国际贸易原理.ppt

International Trade Theory国际贸易原理国际贸易原理PART One:International Trade Theory Chapter 2:The Law of Comparative Advantage 第二章 比较优势理论1 Mercantilism 重商主义1.Background 产生背景Period：15C-17C,资本主义原始积累时期 Original capital accumulation A.商品货币经济大开展：地理大发现 Great Geographic Discovery B.拜金主义盛行：“黄金饥渴 “Gold cravings C.新的社会阶层-商人出现 Merchants Appeared in the society在15世纪，交换的目的已从互通有无为主变成了以积累货币财富为主。*General speaking,the mercantilists maintained that the way for a nation to become rich and powerful was to export more than it imported.The resulting export surplus would then be settled by an inflow of bullion,or precious metals,primarily gold and silver.2 Mercantilism is alive and well in 21st Century 重商主义在21世纪依然活泼Mostofindustrializedcountriescontinuetoimposemanyrestrictionsontheinternationaltrade.Mostindustrialnationsrestrictimportsofagriculturalcommodities,textiles,shoes,steel,andmanyotherproductsinordertoprotectdomesticemployment.Theyalsoprovidesubsidiestosomeoftheirhigh-techindustries,suchascomputersandtelecommunication,deemedessentialfortheinternationalcompetitivenessofthenationanditsfuturegrowth.Developingcountriesareevenmoreprotectiveofdomesticindustries.当代重商主义的主要政策由国家管制对外贸易的政策“奖出限入的政策出口退税，奖励出口，进口替代管制本国工业，鼓励和扶持幼弱工业政策3Trade based on Absolute Advantage:Adam SmithTable 2 Absolute AdvantageUSUKWheat(Bushels/man-hr)61Cloth(Yards/man-hr)45ItindicatesthattheUSismoreefficientthan,orhasanabsoluteadvantageover,theUKintheproductionofwheat,whiletheUKhasanabsoluteadvantageovertheUSintheproductionofcloth.Withtrade,theUSwouldspecializeintheproductionofwheatandexchangepartofitforBritishcloth.TheoppositeistruefortheUK.4Introduction of Adam Smith 亚当斯密简介AdamSmithEconomistandPhilosopher,BorninScotland,andstudiedinGlasgowUniversity,OxfordUniversity.DeemedasFounderofEconomics.1723-1790，斯密被尊为古典经济学派的创始人甚至“经济学之父。MilestoneofEconomicsBook:TheWealthofNations,1776代表作：1776?国民财富的性质和原因的研究?即著名的?国富论?5Measurement of Absolute Advantage绝对优势的衡量绝对优势的衡量1.Labourproductionratio:/劳动生产率：/，即单位要素投入的产出率Iftheproductisriceinthecase,and(C/C)cn(C/C)usChinahasabsoluteadvantageofproductionofrice.2.Productioncost:生产本钱：即生产一单位产品所需的要素投入数量6Restriction of Adam Smiths Absolute Theory斯密绝对优势理论模型的局限性AbsoluteAdvantage,however,canexplainonlyaverysmallpartofworldtradetoday,assomeofthetradebetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Mostofworldtrade,especiallytradeamongdevelopedcountries,couldnotbeexplainedbyabsoluteadvantage.ItremainedforDavidRicardo,withthelawofcomparativeadvantage,totrulyexplainthebasisforandthegainsfromtrade.7Introduction:David Ricardo 大卫大卫李嘉图简介李嘉图简介DavidRicardoThebrilliantBritisheconomist.DavidRicardowasonethemostimportantfiguresinthedevelopmentofeconomictheory.HearticulatedandrigorouslyformulatedtheClassicalsystemofpoliticaleconomy.ThelegacyofRicardodominatedeconomicthinkingthroughoutthe19thCentury.1772-1823，英国人，古典政治经济学的集大成者。代表作：1817年出版了的主要代表作?PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation?即?政治经济学及赋税原理?8An Example of Theory of Comparative AdvantageNationLabourProductionLabourProductionBeforeDivisionUK150150Wine50100clothSpain10095Wine100100clothAfter DivisionUK7070Wine130260clothSpain200190Wine-BeforeDivisionTotal Production of Wine 245Total Production of cloth 200After DivisionTotal Production of Wine 260Total Production of cloth 260Spain does not have any absolute advantage of neither wine nor cloth,and the UK is more efficient in production of wine and cloth.Can Spain and UK trade with each other?西班牙无论是产酒西班牙无论是产酒95/100=0.95还是产棉纱还是产棉纱100/100=1都是劣势都是劣势英国无论是产酒英国无论是产酒150/150=1还是产棉纱还是产棉纱100/50=2都是优势都是优势9The gains from Trade贸易所得贸易所得Table 3 Comparative Advantage US UKWheat(Bushels/man-hr)6 1Cloth(Yards/man-hr)4 2The range for mutually advantageous trade is 4C6W12CFor example,if the rate of exchange is 6W=6C,the US gains 2C and the UK gains 6C,total is 8CUp to this point,all we have wanted to do was to prove that mutually beneficial trade can take place even if one nation is less efficient than the other in both productions.10Exception to the Law of Comparative Advantage 比较优势原理的例外比较优势原理的例外Thisoccurswhentheabsolutedisadvantagethatonenationhaswithrespecttoanothernationisthesameinbothcommodities.Forexample,ifoneman-hrproduced3Winsteadof1WintheUK,theUKwouldbeexactlyhalfasproductiveastheUSinbothwheatandcloth.US UKWheat(Bushels/man-hr)6 3Cloth(Yards/man-hr)4 2TheUKandUSwouldhaveacomparativeadvantageinneithercommodity,andnomutuallybeneficialtradecouldtakeplace.11Comparative Advantage and Opportunity Costs比较优势与时机本钱比较优势与时机本钱Comparative Advantage and Labour Theory of Value 比较优势与劳动价值论Under the labour theory of value,the value or price of a commodity depends exclusively on the amount of labour going into the production of the commodity.商品的价值或价格只取决于投入商品生产中的劳动量。The Opportunity Cost Theory 时机本钱理论According to the opportunity cost theory,the cost of a commodity is the amount of a second commodity that must be given up to release just enough resources to produce one additional unit of the first commodity.根据时机本钱理论，一种商品的本钱是再生产1单位此种商品所必须放弃的另一种商品的生产品。12The Production Possibility Frontier under Constant Costs固定本钱下的生产可能性曲线固定本钱下的生产可能性曲线布布1201008060400 20 40 60 布布1201008060400 30 60 90 150 180 美国美国US英国英国UK小麦小麦AAClothWheatCloth13Opportunity Costs and Relative Commodity Prices时机本钱与相对商品价格时机本钱与相对商品价格Pw/PcPw/Pc=2 and Pc/Pw=1/2 in UKUS has comparative advantage in wheat,UK reflects its comparative advantage in cloth.Note that under constant costs,Pw/Pc is determined exclusively by production,or supply,considerations in each nation.Demand considerations do not enter at all in the determination of relative commodity prices.14The Basis for and the Gains from Trade under Constant Costs固定本钱下的贸易根底与贸易所得固定本钱下的贸易根底与贸易所得布布120907060400 40 90 110 140 180美美US小麦小麦布布120100805040200 20 40 60 70 AEAE英英UKBB15Relative Commodity Prices with Trade有贸易时的相对商品价格有贸易时的相对商品价格Sw(US+UK)is the combined supply curve of wheat of the US and the UK if both countries used all of their resources to produce only wheat.Finally,note that with complete specialization in production in both countries,the equilibrium-relative commodity price of each commodity is between the pre-trade relative commodity price in each nation.“small country case and shows the“importance of being unimportant.16Empirical Tests of the Ricardian Model李嘉图模型的经验检验李嘉图模型的经验检验132456Output per US worker/Output per UK workerUS Exports/UK ExportsBeerMargarineWoolensClothTin CansMachinePaperCigarettesRadiosPig ironMotor carCotton17Chapter 3 第三章第三章TheStandardTheoryofInternationalTrade国际贸易的标准理论国际贸易的标准理论18The Production Frontier with Increasing Costs本钱递增条件下的生产可能性曲线本钱递增条件下的生产可能性曲线YAY5Y4Y3Y2Y1O X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 B X19The Marginal Rate of Transformation 边际转换率边际转换率*The Marginal Rate of Transformation(MRT)of X for Y refers to the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of X.*X对Y的边际转换率就是每多生产1单位X而少生产Y的数量。故边际转换率可以用来表示X横轴上的商品的边际本钱。*Thus,MRT is another name for the opportunity cost of X(the commodity measured along the horizontal axis)and is given by the(absolute)slope of the production frontier at the point of production.*生产可能性曲线上某一点X对Y的边际转换率可用生产可能性曲线在该点的斜率来表示。20Reasons for Increasing Opportunity Costs and Different Production Frontiers时机本钱递增及生产可能性曲线差异的原因时机本钱递增及生产可能性曲线差异的原因*Increasing opportunity costs arise because resources or factors of production:(1)are not homogeneous(i.e.,all units of the same factor are not identical or of the same quality)and(2)are not used in the same fixed proportion or intensity in the production of all commodities.This means that as the nation produces more of a commodity,it must utilize resources that become progressively less efficient or less suited for the production of that commodity.As a result,the nation must give up more and more of the second commodity to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of the first commodity.21Community Indifference Curves社会无差异曲线社会无差异曲线 A Community Indifference Curve shows the various combinations of two commodities that yield equal satisfaction to the community or nation.社会无差异曲线反映了能使社会或国家获得同等满足程度的两种商品社会无差异曲线反映了能使社会或国家获得同等满足程度的两种商品的不同组合。的不同组合。表示消费者在一定的偏好、技术条件和资源条件下选择商品时，对不表示消费者在一定的偏好、技术条件和资源条件下选择商品时，对不同组合商品的满足程度是没有区别的。同组合商品的满足程度是没有区别的。22Illustration of Community Indifference Curves对社会无差异曲线的说明对社会无差异曲线的说明更高的社会福利水平更高的社会福利水平YXIIIIIINation 1EHNAT23The Marginal Rate of Substitution边际替代率边际替代率*The marginal rate of substitution(MRS)of X for Y in consumption refers to the amount of Y that a Nation could give up for one extra unit of X and still remain on the same indifference curve.This is given by(absolute)slope of the community indifference curve at the point of consumption and declines as the nation moves down the curve.*消费中的X对Y的边际替代率MRS指的是一国为保持在原来的无差异曲线上，多消费1单位X而必需放弃的Y的数量。社会无差异曲线上某点X对Y的边际替代率用该点的斜率的绝对值表示，并且随着该国的消费组合沿该曲线下移而下降。24The Marginal Rate of Substitution边际替代率边际替代率The decline in MRS or absolute slope of an indifference curve is a reflection of the fact that the more of X and the less of Y a nation consumes,the more valuable to the nation is a unit of Y at the margin compared with a unit of X.Therefore,the nation can give up less and less of Y for each additional unit of X it wants.无差异曲线的斜率递减反映了这样一个事实：一国消费X越多，那么其消费Y越少，对该国来说，1单位Y的效用会逐渐增大。因此，该国每多消费1单位X，会放弃越来越少的Y产品。25Equilibrium in Isolation 孤立均衡孤立均衡 In the absence of trade,a nation is in equilibrium when it reaches the highest indifference curve possible given its production frontier.This occurs at the point where a community indifference curve is tangent to the nations production frontier.The common slope of the two curves at the tangency point gives the internal equilibrium-relative commodity price in the nation and reflects the nations comparative advantages.在不发生对外贸易的条件下，当一国到达其生产可能性在不发生对外贸易的条件下，当一国到达其生产可能性曲线所允许的最高的社会无差异曲线时，该国就到达了曲线所允许的最高的社会无差异曲线时，该国就到达了均衡状态，这发生在社会无差异曲线与生产可能性曲线均衡状态，这发生在社会无差异曲线与生产可能性曲线相切的位置上。两条曲线在切点的公切线的斜率给出了相切的位置上。两条曲线在切点的公切线的斜率给出了国内的均衡相对价格，反映了该国的比较优势。国内的均衡相对价格，反映了该国的比较优势。26Illustration of Equilibrium in Isolation关于孤立均衡的说明关于孤立均衡的说明Y8070604020O 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 140 XA国PA=1/4IAB27Illustration of Equilibrium in Isolation关于孤立均衡的说明关于孤立均衡的说明Y1401201008070604020O 20 40 60 80 85 XB国PA=4IAB28Equilibrium-relative Commodity Prices and Comparative Advantage均衡相对价格和比较优势均衡相对价格和比较优势 Equilibrium-relative Commodity Price in Isolation is given by the slope of the common tangent to the nations production frontier and indifference curve at the autarky point of production and consumption.孤立均衡的相对商品价格也就是在生产和孤立均衡的相对商品价格也就是在生产和消费相等那一点上一国生产可能性曲线的消费相等那一点上一国生产可能性曲线的公切点的斜率。公切点的斜率。A国国X的孤立均衡相对价格的孤立均衡相对价格PA=Px/Py=1/4，而，而B国为国为PA=Px/Py=4，在无贸易条件下，在无贸易条件下，PAPA，因此，因此A国在商品国在商品X上，上，B国在国在商品商品Y上具有比较优势。上具有比较优势。29Case study Comparative Advantage of the United States,the European Union,and Japan美国、欧盟及日本的比较优势美国、欧盟及日本的比较优势2004年美、欧、日的进口组成及其比较优势年美、欧、日的进口组成及其比较优势项目项目占美国百分比占美国百分比占欧盟百分比占欧盟百分比占日本百分比占日本百分比出口出口进口进口出口出口进口进口出口出口进口进口初级产品初级产品11.920.614.020.02.439.1食品食品7.34.47.88.10.511.6燃料燃料4.616.26.211.91.927.5制成品制成品81.874.381.274.992.756.2汽车汽车9.312.912.710.520.52.8化工产品化工产品13.87.614.812.48.57.6办公通信办公通信14.814.08.510.518.114.1纺织服装纺织服装2.16.33.95.01.46.030The Basis for and the Gains from Trade with Increasing Costs 在本钱递增条件下贸易的根底与所得在本钱递增条件下贸易的根底与所得 As each nation specializes in producing the commodity of its comparative advantage,it incurs increasing opportunity costs.Specialization will continue until relative commodity prices in the two nations become equal at the level at which trade is in equilibrium.By then trading with each other,both nations end up consuming more than in the absence of trade.两个国家在专门生产本国具有比较优势商品的同时，两个国家在专门生产本国具有比较优势商品的同时，生产的时机本钱也在不断递增，所以，一旦两国同一生产的时机本钱也在不断递增，所以，一旦两国同一商品的相对价格相同，这种分工就会停止。这时，贸商品的相对价格相同，这种分工就会停止。这时，贸易就在这一价格水平上到达均衡。通过互利贸易，两易就在这一价格水平上到达均衡。通过互利贸易，两国的最终消费水平均会大于不存在贸易时的消费水平。国的最终消费水平均会大于不存在贸易时的消费水平。31Gains from Trade with Increasing Costs 在本钱递增条件下贸易所得在本钱递增条件下贸易所得Y10080604020O 10 30 50 70 95 110 130 150 XIIII A 国国EACBPB=132Illustrations of the Basis for and the Gains from Trade with Increasing Costs对本钱递增条件下贸易的根底和收益的说明对本钱递增条件下贸易的根底和收益的说明SeeFigure3.3PPT27-28Intheabsenceoftradetheequilibrium-relativepriceofXisPA=1/4inNation1andPA=4inNation2.Thus,Nation1hasacomparativeadvantageincommodityXandNation2incommodityY.Supposethattradebetweenthetwonationsbecomespossible(e.g.,throughtheeliminationofgovernmentobstaclestotradeoradrasticreductionintransportationcosts).Nation1shouldnowspecializeintheproductionandexportofcommodityXinexchangeforcommodityYfromNation2.在不存在贸易的条件下，在A国X的均衡相对价格是PA=1/4，而在B国X的均衡相对价格是PA=4，故A国在X上，B国在Y上有比较优势。如果两国开展国际贸易，A国就应该分工生产X并将其出口至B国以换取Y。33Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Prices with Trade贸易条件下的均衡相对价格贸易条件下的均衡相对价格 贸易均衡的相对商品价格贸易均衡的相对商品价格(Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Prices with Trade)就是贸易平衡时贸易双方共同的相对价格。就是贸易平衡时贸易双方共同的相对价格。In Figure 3.4,this is PB=PB=1.At this relative price,the amount of X that Nation 1 wants to export(60X)equals the amount of X that Nation 2 wants to import(60X).Similarly,the amount of Y that Nation 2 wants to export(60Y)exactly matches the amount of Y that Nation 1 wants to import at this price(60Y).在图中，这个价格是在图中，这个价格是PB=PB=1，在这个相对价格下，在这个相对价格下，A国想国想出口的出口的X的数量的数量60单位等于单位等于B国想进口的数量国想进口的数量60单位；单位；同样，同样，B国想出口的国想出口的Y的数量的数量60单位正好等于单位正好等于A国在这个国在这个价格下想进口的数量。价格下想进口的数量。34Specialization and Export Concentration in Selected Countries 案例案例CountriesExported Products%USChemical Products13.3JapanAutomotive products22.2EUChemical Products15.3ChinaOffice and Telecommunication Equipment28.6KoreaOffice and Telecommunication Equipment25.0ArgentinaFood50.3KuwaitFuels95.8Table.Leading Export as a Percentage of Total Exports of Selected Countries in 200735Job Losses in High US Import-competing Industries,1979-1999 案例案例 单位：千人单位：千人产业产业 Industries失业人口失业人口产业产业 Industries失业人口失业人口Electrical Machinery1181Textiles159Apparel1136Toys and sporting goods156Motor vehicles918Primary metals133Electronic computing equipment513Photographic equipment68Radio and television395Leather products57Steel361Office and accounting41Construction Machinery351Pottery and related products24Tires other rubber products193Watches and clocks9Footwear184Leather,tanning and finishing5Scientific instrument164Other industries406Total Job Losses:6454 K36International Trade and Deindustrialization in the United States,the European Union,and JapanFactors Responsible for Deindustrialization影响工影响工业业退化的因素：退化的因素：1970-1994%项项目目工工业业国家国家美国美国欧盟欧盟日本日本制造制造业业就就业业比重比重197027.626.430.427.0199418.016.0-10.223.2变变化化-9.6-10.4-10.2-3.8影响影响%变变化的因素化的因素生生产产率提高率提高65.665.459.8157.9贸贸易易(-)2.19.6(-)2.9(-)30.0投投资资18.83.820.671.1其他其他17.721.222.5(-)51.7总计总计10010010010037本章结束本章结束That is all for this Chapter谢谢谢谢 Thank you!38