味着与部落相比较，自然选择能力在印度中上层已经失去了80%。【例2】Other things equal,a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.【点睛】句中包含“名词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构。(being)equal 是Other things逻辑上的系表部分，两者间存在主谓关系，其中being 可省略；整个结构作状语，说明主句事实存在的条件。【译文】在其他条件相同的情况下，一个善于表达自己的人要比一个不善于言谈的人更快地获得成功。重点讲解 一、独立主格结构的语法功能 独立主格结构可以在句子中充当时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随及补充说明等状语，在书面语中的出现频率还是很高的。语法功能 例示 时间状语 In making a blueprint for a job，begin with yourself,for when you know exactly what you have to offer,you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.为工作制订蓝图时，先从自己入手，当准确地知道了自己需要提供什么的时候，那就能对到哪儿去自荐谋职有了理智的规划。伴随状语 Her eyes glistening with tears,she asked,“What can I?”她眼中闪耀着泪花，问道：“我该怎么办呢？条件状语 All things considered,I think we ought to give the job to George.各方面考虑起来，我想我们应该把这项工作交给乔治。原因状语 The people,their livelihood secure,now have the leisure to take up sports.现在人们的生活有了保障，就有时间去参加体育运动了。补 充 说 明性状语 The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel,that man being Prince Henry the navigator,who lived in the 15th century.葡萄牙人给予促进海上贸易的那个人以很高的荣誉，这个人就是15 世纪的航海家享利。【例】The fights having been canceled on account of the tsunami,many travelers could do nothing but remain in residence despite the high cost of rented accommodation there.【点睛】本句包含独立主格结构，其中The fights 是分词having been canceled 逻辑上的主语，cancel 和The fights 存在动宾（被动）关系。又因canceled 所表达的动作发生在主句谓语前，所以用完成体。整个结构作原因状语。【译文】因为海啸的缘故，航班被取消了，所以，尽管房租昂贵，但游客们别无选择，只好继续留住在那儿。【补充拓展】状语从句和独立主格作状语的区别 1）前者是一个从句，有主谓结构，后者是一个短语，有逻辑主语但没有句子结构；2）前者的主语与主句的主语不一定相异，后者的逻辑主语与主句不同；3）前者必须用从属连词，后者不需用从属连词。例如：The day being fine,we decided to go swimming.天气很好，我们决定去游泳。(独立主格)As it was a holiday,all the shops were shut.因为到了节假日，商户全部歇业。(状语从句)二、with/without 的复合结构作独立主格 独立结构中的逻辑主语前有时可以加with 或 without，作伴随状语或定语，具体来说有以下五种情况：1 with+名词代词形容词方位副词 这一结构中，形容词方位副词作宾语补足语，表示宾语所处的状态。【例】This is a dangerous game:by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in,it may be too late.With the risks obvious and growing,a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.【点睛】句中独立主格由with+名词（the risks）+形容词(obvious)和现在分词(growing)构成。形容词说明the risks 所处的状态，现在分词表示正在进行的动作。【译文】到2005 年美国的计算机在城市的普及率将达到100%，欧洲和日本也不会落后。2 with+名词代词+介词短语 其中介词短语作宾语补足语，表示宾语所处的状态或宾语的情况。【例】A careful balance has to be struck:if you show a labour-saving device,follow it up with a complicated recipe on the next page;on no account hint at the notion that a woman could get herself a job,but instead foster her sense of her own usefulness,emphasizing the creative aspect of her function as a housewife.【点睛】句中独立主格结构由“with+名词+介词短语”构成，其中介词短语on the next page作宾语a complicated recipe 的补足语，说明宾语的情况。【译文】必须做出仔细的折中。商家在展示一件省力的家用电器时，常常在下一页附上一个复杂的菜谱，即决不要使家庭主妇意识到那将会多一份劳动，反而要使她感觉自己很能干，强调她作为家庭主妇的创造才能。3 with+名词代词+不定式 其中不定式表示主动或将来的动作。【例】1)With a lot of housework to do,she hurried home as fast as possible.有很多家务要做，她匆匆忙忙地往家赶。2)An older woman with marketing to do,for instance,can arrive in a taxi,have the taxi driver wait until she comes back from various stalls to load her purchases,and then be taken home.例如一名老妇人要去市场采购，她可以乘出租车过去，让出租车司机等她把从各个摊档买回来的东西装上车，然后拉她回家。4 with+名词代词+现在分词 其中，现在分词表示主动或动作正在进行。【例】(03-Text 3)Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another,with Wall Street cheering them on.【点睛】with引导的独立主格结构在句中作状语，其中分词cheering有自己的逻辑主语Wall Street，两者存在主谓关系。【译文】然而，铁路部门仍在借贷数十亿美元的资金相互兼并，华尔街则在一旁打气叫好。5 with+名词代词+过去分词 其中过去分词表示被动或动作已经完成。【例】(96-Passage 4)With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline,the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.【点睛】With a mind prepared 为独立主格结构，由“With+名词+过去分词”组成，在句中作原因状语，其中过去分词prepared 表示被动。【译文】美国孩子有了在学校彻底训练过的头脑，能很快地成长为熟练的技术工人。三、to 短语作独立主格 这种不定式独立于主句之外，表示说话者的态度、语气等。【例】To tell(you)the truth,we don t want to include you.告诉你实话吧，我们不想你加入。Today s writers should turn a real life into a piece of literature,to be frank.坦诚地讲，当今的作家应该将真实的生活写进文学作品。【补充拓展】常用作独立主格结构的不定式 to begin with 首先 to start with 首先 to be frank 坦诚地讲 to speak frankly 坦诚地讲 to be honest 诚实地说 to tell you the truth 说实话 to put it briefly 简言之 课堂练习 一、难句分析 1.Either put it to the test yourself,or help out someone who is trying to travel hopefully with his thumb outstretched.2.The last meal being the eve of his betrayal,it is not difficult to understand the significance given to the number by the early Christians.3.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect,and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.4.For much of the past year,President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model,with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.【课堂讲评】1.【分析】由Either or 连接的并列句。who 引导的定语从句修饰先行词someone，其中with his thumb outstretched 为独立主格结构。【译文】你可以亲自去体验一下，也可以去帮助那些正满怀希望伸出大拇指等待搭便车的人。2.【分析】简单句。句子的前半部分This being the eve of his betrayal 为独立主格结构。it作形式主语，to understand 为句子的真正主语。【译文】最后一次晚餐发生在背叛的前夕，这就不难理解早期的基督徒赋予这个数字的意义了。3.【分析】本句主要框架为Dependence is marked first byand then by。with more and more of the substance required 为带with 的独立主格结构，其中more and more of the substance 是required 逻辑上的主语，required 和 more and more of the substance 是动宾关系。【译文】依赖的最初迹象是忍受力的增强，需要越来越多的量才能产生预期的效果，一旦中断就会出现难受的停药症状。4.【分析】President Bush campaigned to a saving-account model 为句子的主干。介词结构For much of作状语；with retirees trading（with+名词+现在分词）为独立主格结构，在句中作伴随状语；分词短语depending on investment returns 作 payments 的后置定语。【译文】在去年的大部分时间里，布什总统致力于把社会保障变成储蓄账户模式，这样就让退休的人将其大部分或全部保障金换成取决于投资收益的资金。