2018江苏南京航空航天大学基础英语考研真题.doc

2018江苏南京航空航天大学基础英语考研真题I. Vocabulary (20 points)A. Choose the word or phrase marked A, B, C, and D to best correspond to the word above. Be sure to write down your choice on the answer sheet. (10 points)1. obliviousa) subtle b) obviousc) unaware d) unknown2. divergencea) connection b) differencec) depletion d) isolation3. incongruousa) inappropriate b) unusualc) suitable d) consistent4. resourcefula) thoughtful b) wittyc) excited d) delighted5. reproacha) movement nearer to a person or thingb) an act of thinking about something carefullyc) a feeling of great sadnessd) an act of blaming somebody6. consolidatea) strengthen b) take care ofc) encourage d) support7. masculinitya) heroism b) a process of an actionc) manliness d) frustration8. pejorativea) full of praise b) existing widelyc) humorous d) expressing disapproval9. coveta) want b) protectc) hide d) consider10. shrug offa) destroy b) laugh atc) dismiss d) removeB. Directions: Explain the italicized words in the following sentences with simple, everyday words or expressions in English. Be sure to write down your explanation on the answer sheet. (10 points)1. Peter was conspicuous for his queer jeans.2. The Kings English should not be laid down as an edict, and made immune to change from below.3. Alice is so fastidious about her food that I never invite her for dinner.4. With a clamor of bells that set the swallows soaring, the Festival of Summer came to the city.5. Rebellion was not confined to the United States, but affected the entire Western world as a result of theaftermath of the first serious war in a century.6. She laughed at my clumsy compliment and said I had better take to writing fashion articles instead of political leaders.7. This ideal “parcel” service is also a plus for the shipowners not to be dependent on only one customer.8. The storm of abuse in the popular press that greeted the appearance of the new dictionary is a curious phenomenon.9. “I got a curious nature, maam. Howd you figure where your husband was?”10. On the day of the bombing I ran all over the city looking for missing friends and relatives, and I thought somehow I had been spared.II. Cloze (20 points)A. Fill in each of the following blanks with a suitable word in its proper form and write down the required word on the answer sheet. (10 points)Earlier today, my colleague Derek Thompson argued that; its misleading to think of marriage 1 a“luxury good”. Why? Because luxury goods are something the 2 buy and the poor cant afford. But in the case of 3 the trend is more complex. The vast majority of Americans tie the knot at some point in their lives, he argues. Its just that those 4 a college education are far, far more likely to get divorced. Marriage is for everyone; failed marriages are 5 the poor. Bleak stuff. But its getting bleaker. Dereks post is based 6 a long-term study of young Baby Boomers, who were at least 46 7 old by 2010. But among younger Americans, marriage really is looking more and more 8 something youdhave to buy at Tiffany's. According to 2012 Census Bureau report, 9 shows the percentage of men who have never married by age and income, the less a guy earns nowadays, the 10 likely they are to have ever gotten married.Well, thats not l00 percent true. Among twenty-somethings there seems to be a rich bachelor 11 going on (or an overworked young professional effect, if you prefer). Those making $75,000 or more are somewhat less likely to have been married than 12 making between $40,000 and $75,000. This particular set of Census data unfortunately tells us much less about 13 and marriage. Theproblem: Stay-at-home moms.The key to remember, though, is that many educated, high-earning women, the sorts who are likely to meet and 14 educated and high-earning men, leave the workforce or go part time once they have children. So a publicist who once made over $70,000 a year might 15 earn $20,000 if she decided 16 work fewer hours while 17 for her children at home.Heres why this trend-not just the move towards divorce like Derek talked about, 18 the move from marriage entirely - is so gloomy. Getting married, and staying married, is 19 of the surest ways of securing a middle class life. By choosing 20 to wed in the first place, the poor are abandoning that chance at stability.B. Fill in each blank with a proper word from the following box. Change its form if necessary and write downthe required word on the answer sheet. (10 points)NEW DELHI, JANUARY 30, 1948 - Mohandas K. Gandhi was 1 today by a Hindu extremist whose act plunged India into 2 and fear.Rioting broke out immediately in Bombay.The seventy-eight-year-old leader whose people had christened him the Great Soul of India died at 3:45 P.M. (1:15 A M. EST) with his head cradled in the 3 of his sixteen-year-old granddaughter, Mani. Just half an hour before, a Hindu fanatic, Ram Naturam, had pumped three bullets from a revolver 4 Gandhis frail body, emaciated by years of fasting and asceticism.Gandhi was shot in the luxurious gardens of Birla House in the 5 of one thousand of his followers,whom he was leading to the little summer pagoda where it was his habit 6 make his evening devotions.Dressed as always in his homespun, sacklike dhoti, and 7 heavily on a staff of stout wood, Gandhi was only a feet from the 8 when the shots were fired.Gandhi crumpled instantly, 9 his hand to his forehead in the Hindu gesture of 10 to his assassin.Three bullets penetrated his body at close range, one in the upper right thigh, one in the abdomen, and 11 in the chest.The shots 12 like a string of firecrackers and it was a moment 13 Gandhis devotees realized what had happened. Then they 14 on the assassin savagely and would have torn him to bits had not police guards intervened with rifles and drawn bayonets.Over all India the word 15 like wildfire. Minutes after the flash was received in Bombay rioting broke out, with Hindu extremists 16 Moslems. A panic-stricken Moslem woman echoed the thoughts of thousands with a 17 : “God help us all!”In Delhi itself, in the quick-gathering 18 of the night, the news set the people on the march. They walked slowly 19 the avenues and out of the squalid bazaars, converging on Birla House.There 20 the thousands they stood weeping silently or moaning a wailing.III. Error correction (20 points)Directions: There are twenty mistakes in the following passage. You are required to underline or mark the mistakes and get them corrected. Be sure to write down the correct form on the answer sheet.Example: “Wordsworth is said to have most fascinating voice!” the Like the life span, the metabolic rate has, for different organisms, a fixed mathematical relationship to the body mass.In comparison to the life span, this relationship is “inverted”: thelarger the organism, the low its metabolic rate. Such relationship 1. _is valid not only for birds, but also for other organisms.Animals which behave “frugal” with energy become 2. _particularly old, for example, crocodiles and tortoises. Parrots andbirds of prey are often held chain up. Thus they are not able to 3. _“experience life” and so they can attain a high life span incaptivities. Animals which save energy by hibernation live much 4. _longer than those which are always active. The metabolic rate ofa mice can be reduced by a very low consumption of food. They 5. _then may live twice as long as their well-fed comrades. Womenbecome distinctively older than men. If you examine the metabolic 6. _rates of the two sexes, you establish that the higher male metabolicrate roughly accounts for the short male life span. That means that 7. _they live life “energetically” - more intensely, but not for as long.It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reservesshould tend to extend life. Extremely high performance sports 8. _may lead to optimal cardiovascular performance, but they quitecertainly do not prolong life. Relaxation lowers metabolic rate,like does adequate sleep. Each of us can develop his or her own 9. _“energy saving programme” with a little self-observation andself-control. Experience will show that live in this way not only 10. _increases the life span but also is very healthy.IV. Paraphrase (30 points)Directions: Restate the following sentences in another form in English to clarify the meaning. Be sure to writedown your restatement on the answer sheet.1. As you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth market.2. I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had nothing to do with anything a Nippon railways official might say.3. Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef.4. Like good looks and money, quickness passed her by.5. Carla fled away from her parents because she wanted to lead an authentic kind of life.6. New York was never a good convention city but it is making something of a comeback as a tourist attraction.7. Wearing that Dior dress, she made everyone else in a room or street look cheap.8. Let us remember that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.9. Perhaps the child was born defective, or perhaps it has become imbecile through fear, malnutrition, and neglect.10. Thanks to a lifetime of sitting in this position his left leg is warped out of shape.V. General Knowledge (20 points)A. Directions: Choose the best to fill in the blank or answer the question.(10 points)1. What kind of figure of speech is used in lines “Till all the seas gone dry, my dear,/ And the rocks melt withthe sun,/ And I will love thee still, my dear.”A. oxymoron B. metonymy C. understatement D. hyperbole2. _ is defined as “an authors careful arrangement of incidents in a narrative to achieve a desired effect.”A. setting B. tone C. plot D. exposition3. As a literary approach, _ can be defined as a discourse that concerns itself particularly with literature written in English in formerly colonized countries.A. Marxist criticism B. Feminist criticismC. Postcolonial Criticism D. Psychoanalysis criticism4. Which one of the following plays is not regarded as the most important tragedies of William Shakespeare?A. Romeo and Juliet B. Othello C. King Lear D. Macbeth5. The publication of _ symbolized the real beginning of British Romanticism.A. Lyrical Ballads B. Leaves of Grass C. Pride and Prejudice D. Walden6. _ won the 2017 Nobel Prize for Literature.A. Alice Munro B. Doris Lessing C. Margaret Atwood D. Kazuo Ishiguro7. All theories about the origin of language are hypothetical in nature. Which of the following is not a theory /hypothesis about the origin of language?A. Innateness hypothesis. B. The evolutionary theory.C. The divine-origin theory. D. The invention theory.8. Which of the following falls under the category of semantics?APS Rules B. IC AnalysisC. Componential Analysis D. Error Analysis9. _ is designed to discover mainly what the testee does not know about the language. A test of such kind can help the teacher to find out what is wrong with the previous learning and what should be included in the future teaching work.A. Achievement test B. Proficiency testC. Diagnostic test D. Aptitude test10. Which of the following descriptions about the London School is INCORRECT?A. One of the chief representatives of London School is M.A.K. Halliday.B. It stresses the importance of context of situation aspect of language.C. It stresses the importance of the system aspect of language.D. It is best known for its contribution to phonology.B. Directions: Candidates are FREE to choose any FIVE from the following TEN terms and explain them in plain English on the answer sheet. (10 points)1. Endocentric construction2. Syntax3. Assimilation4. Functional sentence perspective5. Cohesion6. Stream of Consciousness7. Gothic fiction8. Critical Realism9. Protagonist10. Harlem RenaissanceVI. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers markedA, B, CorD. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Be sure to write down your choice on the answer sheet.Passage AIn the first age, we created gods. We carved them out of wood; there was still such a thing as wood,then. We forged them from shining metals and painted them on temple walls. They were gods of many kinds, and goddesses as well. Sometimes they were cruel and drank our blood, but also they gave us rainand sunshine, favourable winds, good harvests, fertile animals, many children. A million birds flew over us then, a million fish swam in our seas.Our gods had horns on their heads, or moons, or sealy fins, or the beaks of eagles. We called them All-Knowing, we called them Shining One. We knew we were not orphans. We smelled the earth and rolled in it; its juices ran down our chins.In the second age we created money. This money was also made of shining metals. It had two faces:on one side was a severed head, that of a king or some other noteworthy person, on the other face was something else, something that would give us comfort: a bird, a fish, a fur-bearing animal. This was all that remained of our former gods. The money was small in size, and each of us would carry some of it with him every day, as close to the skin as possible. We could not eat this money, wear it or burn it for warmth; but as if by magic it could be changed into such things. The money was mysterious, and we were in awe of it. If you had enough of it, it was said, you would be able to fly.In the third age, money became a god. It was all-powerful, and out of control. It began to talk. It began to create on its own. It created feasts and famines, songs of joy, lamentations. It created greed and hunger,which were its two faces. Towers of glass rose at its name, were destroyed and rose again. It began to eat things. It ate whole forests, croplands and the lives of children. It ate armies, ships and cities. No one could stop it. To have it was a sign of grace.In the fourth age we created deserts. Our deserts were of several kinds, but they had one thing in common: nothing grew there. Some were made of cement, some were made of various poisons, some of baked earth. We made these deserts from the desire for more money and from despair at the lack of it. Wars, plagues and famines visited us, but we did not stop in our industrious creation of deserts. At last all wellswere poisoned, all rivers ran with filth, all seas were dead; there was no land left t