大学四级英语强化之完型填空专项.ppt

大学英语四级完型填空 解题方法与技巧 全力以赴，以态度改变人生；全力以赴，以态度改变人生；永不言败，以执着成就未来。永不言败，以执着成就未来。Cloze for CET-4完形填空专项完形填空专项 自信才能成功，而自信自信才能成功，而自信是建立在对事物深刻认识的是建立在对事物深刻认识的基础之上的。基础之上的。完形填空时间完形填空时间15分钟，分钟，1篇文章，篇文章，20道选择题，占总分的道选择题，占总分的10%，合，合计计71分。分。一、完形填空的设计一、完形填空的设计二、完形填空的做题步骤二、完形填空的做题步骤三、完形填空题的考查内容三、完形填空题的考查内容四、完形填空题的相应对策四、完形填空题的相应对策五、完形填空的解题技巧五、完形填空的解题技巧一、完型填空题的设计l填空填空(Cloze)又称综合填空，其命题原理是格式塔又称综合填空，其命题原理是格式塔心理学。格式塔心理学强调整体感知，完形填空心理学。格式塔心理学强调整体感知，完形填空测试的就是考生结合上下文的语境测试的就是考生结合上下文的语境(context)对英对英语的整体感知能力。语的整体感知能力。l一篇完形填空测试考生的什么能力，这与短文的一篇完形填空测试考生的什么能力，这与短文的空格设计密切相关。空格设计密切相关。(1)如果空格要求学生填入连如果空格要求学生填入连词、介词、冠词等，则空格为功能性空格；词、介词、冠词等，则空格为功能性空格；(2)如如果要求填入名词、形容词、动词等实义词，则空果要求填入名词、形容词、动词等实义词，则空格为语义空格。目前，完形填空试题的题目难度格为语义空格。目前，完形填空试题的题目难度不断加大，重点从传统项目题逐渐转到对整体预不断加大，重点从传统项目题逐渐转到对整体预感的测试和整个语篇的理解，所以根据上下文选感的测试和整个语篇的理解，所以根据上下文选择词汇的题目比例正在增大。择词汇的题目比例正在增大。一、完型填空题的设计l设计者遵循一定的要求和准则遵循一定的要求和准则，以保证测试的信度和效度。所给的空有规则的排列，大约在近250字的文章中每隔816字就有一个空格，而且是按照一定的间隔并根据语法或词汇测试的标准设计的。这些空格表面看起来没有什么意义，实际上综合了词汇、语法结构以及阅读理解所要测试的内容，它不仅测试应试者在词汇和句子水平不仅测试应试者在词汇和句子水平上运用语言的能力上运用语言的能力，还测试应试者在语篇上综合还测试应试者在语篇上综合运用语言结构的能力。运用语言结构的能力。完形填空中所填的词是与文章的上下文紧密联系的。所以难度较大，往往成为学生失分较严重的题项。一、完型填空题的设计l从内容看，完型填空涉及说明文，议论文从内容看，完型填空涉及说明文，议论文等众多文体体裁，而题裁更涉及到社会领等众多文体体裁，而题裁更涉及到社会领域的方方面面，政治、经济、文化、教育、域的方方面面，政治、经济、文化、教育、医学、天文、体育、科技等等。所以考生医学、天文、体育、科技等等。所以考生具备大量的背景知识也是格外重要的。具备大量的背景知识也是格外重要的。二、完型填空题的做题步骤l完形填空的测试点及解题方法从表面来看，就是要求考生把每个句子中删掉的词恢复出来。因此，要做好完形填空，必须要在通读全文、把握结构与大意的前提下，根据所提供的选项及句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息，通过逻辑推理、对比等手段最后确定答案。根据完形填空这一测试特点，一般采取以下五个步骤五个步骤逐一进行。步骤一步骤一，通读全篇，把握总的思想，了解知识背景。l完形填空题在出题时有这样一条准则：去掉20个空不影响对整篇的理解，而且一般而言，短文的前两句话不应设题。我们应该细读文章首句，因为这是我们了解文章的“窗口”。这样，我们就可以判断体裁、把握背景、推测大意、主题或结判断体裁、把握背景、推测大意、主题或结构构。这一点很重要。在阅读文章的过程中，学生积极搜集头脑中已有的相关知识，结合文章内容形成对文章的整体把握，我们称之为图式。图式能够帮助我们对文章内容产生期待，能够简化推断，并在随后的阅读中，不断修正，以求与原文一致。比如，lThree girls went walking in the woods.They were enjoying themselves so much that they forgot the time and stayed too long.A dragon kidnapped1.诱拐(小孩等)2.绑架;劫持 them.As they were be dragging off.They cried for help.Three heroes heard the cries and set off their horses to rescue the girls.lOne possible result:The heroes came and fought with the dragon and rescued the girls.Then the heroes returned the daughters to their places.Maybe,you can guess that the three girls married the three men respectively.如果我们对文章非常熟悉，那么文章内容与你头脑中的图式相结合，你解题将会势如破竹，一发不可收拾。又如：l Writing in a diary,watching television,talking with friends,speaking on the telephone,and reading a menu-what do they have in common?.Thus,_ may be defined as the means by which people exchange feelings and ideas with each other.A.information B.learning C.communication D.acquisition 步骤二步骤二，选择答案。l有两中选择答案的方法：一，可以不看选项，自己猜测正确答案，然后再在选项当中选择最接近自己猜测的一项。二，可以将选项带入空格内检测。l按照先易后难的原则，即首先选出那些只根据上下文就能确定的直接的明显的答案。这就增强了信心，减轻了心理压力。然后瞻前顾后，不要忘记首尾照应。另外，要牢记文章的中心思想，每个空白处的含义应与前后句的意义联系起来理解。步骤三，为不确定答案寻找线索。文章前面的空格提出的问题很有可能要到文章的末尾才才能找到答案。所以，对于那些难度颇高的空格只有在字里行间寻找线索。一定要上下连贯，合乎逻辑。步骤四，回头补缺 我们不提倡在一个题上耽误太多的时间。如果有一个不会我们可以暂时放过，继续思路做下面的题，等通篇做完后再回过头来考虑这个选项。切忌，一定要保证思维的连续性和统一性。步骤五，核实答案。我们可以从以下几方面对所选答案进行核查：1)所选择的单词或短语是否符合本句内容，使上下文连贯和谐，与全文意义相协调；2)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种固定搭配；3)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种句型、时态、语态的特殊要求，如虚拟语气从句中的谓语动词用原形(过去式、过去完成式)；4)所选词本身或附近的词有无特殊要求，如有些动词后面只接动名词而不能接不定式。5)保持自信，不要轻易否定以前选过的选项。必要时对个别答案仍需推敲，发现不妥，要重新考虑，但应慎重，无确实把握，仍应相信第一印象。三、完型填空题的考察内容|词汇词汇第一、词义辨析（词）（单词的掌握，基本义）例例1 That“something special”was men creative individuals who could invent machines,find new 75 of power,and establish business organizations to reshape society.A)origins(由来,出身)B)sources C)bases D)discoveriesl第二、形近词辨异例例1 Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper,she 75 everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines or at least how to drive a car.A)inquired B)insured C)informed D)instructed例例2 Following 88 ,the man guided the plane toward the airfield.A)impression B)information C)inspections D)instructions例例3 Never ask a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never discuss likes and dislikes in front of him or allow 66 else to do so.A everybody B anybody C somebody D nobody例例4 A.encourages(鼓励)B.enables（使能够）C.enforces（强制）D.ensures（确保）例例5 A.attraction(吸引力)B.attention（注意力）C.affection（爱情，亲密）D.motion（动作）例例6 (兼考搭配关系)A.interfered（in干涉）B.interrupted（打断，中断）C.discouraged（from不鼓励做）D.disturbed（打扰，干扰）例例7 A.desired(渴望，想得到)B.revised（修订，修正）C.required（需要，要求）D.deserved（值得，应得）第三、词语搭配例例1 The man had to circle the airport several times in order to become 85 with the controls of the plane.A)intimate B)familiar C)understood D)close例例2 Did you ever have someones name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it?When this happens again,do not try to recall it.Do something 73 for a couple of minutes and the name may come into your head.A)simple B)apart C)else D)similar例例3 A land free from destruction,plus wealth,natural resources,and labor supply,all these were important factors in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution.But they were not enough.Something 73 was needed to start the industrial process.A)else B)near C)extra 额外的，不包括其中的 D)similarl例例4 Take it _69_ granted that he likes everything and he probably will A.with B.as C.over D.forl例例5 But these various means of communication differ in important ways _68_ human language.A.about B.with C.from D.inl例例6 the great tit(山雀)is a case _77_point.A.in B.at C.of D.for语法：（句）语法：（句）第一、第一、指代关系指代关系l例例1 The foreign research scholar usually isolates 76 in the laboratory as a means of protection;However,what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system quite different from 79 at home.76.A)himself B)oneself C)him D)one79.A)those B)which C)what D)thatl例例 2 No two speakers speak in exactly the same way.We can always hear differences 74 them,74.A)between B)among C)of D)froml例例 3 We can change an utterance by replacing one word in it with _73_.A.ours B.theirs C.another D.othersl例例4 They also suggest that our readers do not call for friends only among those who are most like them,but find many_78_ differ in race.78.A.people B.who C.what D.friendsl第二、第二、虚拟语气虚拟语气l例例1 Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works;They expect students,particularly graduate students,to be able to exhaust the reference sources in the library.Professors will help students who need it,but 84 that their students should not be too dependent on them.84.A)hate B)dislike C)like D)preferl例例 2 A geographer might be described as one who observes,records,and explains the differences between places.If places 87 alike,there would be little need for geographers.87.A)being B)are C)be D)werel例例 3but _63_ you were to move the skin you would not tell anything about the race to which the individual belonged.A.since B.if C.as D.while第三、第三、倒装倒装知识要点知识要点:倒装分完全倒装与部分倒装两种类型，重点是部分倒装，即只有系动词、助动词和情态动词参与的倒装。常见的倒装结构可以分为四大类：1、否定倒装。指否定副词或否定的副词性结构（hardly,seldom,scarcely,never,little,nowhere,not once，under no circumstances,in no way，no sooner than）用于句首时所导致的倒装。如：Vitamins do not provide energy,_42_ do they construct or build any part of the body.A.either B.so C.nor D.never 2、虚拟倒装。指在IF引导的虚拟条件句中，将IF省略，把should,had,were提至主语前，形成倒装。e.g.Were I you,Ill never promise to do that.3、强调倒装。为突出强调某一成分而将它提至句首时，实行倒装：句子结构要求倒装：如：a.so 倒装句 b.以某些表示肯定的副词开头作状语：only,often，then,so c.以某些表示否定的副词开头作状语；little,hardly,seldom,scarcely,never,nowhere,not once d.某些表示否定的副词短语开头作状语:under no circumstances,in no way,no sooner than,hardly/scarcely/barelywhen/before e.As作“虽然但是”解时用半倒装。4、省略倒装。涉及词语包括so,neither,nor l例例 _70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence.lA.Only B.Or C.Nor D.So第四、从句和强调句型 l例例 1 The word geography comes from two Greek words,ge,the Greek word for“earth”and graphing,75 means“to write”.A)what B)that C)which D)itl例例 2 but a bird has a single alarm cry,_75_ means“danger!”A.this B.that C.which D.itl例例 3 These secondary routes may go up steep slopes,along high cliffs,or down frightening hillsides to towns lying in deep valleys.Through these less direct routes,longer and slower,they generally go to places 88 the air is clean and the scenery(风景)is beautiful,A)there B)when C)which D)where 第三、第三、语篇考查语篇考查（篇）（篇）例例 1 The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time.Although these wide modern roads are generally smooth and well maintained,with 73 sharp curves and many straight sections,a direct route is not always the most _75_ one.Large high ways often pass 76 scenic areas and interesting small towns.l73.A)little B)few C)much D)manyl75.A)terrible B)possible C)enjoyable D)profitablel76.A)to B)into C)over D)by例例 2 When research is assigned,the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with 79 guidance.It is the students responsibility to find books,magazines,and articles in the library.Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works;79.A)maximum B)minimum C)possible D)practical四、完型填空题的相应对策四、完型填空题的相应对策针对出题者的考察内容，我们有以下相应的对策：第一种：词义与词形辨析第一种：词义与词形辨析 四级完形考察词汇不外乎同义词、反义词、形近词，和词的精确用法。我们应该了解高频词的近义词、反义词，形近词和词汇的基本义。例如，1)Geographers compare and contrast _ places in the world.A.similar B.various C.distant D.famous 2)The findings _ that issues of trust and betrayal are central to friendship.A.secure(保护)B.assure（保证）C.confirm（证实)D.resolve（决心，解决）3)The big shops,beautifully decorated and brightly lit,stay open long after dark.Shop owners like Christmas because it is a time when people _ presents.A.change B.exchange C.transfer（转移）D.transform（转变）第二种：运用上下文逻辑关系填词。l对上下文逻辑关系的考察是完形填空题区别于对上下文逻辑关系的考察是完形填空题区别于单纯句子理解的要点之一，也是处理语篇的重单纯句子理解的要点之一，也是处理语篇的重要特点。这就牵扯到有关语篇知识，这也是四要特点。这就牵扯到有关语篇知识，这也是四级考察学生综合运用语言能力的题型之一。语级考察学生综合运用语言能力的题型之一。语篇结构，顾名思义，是指在一定的情景下，作篇结构，顾名思义，是指在一定的情景下，作者的谋篇布局、衔接连贯、提供信息等等。为者的谋篇布局、衔接连贯、提供信息等等。为了把文章很好的组织起来，作者除了在句子内了把文章很好的组织起来，作者除了在句子内部用指代（前指，后指）、省略、连接外，还部用指代（前指，后指）、省略、连接外，还会运用到一些句与句之间的连词来表达并列、会运用到一些句与句之间的连词来表达并列、转折、对比、列举、原因、结果、让步、补充转折、对比、列举、原因、结果、让步、补充等关系。下面我们给大家一些常考的连接词：等关系。下面我们给大家一些常考的连接词：l表示并列关系的：and,on the one hand,on the other,(也可表对比)l表示转折关系的：however,nevertheless,still,though,yet,in spite of,at any rate,in any case,etc.l表示对比关系的：on the contrary,in contrast,by contrast,in comparison,by comparison,conversely,etc.l表示补充关系的：also,further,furthermore,likewise,similarly,moreover,in addition,whats more,notbut,not only but also,etc.l表示让步关系的：although,though,no matter,even if,l表示原因关系的：because,since,as,for,now that,considering that,seeing that,in that,in as much as,on account of the fact that,for fear that,on the ground that,etc.l表示结果关系的：so,therefore,thus,hence,accordingly,consequently,as a result,etc.l表示列举关系的：first,second,third,firstly,secondly,next,in the first place,for one thing,to begin with,to conclude,etc.1)There are four types of blood._ types are found in every race,and no types is distinct to any race.A.All B.Most C.No D.Some (上下文)2)The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection;_ what he really needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system.A.otherwise B.moreover C.however D.also （逻辑关系）3)Earths animals are disappearing faster than they reproduce.Because there is too little research and too much ignorance,_ is aware of how much we are losing.A.anyone B.no one C.someone D.either one 4)This act(法案)was formed to protect endangered species._,land developers and factory owners disagree.A.However B.Furthermore C.Therefore D.Though第三种：固定搭配1)We judge race usually _ the coloring of the race:a white race,a brown race,a yellow race and a black race.A.in B.from C.at D.on 2)Unlike other social roles that we are expected to _1_-as citizens,employees,members of professional societies and _2_ organizations,it has its own principle.A.keep B.do C.show D.play A.all B.any C.other D.those第四种：结构识别lbut,not only but also,some others,等词组结构和一些重要的句型结构。There is no doubt that,so/suchthat,the sameas,it is that强调句型等等。lRich as our country is,the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.l The harder you work,the more progress you make.1）They also suggested that our readers do not look for friends only among those who are most like them,_ find many who differ in race.A.only B.and C.but D.then2）Lets look at this definition in more detail because it is language,more than anything else,_62_ distinguishes man from the rest of the animal world.A.that B.it C.as D.what 第五种：一些重点单词的特殊用法lProfessors should _ repeating in lectures material that is in the textbook.A.refuse B.prohibit C.prevent D.avoidlDespite the growing rate of divorce,but couples are now taking a different approach _ those wedding vows(誓言).A.making B.make C.to making D.to make 第六种：语法大项。l对语法的考察主要集中在定语从句、状语从句、非谓语动词、主谓一致、逻辑主语、宾语，句型句式等内容上。学生应加强对此类语法的复习。l1）The king placed wealth and power at Wagners disposal and made possible the building of a place-house,_ Wagners works could be performed(表演).A.and B.because C.there D.wherel2）Formal learning is de-contextualized from daily life and indeed,_ Scibner and Cole have observed,may actually“promote ways of learning and thinking”.A.like B.as C.what D.which 五、完型填空的解题技巧 技巧一：词汇手段（利用词汇复现）1、原词复现原词复现 例例 1：but it is the subconscious(下意识的)78 that go to work to dig up a dim memory.Meanwhile,deeper mental activities in the subconscious mind are taking place.A)deeds B)activities C)movements D)procedures2、同根词复现、同根词复现 l例例 1：Even if a grade is not given,the student is 77 for learning the material assigned.It is the students responsibility to find books,magazines,and articles in the library.A)criticized B)innocent C)responsible D)dismissedl例例2：India or West Africa,where there is a long 81 of speaking English for general communication purposes,you should On the other hand,if you live in a country where there is no traditional use of English，A)custom B)use C)tradition D)habitl例3：These firms compete for sales.They try to learn just what the demand will be so that they can supply exactly what the consumers want._ keeps the quality of goods from falling very low.A.Need B.Competition C.Demand D.Consumer 3、上下义或同义词复现、上下义或同义词复现例例1：Both the visiting professor and his students lack background in each others cultures.Some 82 of what is already in the minds of American students is required by the foreign professor.A.concept B.feeling C.plan D.intelligence 例2：As a result,the trip had to be canceled,and they returned home _ and unhappy.A.disappointed B.disappointedly C.tired D.tiredly 4、解释型复现、解释型复现例1：Our new house is very _ for me as I can get to the office in five minutes.A adaptable B comfortable C convenient D available技巧二：同现技巧二：同现l词汇的同现关系指词汇共同出现的倾向性。在语篇中，围绕一定的话题，一定的词往往会同时出现，这些词语属于同一个词汇套，形成了词汇链，因此，每当我们遇到了其中的一个词语时，根据情境便会联想到词汇套中的其他词语。比如，提到教室一词，下面出现的词可能就是：blackboard,desk,students,chair,floor,lights,etc.例1：My grandmother worked hard all day,making butter,washing clothes,cleaning the house,and even _ in the field when help was scarce.A.worked B.working C.did D.doing 例2：For example,there was the time I called in a _ to fix my air-conditioner before it was too warm.A.worker B.fixer C.repairman D.painter l例3：I usually have the problem of parents coming in and telling me how they really _ their kids.They tell me they stand over them when they do their homework.They chec