电气外文文献翻译.pdf

Circuit breaker 断路器 Compressed air circuit breaker is a mechanical switch equipment,can be i 空气压缩断路器是一种机械开关设备，能够在 n normal and special conditions breaking current(such as short circuit cur 正常和特殊情况下开断电流（比如说短路电流）。rent).For example,air circuit breaker,oil circuit breaker,interference circ 例如空气断路器、油断路器，干扰电路的导体 uit conductor for the application of the safety and reliability of the circuit 干扰电路的导体因该安全可靠的应用于其中，breaker,current in arc from is usually divided into the following grades:a 电 流 断 路 器 按 灭 弧 远 离 通 常 被 分 为 如 下 等 级：ir switch circuit breaker,oil circuit breaker,less oil circuit breaker,compr 空气开关断路器、油断路器、少油断路器、压缩空 essed air circuit breaker,a degaussing of isolating switch,six sulfur hexaf 气断路器、具有消磁性质的隔离开关、六氟 luoride circuit breaker and vacuum breaker.Their parameters of voltage,化硫断路器 和真空断路器。他们的参数有电压等级、current,insulation level of breaking capacity,instantaneous voltage off ti 开断容量的电流、绝缘等级 开断时间的瞬时电压恢复和 me of recovery and a bombing.Breaker plate usually include:1 the maxi 轰炸时间。断路器的铭牌通常包括：1.最大可承 mum tolerable current;2 of the maximum current is interrupted;3 largest 受电流；2.最大中断电流；3.最大线 line voltage;4 interrupt the cycle number.In the 60hHZ system,interrupt 路电压；4.中断周期数量。在 60hHZ 的系统中，中断 may last from 3-to 8 cycle,in order to quickly break up to the load curre 可能持续 3-至 8 个周期，为了快速中断达负荷电流，nt,we have to ensure continued to cool it,high-speed,breaking can limit 我们不得不确保它的持续冷却，高速 开断能限制 on transmission line damage,it is equally important to help system to mai 对传输线路的损害，这一点是同等重要的它帮助系统 ntain stable operation at any time of the accident,the main circuit breaker 在任何事故发生时维持稳定运行，断路器主要 by operating mechanism,actuator and arc quenching chamber.由操作机构、执行机构和灭弧室组成。When a trigger current or voltage,spring operation mechanism of air isol 当有触发电流或者电压时，空气隔离开关的弹簧操作机构 ation switch moves quickly to reduce the contact loss,special shape and u 迅速动作以用来减少触点的烧损，主触点的特殊形 se the material of main contact completely fit for the arc of contact,air is 状和使用材料完全适合电弧的接触，空气 olation switch further improvement is due to the arc quenching performan 隔离开关更进一步的改进是由于灭弧性能 ce,insulating baffle plates arc shield,with arc the function of these specia 绝缘隔板组成的灭弧罩，带灭弧功能的触头等这些特殊性 l properties,it is used in low voltage and DC circuit breaker.质，所以仍被应用于低电压等级和直流断路器中。Oil circuit breaker in around 1900,mainly to meet the new,breaking capa 多油断路器出现于 1900 前后，主要用来满足新的开断容量的要求，city requirements,AC switch is immersed in an oil cylinder,the oil in the 交流开关被浸入一个油缸之中，油在 arc quenching and zero set off function is very effective in the current,arc 熄灭电弧和在电流过零时建立开断功能是十分有效，gate,nozzle,pear,a new operation mechanism and a variety of the new c 灭弧栅、喷油嘴、鸭梨锄头、新的操作机构和多种新的断路功能 ircuit function in recent decades to introduce the use of oil circuit breaker 在近几十年引进使用多油断路器能够适应 362kV。can adapt to 362kV.Types and Construction of Transformer 变压器的类型和结构 A transformer is a device that alternating current electric energy at one vo 变压器是一个通过磁场作用将一个交流电压值变成另一个电压值的 ltage level into alternating current electric energy at another voltage level 设备。through the action of a magnetic field.It consists of two or more coils wir 它由 2 条或更多的金属丝缠绕在 e wrapped around a common ferromagnetic core.These coils are(usually)一个核心磁铁上组成的。这些绕线（一般）不直 not directly connected.The only connection between the coils is the com 接接触。绕线之间唯一的联系是它们共有的存在于磁芯 mon magnectic flux presen within the core.的磁通量。One of the transformer windings is connected to a source of ac electric po 一组变压器绕组连接到一个交流电源上，wer,and the second(and perhaps third)transformer winding supplies elect 同时第二组（或许第三组）变压器绕组作为电源提供给负载。ric power to loads.the transformer winding connected to the power souce 连接到电源上的变压器绕组叫做一次绕组，或者输 is called the primary winding or input winding.and the winding connecte 入绕组。连接负载的绕组叫做二次 d to the loads is called the secondary winding or input winding.If there is 绕组或者输出绕组。如果电压 a third winding on the transformer,it is called the tertiary winding.Powe 器上有第三绕组，它叫做三次绕组。电力变 r transformer are constructed on one of two types of cores.one type of con 压器由一两种磁芯中的一种构成。一种构造是由 struction consists of a simple rectangular laminated piece of steel with the 一种简单的变压器绕组缠绕在矩形两边的矩形薄钢片组成。transformer windings wrapped around two sides of the rectangle.This typ 这种构 e of construction is know as coreform.The other type consists of three-le 造类型被认为是核心形式。另一种类型是由绕组缠绕在中心 gged laminated core with the windings wrapped around the center leg.Th 引脚的 3 引脚叠片铁心构成。is type of construction is know as shell form.In either case,the core is con 这种构造类型贝壳形式。其中任意一种类型，磁心都 structed of thin laminations electrically isolated form each other in order i 是 由 排 列 整 齐 的 彼 此 之 间 电 气 隔 离 的 薄 迭 片 构 成，n order to reduce eddy currents to a minimum.The primary and secondary windings in a physical transformer are wrapp 一个物理变压器的一次绕组和二次绕组被缠绕成一个在内部的另一 ed one on top of the other with the low-voltage winding innermost.Such a 个低压绕组的上面。这样安 n arrangement severs two purposes:1.It simplifies the problem of insulati 排达到了两个目的：1.它简化了从磁芯到高压绕组的绝 ng the high-voltage winding from the core.2.It results in much less leaka 缘问题。2.与过去将两个绕组在磁心上 ge flux than would be the two windings were separated by a distance on t 隔离一定距离比起来，它导致更少的漏通量。he core.Power transformer are given a variety of different names,depending on th 电力变压器被赋予了很多不同的名字，取决于它们在 eir use in power systems.Atransformer connected to the output of a gener 当前系统中的作用。一变压器连接到一个发电机的输出端，ator and used to step its voltage up to transformer levels is sometimes call 并且用于步调它的电压达到变压器值有时被叫做单位变压器。ed unit transformer.The transformer ai the other end of the transformer li 变压器一个排在另一个后面将电压从传送值 ne,which steps the voltage down from transmission levls to distribution le 步降到分布值，vels,is called a substation transformer.Finally,the transformer that takes th 被叫做变电站。最后，变压器将分布电压和步幅 e distribution voltage and steps is down to the final voltage ai which the p 降到最后的实际使用的电能被叫做发送变压器。ower is actually used is called a distribution transformer.All these devices 所有这些设备本 are essentially the same-the only difference among them is their intended 质上都是相同的它们之间唯一不同的是它们的特定用途。use.In addition to the various power transformer,two special-purpose trans 除了各种电力变压器 两个专用变压器使用电 formers are used with electric machinery and power systems.The first of t 动机械和电力系统 这些特殊 hese special transformers is a device specially designed to sample a high 变压器中的第一个是一个专门简化高电压产生较低的二次电压而设voltage and produce a low secondary voltage directly proportional to it.S 计的装置 uch a transformer is called a potential transformer.A power transformer al 例如一个变压器叫做电压互感器 一个电力变压器也产 so produces a secondary voltage directly proportional to its primary volta 生二次电压直接与它的初级电压成正比 ge;the difference between a potential transformer and a power transforme 之间差异的一个潜在功率变压器和一个变压器，是潜在的变压器 r is that the potential transformer is designed to handle only a very small c 是设计来处理只有一个很电流。urrent.The second type of special transformer is a device designed to prov 在第二种类型的变压器是一个特殊装置设计为提供一个二次侧 ide a secondary current.much smaller than but directly proportional to its 电流。多小但比比例对其直接初级电流。primary current.This device is called a current transformer.这个装置叫做电流互感器 Lingting protection 防雷保护 The thunder and lightning protects to connect the ground;Connect the gr 雷电保护接地是避雷技术最重要的环节，不管是直击雷、ound to avoid the thunder the most important link of the technique,ignore 感应雷或其他形式的雷，避 is a shot thunder,respond the thunder of the thunder or other form,and a 雷 工作的最终都是把雷电流送入大地。void the thunder work most all of send into the earth the thunder electric current.Store the thunder energy to behave the type to build the,current t 储存雷能量为人类造福，目前科技 echnology to still reach to not arrive,and therefore have no the reasonabl 还达不到，因此没 有合理而良好的接地装置是不可能谈及防雷的。e but good connect the ground equip to is impossible to speak about to defend the thunder.Therefore say the design,the construction is very high st 所以说设计、施工好高标准的接地系统是 防雷工作 andard to connect the ground system is a heavy inside that defend thunder 的重中之重。s work it heavy.High electric potential that For long time,people have an 长期以来，人们有一个错 illusion,and think that connect the ground electric resistance more small 觉，认为接地电阻越小避雷效果就越好，被保护的对 象就安全。avoid the thunder result and then more like,quilt object that protect safety.Certainly the electric resistance is more the small is more quick,strike 当然电阻越小散流越快，雷击的 by lightning to reserve time more short,the risk is more small,electric vo 高电位保留时间越短，危险性越小，其跨步电 压、ltage of its stride,get in touch with the the electric voltage produce the m 接触电压产生的机遇也就越小。achine too the more the?But,construction that the fulfillment proof of ne 但是，近十几年来的实践证明，ar and more than ten in the last yearses,with its say that connect the wort 与其说接地电阻值重 要，h importance of ground electric resistance,not equal to say that connect t 不如说接地装置的结构更合 he ground to equip more reasonable,importance electricity equipments,d 理、重要。emand variety that nows city,there is lots of in a building inside not the c 现在的城市，在一座建筑物内有许多不同性质的电气设 ongeniality connect the ground device,if avoid the thunder to connect the 备，需要多种接地装置，如避雷接地、电气安全接地、交 ground,electricity the safety to connect the ground,AC power the work t 流电源工作接地、通信及计算机系统接地，o connect the ground,correspondence and calculator system to connect the ground,according to the fulfillment proof,totally use to connect the gro 根据实践证 明，共用接地是应用最为广泛的 und is an application most for extensive connect the local type.接地方式。That A,the independence connect the ground:As above part for demand 一、独立接地：如上面所谈到的需要接 for speak ofing connecting the ground of,all distinguish to independently 地的部分，都分别独立地建立自己的 establish the own to connect the ground system,and this kind of connect 接 地系统，这种接地方式称为独立接地。the local type to call the independence to connect the ground.Its advantag 它的好处是 e is each system and cant result in the mutual interference,and this is part 各系统之间不会造成互相干扰，这对通 信系统尤其重要。icularly important to correspondences systems.But the adoption independ 但网络容易被雷击坏，ence that network easily were strike by lightninged is bad,so besides hav 故除有防爆炸 e to defend to explode the dangerous environment requesting to must wan 要求的危险环境必须要采用独立的 避雷方式外，t the adoption the independence of avoid the thunder method generally no 一般不主张采用独立接地的方式。t lay claim to the way to connect the ground.Two,totally use to connect t 二、共用接地：he ground:Also call unify to connect the ground.The each system that it c 也叫统一接地。它是把 需要接地的各 onnect the ground the demand unifies to receive a connect the ground to e 个系统统一接到一个接地装置上，quip top,or is originally each system of connect the ground device to pass 或者把各系统原来的接地装置通过地下或 者地上用金属导 the underground to perhaps and up link,make them the electricity for bec 体连接起来，使它们之间成为畅通的电气接 oming of its to connect the ground to unify the ground net with metals co 地统一地网，这样的接地方式 为共用接地。nductor,like this of connect the local type is to totally use to connect the ground.it is current to use to connect the ground totally applied the most 共用接地是目前应用最广泛的接地方式。extensive connect the local type.Each system that Three,conn 三、一点接地：ect the ground 1:00:Method that connecting the ground line to receive to 把各系统的接地线接到接地母线同一点或同一金属平面上，connect the same point or same metals flat surface of line of ground moth er of each system is up,like this call connect the ground 1:00 method.这 样的方法叫一点接地法。Connect 1:00 the ground method can resolve the etc.Electric potential to 一点接地法能解决各系统接地线的等电位问题，所以能够降低 各系 connect the ground line the problem,can therefore lower of each system c 统之间的干扰程度，an cancellation of top of interference fundamental for of interference degr ee,particularly is 50 HZ work signal to system,and connect the ground m 尤其是 50HZ 工频信号对系统的干扰基本上得以消除，ethod on the engineering to get the extensive application therefore and 1:所以一点接 地法在工程上得到广泛应用。00.Four,the many point connect the ground:The ground line o 四、多点接地：各系统的接地线 f connecting of each system adopt many pointses short on-line connect th 采用多点短连线的接地方式，称作多点接地。e local type,and call to much order to connect the ground.Five mix with to connect the ground:Metals line that so-called admixture con 五、混合接地：所谓混合接地是在一部设备内的各电路板以最短的 nect the ground to is at an each circuit board in equipments to connect,or 导线与机壳 连接，related and a few equipmentses of signal electric circuits,with the most s 或者信号电路相关的几部设备，以最短的导线与 hort line with the same of metals to link to connect the ground with the m 同一个金属体连接接地，ost short line and machine hull,then the equipments of many sets use resp 然后多台 设备分别用金属线接到地网 ectively the same point top to receive the ground net.Six,the wreath for 的同一点上。六、环形接地多用 m connect the ground to much used for the ground net,be connect the gro 于地网，就是把接地体沿 und to round along building surroundings a shut to match the wreath.like 建筑物周围围成一个闭合环。this of connect the electric field that ground net can make the interface in 这样 的接地网可以使到界面以内的电场分布比较均匀，cluding distribute even,reduce the stride electric voltage to bane person,减少跨步电压对人的危害，and also reduce the indoors while suffering strike by lightning,because o 也减少室内 在受雷击时，由于地面 f the ground electric potential the steps degree is big but produce the dang 电位梯度大而产生对设备高压反击的危险。er to counter-attack to equipments high pressure.Seven,the foundation c 七、基础接地体：onnect the ground:Make use of the reinforcing bar in the building foundat 利用建筑物基础内的钢筋，ion,and press norm the request the conjunction to create of connect the 按规范要求连接制作的接地体 称为基础接地体。ground to call the foundation to connect the ground.