全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语二》考前提分卷（六）.docx

全国硕士研究生招生考试英语二考前提分卷（六）材料题根据以下材料（江南博哥），回答1-20题Exposure to UV radiation is the main cause of the most common forms of skin cancer. And one of the most effective ways to 1 it, of course, is sunscreen. “Any conversation on sunscreen must start with acknowledging that there is 2 evidence that it prevents skin cancer,” says Richard Weller, honorary consultant dermatologist at the University of Edinburgh. This is why, although skin cancer is rising in some countries, its decreasing in othersparticularly those that have raised the most 3 around the importance of using sunscreen. But some researchers have raised concerns that, despite being an 4 important tool in our fight against skin cancer, the 5 of sunscreen may need to be improved to contain safer ingredientsand, at worst, some sunscreens could be damaging our health. Earlier this year the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)one of the two main global regulators of sunscreen ingredients around the world 6 the European Commission7 14 of the 16 chemicals found in sunscreens from its “generally accepted as safe and effective” category. Two types of UV filters can be used for sunscreen. The most commonly used are known as organic filters, which absorb UV radiation and 8 it into safer radiation. Inorganic UV filters like titanium dioxide and zinc oxidewhich are broadly considered safe9 UV radiation away from the skin. Its long been 10 that some organic filters are absorbed through the skin and into the bloodstream. This alone doesnt mean sunscreen is unsafe, but there is growing focus on the potential 11 effects of the most common UV filter worldwide: oxybenzone. In one study from 2015, researchers studied 500 couples who were trying to 12 and found that female partners with higher concentrations of oxybenzone had a 30% lower chance of getting pregnant. There are also 13 that sunscreen prevents the human body from making vitamin D, which we mostly get from sun exposure. After all, vitamin D deficiency might be more 14 than we thinkcould sunscreen use be to blame? It shouldnt be a major cause, says Rachel Neale, associate professor at QIMR Berghofer. “The 15 of sunburn is different to vitamin D production, and there is a 16 of evidence suggesting that using sunscreen doesnt seem to influence vitamin D levels much,” says Neale. Concerns around sunscreen blocking vitamin D production also may be 17 because so few people use sunscreen correctly. Its 18 we put two mg/cm2 on our skin, around six teaspoons. Most people 19 around a quarter of that, he says. For those concerned about potential effects of UV filters being absorbed into your skin, a sunscreen containing inorganic filters may be the better 20. 查看材料1.完形填空】第1题选A. respondB. avoidC. flipD. recall正确答案：B参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。前文谈到了紫外线的危害，本句自然承接到如何避免紫外线辐射。因此应该选B“避免”。【选项辨析】A“回应、应对”是不及物动词，接宾语时通常需要和介词to进行搭配；C“翻转、弹动”，D“召回、回忆”不符合语境。查看材料2.完形填空】第2题选A. robustB. intenseC. nastyD. maximum正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。根据本段后文说到的在那些意识到防晒霜重要性的国家，皮肤癌的发病率在降低，可以得出防晒霜可以对皮肤癌起到防护作用这一点是有确凿有力的证据的。因此应该选A“坚实的”。【选项辨析】B“强烈的”不能修饰证据；C“恶毒的、令人感到讨厌的”和D“最大的”均不符合语义。查看材料3.完形填空】第3题选A. limitationB. awarenessC. stimulationD. promotion正确答案：B参考解析：【答题思路】搭配题。raise awareness这个词组表示“提升人们对于的意识”。这句话在这里的意思是“在那些最大程度上意识到防晒霜的重要性的国家，皮肤癌发病率在降低”。因此答案选B“意识”，其他选项不能和raise搭配。查看材料4.完形填空】第4题选A. uncertainlyB. unacceptablyC. undeniablyD. unaccountably正确答案：C参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。这里所填的词要能修饰important，而且还要符合“防晒霜是我们对抗皮肤癌的一个极其重要的工具”这个肯定概念。【选项辨析】A“不确定地”和B“不可接受地”都否定了皮肤癌的重要性，D“不负责任地”从搭配上来不合适，因此选择C“不可否认地”。查看材料5.完形填空】第5题选A. procedureB. versionC. analysisD. formulation正确答案：D参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。本句要表达的意思是“防晒霜的配方可能需要改进，以包含更安全的成分”。【选项辨析】A“步骤”，B“版本”，C“分析”都不合适。应该选D“配方”，如the secret formula forthe blending of the whisky“调配威士忌的秘方”。查看材料6.完形填空】第6题选A. alongsideB. despiteC. therebyD. thus正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。本句传达的意思是“美国食品和药物管理局与欧盟委员会并称为全球两大防晒霜成分监管机构”，表示并列的概念，应该用A“与一起”，例如Athletics should rank alongside(=be equal to) soccer and cricket as a major sport. “田径运动应该和足球、板球一样，被列为主要体育项目。”查看材料7.完形填空】第7题选A. slippedB. removedC. degradedD. altered正确答案：B参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。本句意为“美国食品和药物管理局将防晒霜中发现的16种化学物质中的14种从公认的安全有效类别中移除”，所以选B“移除”。【选项辨析】A“滑倒、滑落”，C“降级”，D“改变”均不符合语义。查看材料8.完形填空】第8题选A. convertB. constructC. confirmD. contrast正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。本句提到了有机紫外线过滤成分的工作原理是把紫外线吸收并将其转化为更安全的辐射。因此答案选A“转换、转化”，常见搭配为convertinto。其他选项意思不符合，而且不能与后面的介词into搭配。查看材料9.完形填空】第9题选A. reflectB. revolveC. reformD. resist正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。本句介绍了无机紫外线过滤成分的工作原理，这些成分会把照射到皮肤上的紫外线反射出去。因此选A“反射”。【选项辨析】B“旋转”，C“改革”，D“拒绝”都不符合文意。查看材料10.完形填空】第10题选A. affectedB. applaudedC. establishedD. expressed正确答案：C参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。本句意为“长期以来，人们一直认为一些有机过滤成分是通过皮肤吸收，再进人血液”，由此可知，这是一种公认的信息，因此应该选C“已获得确认的，公认的”，如Traditions get established over time. “传统是随着时间的推移而得到认可的。”【选项辨析】A“受影响的”，B“赞美的、表扬的”，D“表达的”均不符合文意。查看材料11.完形填空】第11题选A. promisingB. optimisticC. adverseD. devastating正确答案：C参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。本句要表达的意思是“这并不意味着防晒霜是不安全的，但人们越来越关注世界上最常见的紫外线过滤成分（羟苯酮）的潜在副作用”。因此答案应该选C“负面的、不利的”。【选项辨析】A和B都是表达积极的概念，D“毁灭性的”程度过于严重，故排除。查看材料12.完形填空】第12题选A. conceiveB. perceiveC. receiveD. deceive正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。根据后文的getting pregnant可以得知空格处应该填与“备孕、生子”相关概念的词。句意为“在2015年的一项研究中，研究人员对500对尝试怀孕的夫妇进行了研究，发现体内有高浓度羟苯酮的女性怀孕的几率要低30%”。选项中A可以表达该意思，例如She is unable to conceive. “她不能怀孕。”查看材料13.完形填空】第13题选A. conditionsB. concernsC. conclusionsD. confessions正确答案：B参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。本句意为“还有人担心，防晒霜会阻止人体产生维生素D”。B“关心、担忧、关切”符合文意。【选项辨析】A“条件”，C“结论”，D“坦白”均不符合。查看材料14.完形填空】第14题选A. rareB. prosperousC. infectiousD. prevalent正确答案：D参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。本句意为“毕竟，维生素D缺乏症可能比我们想象的要普遍得多”，因此答案选D“普遍存在的”。【选项辨析】A“罕见的”与要表达的句意相反；B“繁荣的”和主语“维生素D缺乏症”无法搭配；C“有传染性的”，全文通篇没有提到维生素D缺乏症有任何传染性，语意不符。查看材料15.完形填空】第15题选A. mechanismB. mechanicsC. machineryD. mechanization正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】词义辨析题。本空涉及同义词的辨析：A“机制、作用原理”，B“力学”，C“机械”，D“机械化”。而本句要表达的意思是“晒伤的机制与维生素D产生的机制是不同的”，BCD都是工程和物理意义的概念，故排除，因此答案选A。查看材料16.完形填空】第16题选A. transitionB. bodyC. combinationD. scale正确答案：B参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。本句表达的意思是“有大量的证据表明，使用防晒霜似乎对维生素D的水平影响不大”，因此答案应选B。a body of是一个常见的固定搭配，表示“大量的”，例如：a body of evidenceinformationresearch“大量证据信息研究”。查看材料17.完形填空】第17题选A. overstatedB. overreactedC. overachievedD. overlooked正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】词义辨析题。本句意为“对防晒霜阻碍维生素D生成的担忧可能也被夸大了，因为正确使用防晒霜的人太少了”，A“夸张的、夸大的”符合句意。【选项辨析】B“反应过激的”，C“超额完成的”，D“被忽视的”均不符合。查看材料18.完形填空】第18题选A. informedB. statedC. advisedD. interfered正确答案：C参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。本句解释了防晒霜的恰当的使用量是在皮肤上涂2毫克平方厘米，这是建议的用量。因此选项C“被建议的”符合上下文。【选项辨析】A“被通知的”，B“被陈述的”，D“被干预的”均不符合。查看材料19.完形填空】第19题选A. addB. accumulateC. assumeD. apply正确答案：D参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。本空所在的这一句话还是在承接上文的内容讲防晒霜用量的问题，说大多数人只涂抹了建议使用量的四分之一左右。Dapply可以表示“涂抹”。查看材料20.完形填空】第20题选A. explorationB. demonstrationC. optionD. evolution正确答案：C参考解析：【答题思路】语义关系题。本句意为“对于那些担心紫外线过滤成分被皮肤吸收会造成潜在影响的人来说，含有无机过滤成分的防晒霜可能是更好的选择”。因此答案选C“选择”。【选项辨析】A“探索”，B“表现”，D“进化”不符合文意。参考译文：暴露在紫外线辐射下是引起皮肤癌的最常见的主要原因。当然，使用防晒霜是避免皮肤癌最有效的方法之一。爱丁堡大学名誉皮肤科顾问理查德·韦勒说：“谈论防晒霜时，必须首先承认的是，有确凿的证据表明防晒霜可以预防皮肤癌。”这就是为什么，虽然皮肤癌发病率在一些国家呈上升趋势，但在另一些国家却呈下降趋势尤其是那些最大程度上意识到防晒霜的重要性的国家。但一些研究人员担心，尽管防晒霜是我们对抗皮肤癌的一个不可否认的重要工具，但它的配方可能需要改进，以包含更安全的成分最糟糕的是，一些防晒霜可能会损害我们的健康。今年早些时候，美国食品和药物管理局(与欧盟委员会并称为全球两大防晒霜成分监管机构)将防晒霜中发现的16种化学物质中的14种从“公认的安全有效”类别中移除。两种类型的紫外线过滤成分可用于防晒。最常用的是有机紫外线过滤成分，这样的成分会吸收紫外线并将其转化为更安全的辐射。无机紫外线过滤成分，如二氧化钛和氧化锌，被普遍认为是安全的，这些成分会把照射到皮肤上的紫外线反射出去。长期以来，人们一直认为一些有机过滤成分是通过皮肤吸收，再进入血液。这并不意味着防晒霜是不安全的，但人们越来越关注世界上最常见的紫外线过滤成分(羟苯酮)的潜在副作用。在2015年的一项研究中。研究人员对500对尝试怀孕的夫妇进行了研究，发现体内有高浓度羟苯酮的女性怀孕的几率要低30%。还有人担心，防晒霜会阻止人体产生维生素D，而维生素D主要来自太阳照射。毕竟，维生素D缺乏症可能比我们想象的要普遍得多这要归咎于防晒霜吗?昆士兰医学研究院的副教授雷切尔·尼尔表示，使用防晒霜不应该是维生素D缺乏的主要原因。“晒伤的机制与维生素D产生的机制是不同的，有大量的证据表明，使用防晒霜似乎对维生素D的水平影响不大，”尼尔说。对防晒霜阻碍维生素D生成的担忧可能也被夸大了，因为正确使用防晒霜的人太少了。防晒霜的建议使用量是在皮肤上涂2毫克平方厘米，即大约6茶匙。他说，大多数人的使用量是其四分之一左右。对于那些担心被皮肤吸收的紫外线过滤成分会造成潜在影响的人来说，含有无机过滤成分的防晒霜可能是更好的选择。背景材料材料题根据以下材料，回答21-25题Would it surprise you to learn that 95% of the people who bought a plant-based burger this past year were meat eaters? Although Americans still eat four times as much meat as the rest of the world, the demand for plant-based foods soared 20% last year, compared with 8% in 2017. Its clear that the American diet is shifting. But are there any signs that its making a difference? Brian Kateman is the founder of the Reducetarian Movement, built on the core belief that cutting back is more effective than cutting out meat completely. He says that even a 10% reduction in meat consumption can have significant effects on personal health, the lives of 70 billion farm animals and global warming. As the author of “The Reducetarian Solution”, Katemans goal is to unify everyone who is purpose fully reducing the amount of animal products they consume. “I think we are finally starting to see a trend of folks recognizing that meat consumption isnt an all-or-nothing premise and that vegan food isnt just for vegans,” Kateman told HuffPost. The popular concept of Meatless Mondays is also based on the idea that simple steps lead to sweeping change. The campaign promotes “one day a week, cut out meat” to help people gradually shift away from meat-heavy diets. With an appealing message and endorsements by the Humane Society of the United States, Friends of the Earth and many others, schools, hospitals and corporate cafeterias nationwide now embrace Meatless Mondays. As the campaigns technical adviser, the Center for a Livable Future calculated that if everyone who knows about Meatless Mondays32% of Americans surveyedfollowed it faithfully for 52 weeks, it would be the equivalent of taking 1.6 million cars off the road for a year. There is more evidence that people can fight climate change with their forks. A Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) report called “Less Beef, Less Carbon” found that by reducing beef consumption by 19% from 2005 to 2014, Americans dramatically reduced carbon emissions equivalent to 39 million fewer cars. 查看材料21.阅读理解Part A】The figures mentioned in Paragraph 1 show that Americans_.A. are making a differenceB. prefer plant-based burgersC. pay less attention to dietD. are eating less meat正确答案：D参考解析：【答题思路】由题干先分析本段的数据；第一句指出95% of the people who bought a plant-based burger this past year were meat eaters（去年购买素食汉堡的人中有95%是肉食者）。但下文Although（尽管）一词将语意重心转移，即the demand for plant-based foods soared 20% last year, compared with 8% in 2017（去年，对植物性食品的需求飙升了20，而2017年的增幅为8）。由此可确定选项D符合题意。查看材料22.阅读理解Part A】Brian Kateman believes that decreasing meat consumption_.A. may do more harm than good for personal healthB. could help to slow down global warmingC. is expected to yield controversial effects to animalsD. has attracted enormous criticism from farm workers正确答案：B参考解析：【答题思路】由题干定位到第二段，该段第二句指出even a 10% reduction in meat consumption can have significant effects on personal health, the lives of 70 billion farm animals and global warming（即使肉类消费量减少10%，也会对个人健康、700亿头家畜的生活以及全球变暖产生重大影响）。由此对照选项可确定B正确。选项A颠倒黑白，选项C和D无中生有，排除。查看材料23.阅读理解Part A】The trend of purpose fully reducing animal products stems from the awareness that_.A. simple steps could lead to a big changeB. everyone should be united for healthy dietingC. vegans are forbidden to eat meat productsD. ordinary people can also eat vegan food正确答案：D参考解析：【答题思路】由题干定位到第三段，Kateman在该段最后一句中指出，recognizing that meat consumption isnt an all-or-nothing premise and that vegan food isnt just for vegans（认识到肉类消费并不是全有或全无的前提，而纯素食也不仅仅只是适用于纯素食者）。由此可知，人们已经意识到非素食主义者同样可以吃素食，所以选项D正确。选项A和C缺少原文根据。选项B篡改原文，原文不是团结每一个人，而是团结那些想要减少肉食消费的人，即goal is to unify everyone who is purpose fully reducing the amount of animal products they consume，所以排除。查看材料24.阅读理解Part A】We can learn from Paragraphs 4 and 5 that Meatless Mondays_.A. is widely shared by a cross section of societyB. is based on an idea that have been proved outdatedC. could make people change their lifestyle immediatelyD. could make a majority of Americans conform to it正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】第四段最后一句指出：schools, hospitals and corporate cafeterias nationwide now embrace Meatless Mondays（学校、医院和企业食堂现在都开始接受“无肉星期一”），由此可知选项A符合题意。【选项辨析】选项B与原文含义相反，排除。选项C和D缺少原文依据。查看材料25.阅读理解Part A】Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. To Eat Less Meat Is Actually Making a DifferenceB. Meatless Mondays Is Coming Around the CornerC. “Less Beef, Less Carbon” Is Misleading PeopleD. American Diet Is Shifting to a Healthy Pattern正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】首段通过数据引出了美国人正在少吃肉的现象，通过转折提出疑问：这种少吃肉的现象是否产生了效果？其他段落均在证实少吃肉能产生效果；所以选项A符合题意。【选项辨析】选项B是局部信息，因为第四段指出The popular concept of Meatless Mondays is also based on the idea that simple steps lead to sweeping change，由此可知Meatless Monday仅仅是“简单的一步能导致彻底的改变”这一理念的具体体现。选项C与原文不符合。选项D相对A而言过于宽泛，没有就事论事，排除。参考译文得知过去一年购买素食汉堡的人中有95%是肉食者，你会感到惊讶吗？虽然美国人的肉食量仍然是世界其他国家和地区的四倍，但去年对植物性食品的需求飙升20%，而2017年的增幅为8%。显然美国人的饮食在发生转变，但有没有迹象表明它产生效果了呢？布莱恩·卡特曼是忌肉主义者运动的创始人，该运动的核心理念是减少吃肉要比完全不吃肉更有效。他说，即使只减少10%的肉类消费，也会对个人健康、700亿头家畜的生活和全球变暖产生重大影响。作为“忌肉主义者解决方案”的作者，卡特曼的目标是将每个有意减少食用动物产品的人联合起来。“我认为我们终于开始看到一种趋势，人们认识到肉类消费不是一个要么全有或要么全无的假设，而纯素食品也不仅仅只适用于素食者。”卡特曼告诉赫芬顿邮报。“无肉星期一”概念的流行也是基于简单步骤会导致彻底改变的想法。该运动倡导“每周一天不吃肉”的概念，以帮助人们逐渐摆脱过度吃肉的饮食。随着“美国人道协会”“地球之友”等许多其他机构的呼吁和支持，全国范围内的学校、医院和企业自助餐厅现在都推行“无肉星期一”。作为该运动的技术顾问，宜居未来中心推测，如果每个知道“无肉星期一”的人32%的受访美国人都忠实地遵守这一规定52周，那么就相当于减少了160万辆汽车一年内在路上尾气的排放量。有更多的证据表明，人们可以用餐叉来对抗气候变化。美国自然资源保护委员会的一份名为“少牛肉，少碳”的报告发现，2005年到2014年的牛肉消费量减少了19%，美国人由此相当于大幅减少了3900万辆汽车的碳排放量。材料题根据以下材料，回答26-30题The governments proposed immigration reforms represent perhaps the biggest change to British life since the Maastricht Treaty almost three decades ago gave Europeans the freedom to live and work in this country. It is to be regretted deeply that free movement of people, a high-minded ideal that was intended to make the European Union more popular, was weaponized to make membership so unpopular that the British public voted to leave the bloc. In its place, Boris Johnson proposes new routes for high-skilled migrants to enter Britain while closing the door on large-scale unskilled immigration. At the heart of the debate lies an argument about class interests. It has been argued that the benefits of low-wage immigration flow largely to the affluent consumers of labor-intensive services, while the costs fall on low-wage workers. Until the Labor party can defeat these arguments, expect Mr Johnson to press home the political advantage. What works in politics may not in economics. On farms there will be lettuce that needs picking and potatoes that must be harvested. Foreign labor is imported to do that work because workers here will not. If crops end up rotting in fields, how will the government react? Given that the hospitality sector runs on EU labor, who will staff the hot