2007同济大学电科课件 专业英语 科技英语语法特点.ppt

科技英语的语法特点语法特点：语法特点：时态：时态形式比较单一。时态：时态形式比较单一。语态：经常使用被动语态，而且没有行语态：经常使用被动语态，而且没有行为的被动主体为的被动主体by-phrase。谓词：经常使用静态结构，用来表示状谓词：经常使用静态结构，用来表示状态或情况。如：用态或情况。如：用the speed of the airplane is high代替代替the airplane flies fast。定语：经常使用名词做定语，起到简洁定语：经常使用名词做定语，起到简洁的效果。如：雷达测距目标选择开的效果。如：雷达测距目标选择开关译为关译为radar range-finder target selector switch。5 5动词非限定形式动词非限定形式：经常使用它们扩展句子。：经常使用它们扩展句子。动词不定式动词不定式动名词短语动名词短语分词短语和独立分词结构分词短语和独立分词结构6名词化名词化：以名词为中心词构成短语以取代句子。：以名词为中心词构成短语以取代句子。如：可用名词短语如：可用名词短语on completion of the expriment代替代替when the expriment has been completed。7 7多重复合句多重复合句：长复合句较多，句子中又嵌入句：长复合句较多，句子中又嵌入句子子。如：。如：The simple fact shows that the more of the force of friction is got rid of,the father will the ball travel,and we are led to infer that,if all the impeding forces of gravitation and resistance could be removed,there is no reason why the ball,once in motion,should ever stop.逻辑词语：使用频繁，明确表示出内容的内在联系，有助于清晰的表达、归纳、推理、论证和概括。如：as a result,hence,consequently,however,in short等。9表达方式：通常不用第一人称单数，而是采用表达方式：通常不用第一人称单数，而是采用第一人称复数第一人称复数we，或，或the author，this paper等等第三人称形式。如：第三人称形式。如：10 This paper presents a new method of 11 We have constructed the model by一一.时态时态 英语动词的16个时态中，一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在完成时是最常用的5个。而科技英语中最常用的是一般现在时、一般将来时和现在完成时。一般现在时表达过程 A scientist observes carefully,applies logical thought to his observations and tries to find relationships in data.表达客观事实或科学定理表达客观事实或科学定理 Sound travels through the air in Sound travels through the air in waves.waves.Work is equal to the Work is equal to the product of force and the distance product of force and the distance through which the force moves.through which the force moves.习惯性的行为习惯性的行为 Alternating current is Alternating current is usually supplied to peoples houses at usually supplied to peoples houses at 50 cycles per second.50 cycles per second.2.一般将来时一般将来时2.表示将来发生的行为或情况。表示将来发生的行为或情况。3.In time,many things now unknown will become known.3.现在完成时现在完成时4.表示到现在为止发生的行为或者已经表示到现在为止发生的行为或者已经发生但对现在有影响的行为。发生但对现在有影响的行为。5.Cast iron is more brittle than iron which has been heated but not melted,but it is easier to shape,as it can be poured into moulds.二二.被动语态被动语态1.科技文章大多重在描写行为或状态本身，行为或科技文章大多重在描写行为或状态本身，行为或状态的主体并不重要。状态的主体并不重要。2.便于向后扩展句子，而不至于使句子显得头重脚便于向后扩展句子，而不至于使句子显得头重脚轻。通常置于句首，突出其重要性轻。通常置于句首，突出其重要性。3.In the digital computer the numbers to be manipulated are represented by sequences of digits which are first recorded in suitable code,then converted into positive and negative electrical impulses,and stored in electrical or magnetic registers.三三.名词化名词化 名词化就是把动词变成有动作意义的名名词化就是把动词变成有动作意义的名词。如果是动词短语或者是句子，那么把这词。如果是动词短语或者是句子，那么把这个动词短语或句子变成名词短语。个动词短语或句子变成名词短语。air moves air是是motion的行为主的行为主体体 the motion of air to apply force force是是application的宾语的宾语 the application of force analytical chemists develop the equipment the development of the equipment by analytical chemists analytical chemists是是the development的行为主体的行为主体 名词化既是简化句子的手段，又是使句子复杂名词化既是简化句子的手段，又是使句子复杂的方式。的方式。Engineering is required to conceive,design and achieve the conversion of the energy of turbulent mountain stream into the powerful torque of electric motor a hundred miles away.The ancients regarded natural processes as manifestations of power by irresponsible gods；today we think of them as manifestations of energy acting on or through matter.四四.动词非限定形式动词非限定形式包括动词不定式、分词和动名词包括动词不定式、分词和动名词 1.动词不定式动词不定式 在句子中可以作在句子中可以作为为主主语语，表，表语语，宾语宾语，定，定语语和状和状语语。它。它们们多以短多以短语语的形式出的形式出现现，即以，即以动词动词不不定式定式为为中心，加上它的状中心，加上它的状语语、宾语宾语，有，有时还时还加上加上它的行它的行为为主体。主体。nAlthough it is difficult for scientists to knowwhere to beginto deal with such a large subject)，the first step is perhaps to consider the main economic difficulties an underdeveloped region has to face.nIndustry everywhere faced rising labour costs and more complex processes,both arising from the determination of human beings to achieve a better standard of living.动词不定式作主语时，往往使用形式主语动词不定式作主语时，往往使用形式主语it，而把动词不定式短语放在谓语后面，这种布局，而把动词不定式短语放在谓语后面，这种布局便于向后扩展句子。例如：便于向后扩展句子。例如：It would perhaps be unwise to forecast undue restrictions on the nature of the ultimate achievement.2.2.分词分词 分词在句中可作定语、状语和补足语，除单分词在句中可作定语、状语和补足语，除单独使用外，还经常以短语的形式出现，即以分独使用外，还经常以短语的形式出现，即以分词为中心词，和它的宾语状语一起构成分词短词为中心词，和它的宾语状语一起构成分词短语。语。分词短语起到定语从句或状语从句的作用。分词短语起到定语从句或状语从句的作用。nBeing a precise quantitative theory,it does not use phrases such as those just given,but calculates for any question under study the numerical probability that it is true.nIt is not easy,for example,to explain the processes involved in a computerized control system if the basic algebraic symbols are without meaning.独立分词结构，一般有两种形式：独立分词结构，一般有两种形式：a)分词有自己的逻辑主语，这个逻辑主语与句分词有自己的逻辑主语，这个逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致。子的主语不一致。The engineering solution is the optimum solution,the most desirable end result taking into account many factors.b)介词介词with宾语分词定语宾语分词定语 The volunteer would come into a room where there was a row of five cubicles with their doors shut.3.动名词动名词 动名词在句中可作主语、定语、表语和宾动名词在句中可作主语、定语、表语和宾语。动名词也可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成语。动名词也可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。在科技英语中，动名词和动名词动名词短语。在科技英语中，动名词和动名词短语还经常作介词的宾语，在句子中作定语或短语还经常作介词的宾语，在句子中作定语或状语。状语。nIn brief,there is as yet no known way of obtaining the benefits of the new insecticides without some risk of provoking resistance.nIt appears economical to use this scarce resource best by concentrating it at one point.nThe technique of making the computer carry out a particular calculation is known as programming,which involves first breaking the calculation down into a sequence of arithmetic operations,and then preparing a series of instructions which cause the computer to carry out the required operations on the stored information in the correct order.五五.多重复句多重复句 所谓多重复句，就是句子中套句子，形成多所谓多重复句，就是句子中套句子，形成多个层次。个层次。多重复句能表达严谨的思想，文章的论述性多重复句能表达严谨的思想，文章的论述性越强，多重复句用的越多，句子越长。越强，多重复句用的越多，句子越长。多重复句的分句之间有两种根本关系，一种多重复句的分句之间有两种根本关系，一种是并列关系，另一种是主从关系。是并列关系，另一种是主从关系。This instrument works on the principle that each individual substance emits a characteristic spectrum of light when its molecules are caused to vibrate by the application of heart,electricity,etc.;and after studying the spectrum which he had obtained on this occasion,Hillebrand reported the gas to be nitrogen.从句在说明主句的时候，有三种可能的位置：从句在说明主句的时候，有三种可能的位置：在主句前、在主句后和插入主句中间。例如：在主句前、在主句后和插入主句中间。例如：When we look into the matter carefully,we will find that the world we live in presents an endless variety of fascinating problems which excite our wonder and curiosity.插在主句中间的从句叫做嵌入句。由于它把插在主句中间的从句叫做嵌入句。由于它把主句分成了两局部，往往造成阅读理解上的困难。主句分成了两局部，往往造成阅读理解上的困难。例如：例如：This is not,of course,the case in human affairs,and the most that can be yet done is to seek for mathematical models which describe,however imperfectly as yet they are,the presumed behavior of the system or situation under investigation.六六.逻辑联系语逻辑联系语 通常文章的各个组成局部之间存在一定的逻通常文章的各个组成局部之间存在一定的逻辑关系，而文章中用来表示逻辑关系的语言手段辑关系，而文章中用来表示逻辑关系的语言手段叫逻辑联系语。叫逻辑联系语。可以表示列举、增补、转折或比照、原因或可以表示列举、增补、转折或比照、原因或结果、解释、总结等关系。形式比较多样，有副结果、解释、总结等关系。形式比较多样，有副词、介词短语、不定式短语、句子等。它们在句词、介词短语、不定式短语、句子等。它们在句子里多出现在句首，有时出现在句中，极少出现子里多出现在句首，有时出现在句中，极少出现在句尾。在句尾。1.列举：列举：first,second;for one thing(and)for another(thing);in the first place,initially,next,lastly等等nTo start with,mathematicians become valued members of the industrial community,and are no longer destined merely to teach or lecture.nFirst,how do these new circumstances affect the position in the community of the politician?Second,how far is the scientist equipped to handle political and governmental affairs?Lastly,what are the special responsibilities,if any,of the scientists towards the community?2.增补：增补：and,and also,in addition,furthermore,moreover等等nThis apparatus and its use has now become exceedingly complex and requires the participation of large numbers of scientists and technologists.Moreover,many types of industry,including the largest,eg the aerospace industry,are strongly linked to defence requirements and again depend increasingly on scientific and technical personnel.nA person viewing the backlit film could see the three-dimensional image of object.In addition,the image changed as the viewer moved to another position,just as if the real object were being seen.n转折或比照：转折或比照：but,yet,nevertheless,instead,in fact,on the contrary,on the one handon the other hand,as a matter of fact等等nThe order methods of curing,smoking and drying reduced the number of micro-organisms,or else stopped them from acting.But these older methods almost always changed the food itself,so that it often looked and tasted differentnThe limited number of quasars so far identified indicates that they become more abundant the more distant they are in space and time.In other words,the universe was different in the past,and is evolving.4.原因或结果：原因或结果：hence,therefore,thus,consequently,because of,for this reason,in consequence,on account of,as a result等等nAs a result,governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the programs and put them into effect.nThe specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.Even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals.Thus,the following are possible used of television watching,a popular leisure activity.5.解释：解释：that is to say,namely,for example等等nThese divisions hardly suggest the complexity of modern physics,but do hint at the opportunities for applying physics.For instance,the design of musical instruments now requires a detailed knowledge of sound.6.总结：总结：allin all,in conclusion,in short,in brief,on the whole,to conclude,to sum up等等7.To conclude，it seems clear that if we are to succeed in solving the many inter-related problems of underdevelopment,only the fullest and most intelligent use of the resources will enable us to do so.8.Above all,we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.假设句子比较长，那么句子内部也可以有逻假设句子比较长，那么句子内部也可以有逻辑联系语，表示句子内部成分之间的逻辑关系。辑联系语，表示句子内部成分之间的逻辑关系。Topology seems a queer subject;it delves Topology seems a queer subject;it delves into strange implausible shapes and its into strange implausible shapes and its propositions are either childishly obvious propositions are either childishly obvious(that is,until you try to prove them)or(that is,until you try to prove them)or so difficult and abstract that not even a so difficult and abstract that not even a topologist can explain their intuitive topologist can explain their intuitive meaning.meaning.nMost commonly the decisive factor is money;in fact,most engineering problems are answered ultimately in dollars and cents.nIt seems to us that on the one hand,he must make intensive efforts to give the ordinary citizen and the politician the means of evaluating the role of science in the modern world,since in the long run it is only the existence of a large body of well-informed and energetic citizens which can control abuses of governmental power;on the other hand,he must take more trouble to prepare himself for his own growing role as decision-maker and administrator.语法分析主要从两点入手：语法分析主要从两点入手：1.1.找出谓词，然后找出主语，英语句子由主语和找出谓词，然后找出主语，英语句子由主语和谓语一起构成句子的核心。谓语一起构成句子的核心。2.2.找出连接词。找出连接词就找出了分句间的界找出连接词。找出连接词就找出了分句间的界限和它们之间的关系。这里说的连接词是广义限和它们之间的关系。这里说的连接词是广义的，包括连接代词，连接副词，关系代词，关的，包括连接代词，连接副词，关系代词，关系副词。系副词。练习练习1.The point that I am anxious to make is that the search for models of this kind,the study of their behavior and of the relationship of this behavior to the real situations which they seek to represent,and the consequential modification of them so as to lead to reliable prediction and then to decision-taking,would not be possible were it not for the assistance afforded to the investigator by the digital computer and by the work of the technologists who have successfully transformed the scientific ideas on which it is founded into stable,reliable and economic pieces of electrical equipment.2.The construction of such a satellite is now believed to be quite realizable,its realization being not only supported with all the achievements of contemporary science,which have brought into being not only materials capable of withstanding severe stresses involved and high temperatures developed,but new technological processes as well.3.It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sections in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage:for example,they may encourage research in various ways,including the setting up of their own research centres;they may alter the structure of education,or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited;or they may co-operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science,economics and industry,such as the International Atomic energy Agency,European Iron and Steel Community or the various Common Markets.hitherto7hiTE5tu:adv.迄今迄今,至今至今International Atomic Energy Agency n.国际原子能组织国际原子能组织European Iron and Steel Community n.欧洲钢铁共同体欧洲钢铁共同体Common Market n.共同市场共同市场