牛津译林版英语高考英语语法专题复习定语从句归纳拓展讲解.pdf

牛津译林版英语高考英语语法专题复习：定语从句归纳拓展讲解 语法专题一 定语从句 定语从句在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词。被修饰的名词或者代 词被称为先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的 词被称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词，它们在先行词和定 语从句之间起引导作用，在意义上代替先行词，在定语从句中充当一 个成分。其基本解题方法是：第一，找出先行词；第二，看先行词在 定语从句中充当的成分，作主语、宾语、表语或定语时要用关系代词，如果作状语，则要选用关系副词；第三，看先行词是否为特殊词，然 后根据需要选用合适的关系词。考点一 关系代词与关系副词的区别 关系代词有 who，whom，which，tha t 和 whose，另外，as 也可 充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有 when，where 和 why，在定语从句中充当状语。1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。The boys who are playing football are from Class One.2whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person（wh om）you talked about just now.3which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省 略。The book which he gave me is very interesting.4that 指人时，相当于 who 或 whom；指物时，相当于 which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。She is the pop star（that）I want to see very much.5whose 可指人或物，修饰名词或代词，在定语从句中充当定 语。“whose名词”可改为“the名词of which/whom”或“of which/whom the名词”。The house whose windows are very large is my uncles.The house of which the windows are very large is my uncles.6as 可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。1）引导限制性定语从句，先行词前常有 as，the same，so，such 修饰，且在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，关系代词要用 as。It was so difficult a problem as nobody in my class could work out.（作 work out 的宾语）注意：so/such.that 结构中，that 引导结果状语从句，只起连 接作用，不充当从句的任何成分。It was so difficult a problem that nobody in my class could work it out.（work out 已经有宾语，that 只起连接作用）This is the same village where we spent our childhood.（先行词 作从句中的地点状语，故要用关系副词 where；as 仅在句子缺少关系 代词时使用。）2）as 可以引导非限制性定语从句，代指整个主句的内容，从句 中常用的谓语动词为 see，say，hear，expect，know，report 等，常译 为“正如，正像”，其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句 后面。As we all know，Taiwan belongs to China.Avatar is a very successful film，as is known to us all.7when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词 time，day，week，year，month 等。常用 on which，in which，at which，during which 等代替。I still remember the day when（on which）we first met.8where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示 地点的名词。可以用“介词关系代词”代替。The house where（in which）he lives is near the river.9why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。可用 for which 来替 代。why 不可引导非限制性定语从句。Tell me the reason why（for which）you came late.方法技巧：用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语 动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要用关系代词；而不及物动词则 要求用关系副词。考点二 关系代词必须用 that 的情况 1当先行词是 everything，anything，nothing，something，all，none，few，little，some 等不定代词时，或当先行词被 every，any，all，some，no，little，few，much 等不定代词修饰时。We should do all that is useful to the people.2先行词被 the only，the very，the same，the last 等词修饰时。This is the last place that I want to visit.3先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。This is the best novel that I have ever read.4先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。This is the second ti me that you told us the story.5当先行词同时含有人和物时。We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.6以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句中，含有定语从句，为避免重复时。Who is the man that is standing under the tree?注意：Qingdao is the most beautiful city where I have ever worked.（即使有最高级修饰先行词 city，但从句中 work 为不及物动词，先 行词只作其地点状语，故要用关系副词）因此牢记，前面所述几种情 况已有前提：需要用关系代词时，遇到这几种情况才选用 that。考点三 关系代词不能用 that 的情况 1 在“介词关系代词”的结构中，关系代词只能用指物的 which 和指人的 whom。This is the train by which we we nt to Beijing.2在非限制性定语从句（即通常用逗号与主句隔开，若去掉整 个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句）中。Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.3指人时，当先行词为 everybody，anybody，everyone，anyone 等时，关系代词要用 who，不用 that。Is there anyone who can answer this question?4先行词本身是指示代词 that 或 those 时，关系代词应用 which。Whats that which she is looking at?考点四 as 与 which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别 1位置不同。which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的 句子后；as 引导的定语从句位置较灵活，也就是说 as 从句可置于所限制的句 子前面、插在句子中或放在句子后。Mike，as you know，is an honest man./Mike is an honest man，as you know./As you know，Mike is an honest man.2先行词不同。as 引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一 个句子；which 引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。As we all know，he is very proud.（先行词为一个句子）He was proud，which his brother never was.（先行词是一个词）3意义不同。as 一般译为“正如，就像”；which 一般译为“这 一点，这件事”。John，as you know，is my best friend.正如你所知，约翰是我最好的朋友。He has been to Paris more than ten times，which I dont believe.他已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。4关系不同。当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用 which。Tom was late for school，which made his teacher very angry.考点五“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句 1在“介词关系代词”结构中，关系代词指人时用 whom，不可用 who 或者 that；指物时用 which，不能用 that；关系代词是所 有格时用 whose。The person to whom youll write is Mr Ball.The old man was talking with Mr Smith，in whose hospital I was operated on.2“介词关系代词”前可有 some，any，none，both，all，neither，most，each，few 等代词及名词、数词等。He has two sons，both of whom were killed in the war.I live in a house，the window of whic h faces the south.3“介词关系代词to do”为省略形式，可以转化为“介词关系代词句子”的形式。The poor man had no house in which to live.The poor man had no house in which he could live.4“介词关系代词”结构中介词的选择可根据定语从句中谓 语动词和介词的习惯搭配、先行词和介词的习惯搭配来确定，有时也 需要结合句意。In the street there wasnt any person to whom she could turn for help.The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person.5from where 虽为“介词关系副词”结构，但也可引导定语 从句，where 往往指代前面的表示具体位置的介词短语。He stood on top of the hill，from where he could see the whole village.（where 指代 on top of the hill，指的是“从山顶那个地方看”，而不是指“山”）考点六 定语从句与其他句型的区别 1定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面，区别 是：定语从句修饰先行词，是对其进行修饰限定；同位语从句则是对 前面名词的解释说明，是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词，如：idea，fact，truth，evidence，news，thought 等。同位语从句主要 由 that 引导，在从句中不作成分，有时也可以由 when，where，how，why，whether，what 等词引导，在从句中充当成分。The news that our team won made us excited.（“our team won”是 news 的内容，that 不充当从句的成分，为同位语从句。可理解为：The news was that our team won.）The news that he told me was exciting.（he told me 缺少一个直接 宾语，由 that 充当，故为定语从句。不能将其理解为：The newswas that he told me.）2定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和 连词。Our class has sixty students，most of whom study hard.（逗号后为 另一句子，两个句子之间要用连接词 whom，此为定语从句）Our class has sixty students，and most of them study hard.（逗号 后为另一句子，且已经有并列连词 and，故用 them 即可，此为并列 句）Our class has sixty students.Most of them study hard.（此处为句号，代表两个独立 的简单句，故不需要连词）3定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必有先行词，而 时间状语从句和地点状语从句则是作整个句子的状语，前面没有先行 词。Do you know the time when he will come back？（定语从句，前面 有先行词 time）I will go shopping when he comes back.（时间状语从句，表示主句 动作发生的时间，前面没有先行词）Put the book where it belongs.（地点状语从句，指的是“放书”的地点，前面无先行词，因此不能用 in which）Put the book in the place where it belongs.（定语从句，前面有先行 词 place）4定语从句与强调句的区别。当 it is/was 后出现表示地点或是 时间的名词时，其后所接从句是定语从句还是强调结构，要看将 it is/was 和 that（可以先假设）去掉之后句式是否完整（不缺少成分），完整则为强调句。It was Sunday when he came back.（定语从句）It was on Sunday that he came back.（强调句式，强调的是时间状 语 on Sunday，去掉 It was 和 that 后句式完整）考点七 几种特殊情况 1当先行词为 way，意为“方法、方式”，且在定语从句中作主 语、宾语时，可用关系代词 which 或 that；作状语时，要用 in which 或 that 或不填任何关系词。The way（that/in which）he finished the task successfully was difficult to understand.（作状语）The way that/which he explained to me was not difficult to understand.（作宾语）2当先行词为 case，stage，position，point，situation 等表示抽 象地点的名词，且在定语从句中作状语时，要用 where 来引导，occasion 表时间时，用 when 引导定语从句；表地点，译为“场合”时，用 where 引导定语从句。Well see a case where soft music can help to cure people.3当先行词为 time 时，若表示“一段时间”，后面定语从句用 when 引导，也可用 at/during which；若表示“次数”，后面定语从句用 that 引导，that 可以省略。This is the second time（that）the President has visited our country.There was a time when we had no TV sets.