全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语一》真题试卷三.docx

全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一真题试卷三材料题根据以下材料，（江南博哥）回答1-20题We are the only humans, but not so long ago we had company. Some of the other human species were more technologically 1, had been around for much longera million yearsor had brains as big or bigger than ours. If we were not the strongest or the smartest, how did we win? 2 with other human species, it 3 we were the friendliest. What allowed us to 4 was a kind of cognitive superpower: a particular type of kindness called cooperative communication. It is the gateway to a sophisticated social and cultural world. It allows us to 5 our minds into the minds of others and inherit the knowledge of generations. It is the 6 for all forms of culture and learning, including sophisticated language. This friendliness evolved 7 self-domestication. Domestication is a process that 8 intense selection for friendliness. When an animal is domesticated, 9 becoming much friendlier, it 10 many changes that appear completely 11 to one another. This domestication syndrome 12 in the shape of the face, the size of the teeth and the pigmentation of different body parts or hair; it includes changes to hormones, reproductive cycles and the nervous system. 13 we think of domestication as something that we do to animals, it can also 14 through natural selection, a process known as self-domestication. The 15 of human self-domestication would have 16 to both the increase in population and the revolution technology. Friendliness 17 these changes by 18 groups of innovators together in a way other human species never could. Self-domestication gave us a superpower, and in the blink of an evolutionary eye, we took 19 the world. One by one, every other human species 20. 查看材料1. 【完形填空】第1题答案是A. illiterateB. challengedC. ambitiousD. advanced正确答案：D参考解析：【答题思路】联系上下文我们可以知道，不久前人类还有同伴（but not so long ago we had company），第二句后面指出这些同伴存在的时间更久或者拥有和人类一样大甚至更大的大脑（had been around for much longera million yearsor had brains as big or bigger than ours）。第二段首句承上总结“人类并非最强大或最具智慧的”，可见此空应体现其他人类物种在技术上也比现在的人类有优势，选项D符合文意。【选项辨析】选项A意为“文盲的，未受教育的”；选项B意为“受到挑战的，有障碍的”；选项C意为“野心勃勃的”。虽含正面语义，但指向“内心的状态”，而非“实际已经达成的效果”，故排除。查看材料2. 【完形填空】第2题答案是A. CombinedB. ComparedC. CorrelatedD. Confronted正确答案：B参考解析：【答题思路】前句提到：如果我们不是最强壮或者最具有智慧的，那我们是如何胜出的呢？（If we were not the strongest or the smartest, how did we win?）后句点明原因，由此我们可以推断出选项Bcompared符合文意及逻辑，此处为一个比较，并且后句使用比较级friendliest也印证了这一点。将其代入原文：与其他人类种族相比.（Compared with other human species）【选项辨析】选项A意为“联合，结合”；选项C意为“和相关，使相互关联”；选项D意为“面对，遭遇”。查看材料3. 【完形填空】第3题答案是A. insists onB. sums upC. turns outD. puts forward正确答案：C参考解析：【答题思路】本段首句：如果我们不是最强壮或者最具有智慧的，那我们是如何胜出的呢？（If we were not the strongest or the smartest, how did we win?）引出后句点明原因：与其他人类种族相比（Compared with other human species），我们是最友好的（we were the friendliest）。由此我们可以推断出空格处意在引出具体事实，选项Cturns out（原来是，结果是，证明是）符合原文逻辑与语义，为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项A意为“坚持、强调”；选项B意为“总结，概括”；选项C意为“原来是，结果是，证明是”。常用于引出某种出人意料、鲜为人知的情况。选项D意为“提出”。查看材料4. 【完形填空】第4题答案是A. perceiveB. interactC. adaptD. thrive正确答案：D参考解析：【答题思路】本段旨在介绍我们这个人类种族是如何胜出的，本空所在句所提及的是（我们这个人类种族所特有的）一种认知超能力称为“合作交流”的特殊型友善（a kind of cognitive superpower: a particular type of kindness called cooperative communication.）对我们的作用，随后以It is the gateway toIt allowsIt is并列句式说明“合作交流”的功能、特点，内容涉及社会（social）、文化（cultural）等诸多方面，我们据此可以推测出空格处应综合体现“合作交流”在上述方面对人类的促进作用，呼应前文的“胜出（win）”。选项Dthrive（繁荣）符合原文逻辑与语义，为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项A意为“理解，认知”；选项B意为“互动，互相影响”；选项C意为“适应，改装”；以上选项均只体现某单方面的作用，而正确选项D涵盖面广，与前文的“胜出”呼应。查看材料5. 【完形填空】第5题答案是A. plugB. pourC. translateD. transplant正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】根据前文我们可以知道此处“It”指代“合作交流”能力，此句表达其对人类的作用，其中Our minds into the minds of others指向人际间的联系，inherit the knowledge of generations指向代与代间的联系，两者以and相连，语义方向应一致，故空格处应表“沟通连接”等，选项Aplug与into相组合有“接通”之意，为正确选项。原文大意为：这种友善是通往复杂的社会文化世界的大门。它让我们能够将自身的思想与他人的思想连通，并继承世世代代的知识。（It is the gateway to a sophisticated social and cultural world. It allows us to plug our minds into the minds of others and inherit the knowledge of generations.）【选项辨析】选项B意为“灌，倒；倾泻”；选项C意为“转化，翻译”。词义实际暗藏“A、B两者为非同属性物质”，并不符合句内语境“同属性事物之间的沟通”；选项D意为“移植”。词义实质暗藏某物归属已从A转向B，并不符合句内语境“双方互通有无”。查看材料6. 【完形填空】第6题答案是A. obstacleB. foundationC. rewardD. explanation正确答案：B参考解析：【答题思路】此句承上继续阐述“合作交流”的功能、作用，空格词应传递正面语义，其中选项Bfoundation可传达“合作交流是各类文化及学问的基础前提、必要保障”之意，符合文意，为正确答案。【选项辨析】选项A意为“障碍”；选项C意为“奖励”。虽含正面语义，但填入文中传达“合作交流是各类文化及学问的成果”之意，因果颠倒，故排除；选项D意为“解释”。查看材料7. 【完形填空】第7题答案是A. outB. throughC. fromD. into正确答案：B参考解析：【答题思路】evolve意为“演变，进化”，self-domestication意为“自我驯化”。选项Bthrough代入原文后，意为：这种“合作交流”是通过自我驯化而发展演化而来的。选项B符合原文逻辑及语境。【选项辨析】代入原文后，选项A没有这个搭配，缺少ofevolve out of，意为“从.逐渐发展（形成）”；选项Cevolve from意为“从.逐渐发展（形成）”；选项Devolve into表示“逐渐发展成.”；以上三个选项都暗藏因果关联(自我驯化“合作交流”)，是指自我驯化本身演变成了“合作交流”，而非借助自我驯化这个手段，不契合原文语境需求“借助通过利用某一过程发展演化而来（指向方式手段）”，故都排除。查看材料8. 【完形填空】第8题答案是A. promisesB. confinesC. involvesD. conceals正确答案：C参考解析：【答题思路】本空所在句意为：驯化是一个涉及对友好性的强烈选择的过程。前文提及友好性是借助自我驯化这种方式演化而来，本空所在句进一步描述驯化与友好性之间的关系，是递进关系，选项Cinvolves（涉及，包含）符合原文句意及逻辑，为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项A意为“承诺；保证”。选项B意为“限制”。选项D意为“掩盖；隐藏”。查看材料9. 【完形填空】第9题答案是A. in return forB. in addition toC. in spite ofD. in terms of正确答案：B参考解析：【答题思路】本句提及动物被驯化后的变化，前文有说友好性是驯化带来的的影响及二者之间的紧密联系，那么据此逻辑分析本空所在句：当一只动物被驯化后，变得更加友好，这个变化是必然的结果，而本句后句又提及了其他的变化（many changes that appear），据此我们可以推测出选项Bin addition to（除.之外还）符合原文意思及逻辑，动物被驯化后除了变得友好以外还有很多其他的变化，为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项A意为“作为的回报”；选项C意为“尽管”；选项D意为“在.的方面”。查看材料10. 【完形填空】第10题答案是A. undergoesB. connectsC. combinesD. removes正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】本句提及动物被驯化后的变化，前文有说友好性是驯化带来的的影响及二者之间的紧密联系，那么据此逻辑分析本空所在句：当一只动物被驯化后，除了变得更加友好，它还会经历许多其他的变化.选项Aundergoes（经历，承受）为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项B意为“联系”；选项C意为“结合”；选项D意为“移除”。查看材料11. 【完形填空】第11题答案是A. contraryB. dedicatedC. unnecessaryD. unrelated正确答案：D参考解析：【答题思路】one another意为“互相”。后文中，详细展开了动物所经历的变化的特点，涉及脸型、牙齿大小、色素沉淀、荷尔蒙、生殖周期、神经系统等多个方面，这些方面种类杂、关联弱。故空格处所填词语应表达“无关不相干”的含义，选项Dunrelated（不相干的）为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项A意为“相反的；对立的”；选项B意为“专注的，投入的”；选项C意为“不必要的”。查看材料12. 【完形填空】第12题答案是A. breaks outB. shows upC. fades awayD. carries on正确答案：B参考解析：【答题思路】syndrome意为“综合症状，典型表现”。空格处所在句意为：这种驯化综合症状表现在面部形状、牙齿大小以及不同身体部位或毛发的色素沉淀上，还包括荷尔蒙、生殖周期及神经系统。选项Bshows up（显现，看得见）符合原文大意及逻辑，为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项A意为“爆发”。通常用于描述战争等恶性事件的爆发；选项C意为“逐渐消失，（身体）变得虚弱”；选项D意为“继续做，坚持干”。查看材料13. 【完形填空】第13题答案是A. WhenB. SinceC. AlthoughD. Unless正确答案：C参考解析：【答题思路】本空所在句意为：虽然我们把驯化看成一种人类对动物施行的行为，但它也可以通过自然选择.，这一过程被称为自我驯化。根据原文逻辑我们可以推测出选项CAlthough（尽管，虽然）为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项A意为“当.的时候”；选项B意为“自从”；选项D意为“除非”。查看材料14. 【完形填空】第14题答案是A. reviveB. remainC. vanishD. occur正确答案：D参考解析：【答题思路】本空所在句意为：虽然我们把驯化看成一种人类对动物施行的行为，但它也可以通过自然选择发生，这一过程被称为自我驯化。选项Doccur（发生）代入原文后，符合原文逻辑及大意，为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项A意为“复苏；再生”；选项B意为“保持不变”；选项C意为“消失”。查看材料15. 【完形填空】第15题答案是A. arrivalB. controlC. endD. return正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】本空所在句意为：人类自我驯化的出现.人口的增加以及技术的革命。选项Aarrival（到来，出现）符合原文大意及逻辑，为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项B意为“控制”；选项C意为“结束”；选项D意为“返回，归还”。查看材料16. 【完形填空】第16题答案是A. resortedB. stuckC. appliedD. led正确答案：D参考解析：【答题思路】本空所在句意为：人类自我驯化的出现带来了人口的增加以及技术的革命。选项Dled（led to导致）符合原文，为正确选项。【选项辨析】代入原文与to相结合，选项A意为“求助于；诉诸于”；选项B意为“坚持，忠于”；选项C意为“应用于”。查看材料17. 【完形填空】第17题答案是A. displayedB. justifiedC. droveD. repelled正确答案：C参考解析：【答题思路】根据前文我们可以知道，友好性（Friendliness）是使得人类“胜出”，本空所在句中的these changes指代前一句人类进步发展的表现，即人口的增加以及技术的革命，by用于引出具体方式，由此我们可以推测出本句在阐述友好性促进人口的增加以及技术革命的具体方式，空格处应表达“实现推动导致”类似含义，选项Cdrove（推动）为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项A意为“显示”；选项B意为“证明.有道理”；选项D意为“击退，排斥”。查看材料18. 【完形填空】第18题答案是A. separatingB. linkingC. seekingD. choosing正确答案：B参考解析：【答题思路】本空所在句意为：友好性以一种其他人类物种无法做到的方式将创新群体联系到一起，推动了这些变化。本句中，by引出友好性实现人口增长和技术革命的具体方式，回溯第二段所述友好性称为“合作交流（cooperative communication）”，友好性的作用“将自身思想与他人思想相连通，继承世世代代的知识（pluginto、inherit）”，均强调了人与人之间的沟通协作，由此我们可以推断出空格处也应体现这一观点，体现“联系结合”等，选项Blinking（联系）为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项A意为“分离，分开”；选项C意为“寻找”；选项D意为“挑选”。查看材料19. 【完形填空】第19题答案是A. afterB. onC. offD. over正确答案：D参考解析：【答题思路】前半句说到：自我驯化赋予我们一种超能力（Self-domestication gave us a superpower），并且文章前几段详细描述了我们这个人类种族如何通过友好性胜出，由此我们可以推测出空格处呼应“胜出”，表“统治掌管(世界)”，选项Dover（take over接管，继承）为正确选项。【选项辨析】代入原文后与take相结合，选项A意为“效仿”；选项B意为“呈现”；选项C意为“起飞，脱下”。查看材料20. 【完形填空】第20题答案是A. flourishedB. evolvedC. disappearedD. migrated正确答案：C参考解析：【答题思路】one by one意为“依次地，一个接一个地”；every other human species指代除人类以外的其他人类物种。由前一句已知自我驯化使人类掌控世界，也即其他人类物种在世界上不再有立足之地，由此我们可以推断出空格处表示“消失灭绝”等类似意思，选项Cdisappeared（消失）正确。【选项辨析】选项A意为“繁荣”；选项B意为“发展，进化”；选项D意为“迁移，迁徙”。表明其他人类物种仍在地球上生存，仅栖居位置发生转移，无法体现人类对世界的绝对控制权，故排除。材料题根据以下材料，回答21-25题A global digital currency would make sending money across the world as easy as texting. It would do away with fees, delays and other barriers to the flow of cash. It might give those in less developed countries access to the financial system and a means to protect hard-earned wages against runaway inflation. It could trigger a wave of innovation in finance, much as the internet did in online services. Within a year, Facebook will launch a new currency to be known as Libra, in honour of an ancient Roman unit of mass. Inevitably, Facebook dished out a generous helping of trendy words like crypto and blockchain. Unable to contain its appetite for Silicon Valley platitudes, Facebook claimed that its mission was to "empower billions of people". Making money or strengthening its market power are, apparently, a sideshow. The commercial potential is indeed significantas are the potential problems. If each of Facebook's 2.4bn users converted a slice of their savings into Libras, it could become a widely circulated currency. It could also, if broadly adopted, vest unprecedented power in the hands of its issuer. Except that, unlike Bitcoins and other cryptocurrencies, Libras will change hands in seconds, not minutes, for next to nothing, not a few dollars. The system should handle 1,000 transactions a second at its launch, compared with no more than seven a second for Bitcoin. The virtual coins will be bought with real money, which will top up the reserve backing the currency. This should prevent wild price swings from speculation. If it works, Libra could be a money-spinner for Facebook. Notional transaction fees would not generate much revenue. But Libras should allow Facebook to charge more for online ads, by making purchases of advertised products quicker and simpler. Chary consumers may choose not to entrust their money to a social network which has, until recently, leaked their personal data left and fight. Unless users are on board, merchants may be reluctant to embrace the currency, however hassle-free. Libra's success, then, is far from assured. But it could prove useful even if it flops, for it offers a blueprint for how Facebook itself could one day be governed. The Libra Association's main task is to oversee the blockchain, ensuring, for instance, that Calibra does not enjoy privileged access to it. Asked whether Libra could serve as a model for Facebook, David Marcus, who is in charge of the project, replies that it marks "a coming of age, the moment we recognise that there are somethings that we shouldn't controland a radical departure from the traditional way of operating things". Perhaps. But checks and balances would almost certainly make Facebook less profitable. It would be ironic if a new digital currency marked the beginning of the end of Facebook's money-minting days. 查看材料21. 【阅读理解Part A】According to Paragraph 1, global digital currency can .A. resist currency devaluation in developing countriesB. enhance the financial stabilityC. build obstacles to money flowD. help corporations achieve larger profits正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】根据题干定位至原文第一段，第三句提到：它（全球数字货币）可能会让欠发达国家的人们得以进入金融系统，并保护他们来之不易的薪水不被失控的通货膨胀吞噬。（It might give those in less developed countries access to the financial system and a means to protect hard-earned wages against runaway inflation.）由此可推测出选项Aresist currency devaluation in developing countries（全球数字货币）会抵抗欠发达国家的货币贬值）为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项B意为“增强金融稳定性”。与第一段第四句中：It could trigger a wave of innovation in finance, much as the internet did in online services.（它可能会引发一个金融创新的浪潮，就像互联网催生了在线服务那样。）相悖，故排除；选项C意为“造成资金流动的障碍”。与第一段第二句：It would do away with fees，delays and other barriers to the flow of cash.（没有费用、延迟和其他妨碍资金流动的障碍）相矛盾，故排除；选项D意为“帮助企业获得更大的利润”。第一段并未提及，故排除。查看材料22. 【阅读理解Part A】The comparison of Libra and other cryptocurrencies is used to illustrate .A. the approaches to promoting speculationB. the prevalence of other cryptocurrenciesC. the significance of real currencyD. the advantages of Libra over other cryptocurrencies正确答案：D参考解析：【答题思路】由题干信息定位到文章第四段，本段大意为：不过与比特币和其他加密货币不同的是，Libra的交易速度不是几分钟，而是几秒，成本也不是几美元，而是接近零。该系统在刚启动时应该可以每秒处理1000笔交易，以后还会更多，而比特币每秒最多只能处理七笔交易。Libra将以实价货币购买，将补足储备金来支持这一虚拟货币。这应该可以防止投机引发的大幅价格波动。这些内容都是通过对比体现出天秤币相对于其他加密货币的优势，与选项Dthe advantages of Libra over other cryptocurrencies.（Libra相较于其他加密货币的优势）表述一致，故为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项A意为“促进投机的途径”。与第四段最后一句中的prevent wildprice swings from speculation（防止投机所引起的价格的剧烈波动）意思相悖，故排除；选项B意为“其他加密货币的流行”。这在第四段中没有提到，故排除；选项C意为“实体货币的意义”。real currency是real money的同义替换，本段提到real money时只说The virtual coins will be bought with real money（虚拟货币需要用实体货币购买），并没有说明实体货币的意义，故排除。查看材料23. 【阅读理解Part A】The word "flops" (Para.6) most probably means .A. failB. prosperC. complementD. vary正确答案：A参考解析：【答题思路】根据题干定位至原文第六段，其中第一句：Libra's success, then, is far from assured. But it could prove useful even if it flops, for it offers a blueprint for how Facebook itself could one day be governed.（因此，Libra的成功远未板上钉钉。但即使失败，它仍可能是有用的，因为它为有朝一日如何治理Facebook自身提供了一种蓝图。）此处可推测flop的意思应当与prove useful相反，才能构成“即使也”的逻辑关系，同时结合上一句Libra's success, then, is far from assured（Libra离成功还很远），只有选项Afail（失败）符合，故为正确选项。【选项辨析】选项B意为“成功”；选项C意为“补充”；选项D意为“改变”；这三个词代入句中都不符合句内的逻辑关系，故排除。查看材料24. 【阅读理解Part A】David Marcus is quoted to indicate .A. the solid structure of Facebook operating systemB. Facebook's confidence in making profitC. the reflections of ways to operate digital currencyD. the reversion of profitability of Facebook正确答案：C参考解析：【答题思路】由题干关键词David Marcus定位到原文第七段，其中David Marcus提到：a coming of age, the moment we recognise that there are somethings that we shouldn't controland a radical departure from the traditional way of operating things.（它标志着“一个时代的到来，此时我们认识到有些事情是我们不该控制的同时它也标志着对传统运营方式的彻底背离”。）由此我们可以看出David Marcus是在思考数字货币的运作方式，recognise一词也印证了这一点，故选项Cthe reflections of ways to operate digital currency.（数字货币运作方式的反映）正确。【选项辨析】选项A意为“脸书操作系统的稳固结构”。第七段中并未提及，故排除；选项B意为“脸书对盈利的信心”。与第七段第三句But checks and balances would almostcertainly make Facebook less profitable（但制衡机制几乎肯定会让Facebook的盈利能力下降）意思相违背，故排除；选项D意为“脸书盈利能力的恢复”。与原文大意不符。查看材料25. 【阅读理解Part A】Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards Lib