现在完成时态.pdf

1 现在完成时态 一、掌握结构：1.助动词 have/has+动词的过去分词（过去分词一定要熟记）二、掌握用法:1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。注：表示动作发生在过去，但与现在的情况有联系，有时无时间状语，有时常和一些表示不确定的过去时间状语连用，如：already，yet，ever，never，just，before，once,twice,many times，等连用；也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如：these days,today,recently,this year,so far(=by now)等连用.2.表示从过去某一时间开始发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,谓语只可用延续性动词。还可以和表示从过去某一时刻起延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即：for+时间段,since+时间点/从句,in the last/past ten years，during the last/past ten years，so far等。我们知道英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或短暂性动词),如：begin,start,die,buy,leave,come，go,return,arrive,finish 等,表示动作在一瞬间之内就能完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语(for+段时间，since+点时间/从句)连用，也不能用在 how long引导的特殊疑问句中。（但在否定句中短暂性动词可以与 for和 since短语连用。）e.g.Theyve left London for five days.()Theyve been away from London for five days.().They left London five days ago.()It is/has been five days since they left London.()三、掌握短暂性动词如何转换成延续性动词 2 常见短暂性动词与延续性动词的对应关系如下:come/go/arrive/get/reach/move-be in/at open-be open die-be dead close-be closed become-be borrow/lend-keep begin/start-be on put on-wear leave-be away(from)buy-have fall asleep(ill)-be asleep(ill)end/finish-be over catch a cold-have a cold join the army-be in the army/be a soldier join the Party-be in the Party/be a Party member get to do-do get to know-know get married-be married get up-be up begin to do-do begin to study-study My brother has been in the army for two years.My brother has been a soldier for two years.四、掌握现在完成时中 have been to,have gone to 和 have been in/at/on 的区别 1）have been to表示“曾经去过某地”,表示某人的一种经历,可以和次数,already,ever,never等连用.e.g.She has been to Nanjing twice.(表示目前人就在说话的原地)2）have gone to表示“已经去某地了”,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的途中或已经到达某地,常和“already,Wheres Where are?”连用。E.g.Wheres Kate?She has gone to library.(表示现在她人不在这里)3）have been in/at/on表示“已经在某地逗留了一段时间”，常和 for 短语,since 短语等连用，或用在 how long 问句之中。.e.g.She has been in Nanjing since she came there.五、掌握现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：3 现在完成时和一般过去时都能表示过去发生过的动作，但现在完成时表示过去动作对现在的影响，并且表示这一动作已完成或还可能继续下去；强调的是现在的情况,不可以和表示明确的过去的时间状语如：yesterday,in 1997,last time,last night，just now,a moment ago，three days ago，等连用。现在完成时常跟：for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,in the past few years,in the last years,always,等不确定的时间状语连用或者无时间状语。而一般过去时与现在的情况没有联系，仅表示过去的动作，且这一动作到说话时已终止。过去时常与具体的时间状语（yesterday,last,week,in 1960，three days ago，just now）等连用，并且用 when或 where对这些时间和地点状语提问时，一般只用一般过去时。E.g.（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.3）它们可用的共同的时间状语：this morning,tonight,this April,now,once，before,already,recently，lately 4）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.过去时常用的非延续性动词，有 come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。举例：1.I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）2.I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）3.Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）4.Who hasnt handed in his paper？（强调现在谁还没有交卷子。）5.She has returned from Paris.（她已从巴黎回来了）。6.She returned yesterday.（她是昨天回来了）。7.He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)8.He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)9.He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入团，joined为短暂 4 行为。)10.I have finished my homework now.11.-Will somebody go and get Dr.White?-Hes already been sent for.5）主语做过某事常用现在完成时态，但如果强调动作发生的时间、地点、方式、目的、原因等常用过去时态。e.g.A:Have you seen the film called Titanic?B:Yes,I have.A:When did you see it?B:Last Saturday.6）just常是现在完成时的时间状语。而 just now=a moment ago是过去时态的时间状语 六、掌握现在完成时中 for 与 since的区别 1）for+段时间，常与延续性动词的现在完成时连用 2）since的四种用法:（1）since+过去一个时间点(具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,last month,half past six)。E.g.I have been here since 1989.（2）since+一段时间+ago E.g.I have been here since five months ago.（3）since+从句（常用一般过去时态）E.g.Great changes have taken place since you left.（4）It is/has been+一段时间+since从句 段时间+has passed+since 从句 E.g.It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.5 他死了两年了：He died two years ago.He has been dead for two years/since two years ago It is/has been two years since he died.Two years has passed since he died.练习：这本书我借了一个月了。注：I have kept the library book for a week.=I have kept the library book since a week ago.七、掌握用于现在完成时态的三个句型 1）It is/has been+一段时间+since 从句（一般过去时态）自从某事发生已有一段时间了.E.g.It is/has been two years since my brother joined the army.2).It/This/That is the first(second.)time that+从句（现在完成时态）E.g.This is the second time that I have played Chinese chess with him.3).主语+be+形容词最高级+名词+that 从句（现在完成时态）E.g.He is the tallest man that I have ever seen in my life.=I have never seen such a tall man in my life.注意：1.在“it is first/second.time that.。”或在“it/this/that is the+最高级+名词+that.。”结构中，that从句中的动词常用现在完成时；在“it+be+一段时间+since从句”这一结构中，be 可用一般现在时或现在完成时，since从句常用一般过去时。It is/was the first time+that从句的句型中，从句要用完成时。2.非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。6（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month.3.比较since和 for “Since”用来说明动作起始时间，“for”用来说明动作延续时间长度。E.g.I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in the factory since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.4.并非有“for”作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。如：I worked here for more than twenty years.(我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续性动词在现在完成时态中的误用。（1）(对)Tom has studied Russian for three years.=Tom began to study Russian three years ago,and is still studying it now.（2）(错)Harry has got married for six years.=Harry began to get married six years ago,and is still getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.5.延续动词与瞬间动词 1)用于现在完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历；而瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。E.g.He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)Ive known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于 till/until从句的差异 作为延续动词一般用于肯定句，表示 7“做直到”；作为瞬间动词一般用于否定句，表示“直到，才”E.g.He didnt come back until ten oclock.他到10 点才回来。He slept till ten oclock.他一直睡到10点。典型例题 1.You dont need to describe her.I _ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet 答案 B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh,not at all.I _ here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be 答案 A.等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。3.-Do you know our town at all?-No,this is the first time I _ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming 答案 B.This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选 B。4.-Have you _ been to our town before?-No,its the first time I _ here.A.even,come B.even,have come C.ever,come D.ever,have come 答案 D.ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为 never，此两词常用于完成时。E.g.This is the largest fish I have ever seen.8 练习题：一、改写句子：1、His father has died.(for 2 years)2、The football match has begun.(since9:00a.m)3、The twins have joined the army.(since they are 18years old)4、My teacher has just left Nanjing.(for 3 days)二、纠错题：1.I have borrowed the book for 3 months.2.My bother has joined the army since he was 18.3.Jack and Tom have lived here since 5years.4.The film has been on since I have come to the cinema.5.When has Mr.Li caught a bad cold?6.Ten years have passed since they got married.7.Jim has gone to Beijing for 2 years.8.What time have the factory opened?9.I have gone to Chunhua Middle School twice 9 三、适当形式填空：1.I _(have)lunch already.2.Has the train_(arrive),yet?3.Tome _ never_(be to)China.4.The twin _just _(see)my father.5.The twins _(see)my father just now.6.Many tall buildings _(build)in the past 5 years.7.I am an American boy I came to China two years ago.I _(study)here for two years.My father often (take)me_(play)football on the playground.Last week I_(take)to the park by him.We saw a lot of monkeys_(jump)in the tree.I heard a voice from behind When I_(walk)along the river.I thought myself.“It must_(be)Mr.Brown.He_(take)photos.”We_(enjoy)that day.We _(go)back to America next week.四、单选：1.Where _ you _,John?Im looking for you everywhere.A.have;been B.have;been to C.have;gone D.did;go to 2.How long _ your father _ Shanghai?A.did;come B.has;go to C.has;been to D.has;been in 3.I _ my watch in my bedroom yesterday.A.left B.forgot C.have forgotten D.have left 4.She has worked in the factory _.A.since three years ago B.for 1999 10 C.since in 1999 D.since three years 5.-Where is Ben?-He _ to the teachers office.He will be back soon.A.go B.has gone C.has been 6.-Where _ Tom _?-He _ the library just now,but he is in the teachers office now.A.has;been;went B.has;gone;has gone to C.has;gone;went D.has;gone to;went 7._ you _Beijing?Yes,I have.I _ Beijing last year.I _Beijing for two weeks.A.Have,been to;went to;have been in B.Have,gone to;went to;have been to C.Have,been to;have gone to;have been in 8.Miss Gao isnt here.She _to the bus station to meet Mr Brown.A.go B.has gone C.has been D.would go 9.She _ as an animal trainer since 2003.A.has worked B.works C.will work D.worked 10.Helen loves to talk about travel.She _ many places.A.has gone to B.has been to C.has gone for D.has been from 11.Have you read a book called Jane Eyre?_ Who _ it?A.writes B.has written C.wrote D.written 12.Hello!This is Henry speaking.Id like to speak to your father._ Sorry,he has _ Shanghai.A.been in B.been to C.gone to D.come to 13.I want to return the book to Jack,but I cant find him._ He _ the library.You can find him there.A.has been to B.has gone to C.has been in D.goes to 14.Has he come _?11 Yes.He has _ been here for ten minutes.A.yet,already B.already ,yet C.yet,yet D.already ,already 五、连词成句：（1）ever,you,to,been,have,museum,the _ （2）to,we,Water World,the,went,last year _ （3）I,see,language,movies,English,to went _ （4）next,is,to,the,going,zoo,week,he _ （5）the,for,years,job,twenty,she had,has _ 六、译成英语：1、Tom 在哪儿？他去书店买书了。2、我在北京待了5 年了。3、Jack 去过上海两次了