2022年研究生考试英语(二)真题.pdf

20222022 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）（科目代码：204204）（真 题）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。(以下信息考生必须认真填写)考生编号考生姓名Section ISection I Use of EnglishUse of EnglishDirections:Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmark,A.B.C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Harlon Coben believes that if you are a writer,youll find the time;and that if cantfind the time,then writing isnt an priority and youre not a writer.For him,writing is a _1job-a job like any other.He has _2 it with plumbing.Pointing out that a plumber doesntwake up and say that he cant work with pipes today.3 ,like most writers these days,you are holding down a job to pay the bills,itsnot 4_ to find the time to write.Butits not impossible.It requires determination andsingle-mindedness.5 that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things toearn a living.And today,even writers who are fairly _6 often have to do other work to7 their writing income.As Harlon Coben has suggested,its a8of priorities.To make writing a priority,youll have to _9 some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy.Depending on your 10 and your lifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatching television or listening to music,though some people can write 11_ they listento music.You might have to 12_ the amount of exercise or sport you do.Youll have to make social media an13 activity rather than a daily,time-consuming 14 _.There ll probably have to be lesssocialising with your friends and less time with your family.Its a _15 learning curve,and itwont always make you popular.Theres just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for,16 your writing-and thats reading.Any write needs to read as much and as widely as they can;its theone 17_ supporter-something you cannot do without.Time is finite.The older you met,the _18it seems to go.We need to use it ascarefully and as 19_ as we can that means that prioritising out activities so that we spendmost time on the things we really want to do.If youre a writer,that means-_20-writing.1.A.difficult2.A.combinedB.normalB.comparedC.steadyC.confusedD.pleasantD.confronted3.A.If4.A.Enough5.A.Accept6.A.Well-known7.A.donate8.A.cause9.A.highlight10.A.relations11.A.until12.A.put up with13.A.intelligent14.A.habit15.A.tough16.A.in place of17.A.indispensable18.A.duller19.A.peacefully20.A.at mostB.ThoughB.strangeB.ExplainB.well-advisedB.generateB.purposeB.sacrificeB.interestsB.becauseB.make up forB.occasionalB.testB.gentleB.in charge ofB.innovativeB.harderB.generouslyB.in turnC.OnceD.UnlessC.wrongD.easyC.RememberD.SupposeC.well-informedD.well-choseC.supplementD.calculateC.questionD.conditionC.continueD.exploreC.memoriesD.skillsC.whileD.beforeC.hang on toD.cut down onC.intensiveD.emotionalC.decisionD.planC.rapidD.funnyC.in response to D.in additiontoC.invisibleD.instantC.quieterD.quickerC.productivelyD.gratefullyC.on averageD.above allSectionSection Reading ReadingComprehensionComprehensionPart APart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Text 1On a recent sunny day 13000 chickens roam over Larry Browns 40 windswept acresin Shiner,Texas.Some rest in the shade of a parked car.Others drink water with thecows.This all seems random,but its by design,part of what the$6.1 billion US.eggindustry bets will be its next big thing:climate-friendly eggs.These eggs,which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as$8 adozen,are still labeled organic and animal-friendly,but theyre also from birds that live onfarms using regenerative agriculture-special house gases.Such eggs could be marketedas helping to fight climate change.“Im excited about our progress,”says Brown,who is adding more cover crops thatdraw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat.The birds waste then fertilizes fields.Such improvements“allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will begood for the land,the hens,and the eggs that we supply to ourcustomers.”The egg industrys push is the first major test of whether animal products fromregenerative farms can become the next premium offering.In barely more than a nicheproduct in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart.More recently there were similardoubts about probiotics and plant-based meats,but both have exploded into majorsupermarket categories.If the sustainable-egg roll out is successful.It could open thefloodgates for regenerative beef,broccoli,and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell because the concept is tough to definequickly says Julie Stanton,associate professor of agricultural economics at PennsylvaniaState University Brandywine.Such farming also brings minimal,if any,improvement tothe food products(though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributessuch as free-range,non-GMO,and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability.Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change,andsome of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting tosignal their desire to protect the environment.Young adults“really care about the planet,”says John Brunnquell,president of Egg Innovations.“They are absolutely altering thefood chain beyond what I think even they understand what theyredoing.”21.The climate-friendly eggs are produced.A.at a considerably low costB.at the demand of regular shoppersC.as a replacement for organic eggsD.on specially designed farms22.Larry Brawn is excited about its progress in.A.reducing the damage of wormsB.accelerating the disposal of wasteC.creating a sustainable systemD.attracting customers to his product23.The example of organic eggs is used in Paragraph 4 to suggestA.the doubts over natural foodsB.the setbacks in the egg industryC.the potential of regenerative productsD.the promotional success of supermarkets.24.It can be leaned from the last paragraph that young peopleA.are reluctant to change their dietB.are likely to buy climate-friendly eggsC.are curious about new foodsD.are amazed at agricultural advances.25.John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton everregenerative productsA.market prospectsB.nutritional valueC.standard definitionD.moral implication.Text 2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement,a growing trend thatthreatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have,or plan to have a job in retirementtoprepare for a longer life,according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TDAmeritrade.Even more surprising is that more than half of unretirees-those who plan towork in retirement or went back to work after retiring-said they would be employed intheir later years even if they had enough money to settle down,the survey showed.Financial needs arent the only culprit for the“unretirement”trend.Other reasons,according to the study,include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit,preventingboredom or avoiding depression.“The concept of retirement is evolving,”said ChristineRussell,senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade.“Its not just about finances.Thevalue of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.”One reason for the change in retirement patterns:Americans are living longer.OlderAmericans are also percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubledover the past three decades.About 20%of people 65 and older were in the workforce inFebruary 2019,up from an all-time low of 10%in January 1985 according to moneymanager United Income.Because of longer life spans,Americans are also boosting their savings to preservetheir nest eggs,the TD Ameritrade study showed,which surveyed 2,000 adults between40 to 79.Six in 10“unretirees”are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life.Among the most popular ways they are doing this,the company said,is by reducing theiroverall expenses,securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirementaccounts.Unfortunately,many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to doso because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years,said BrentWeiss,a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth.Hesuggestedthat pre-retirees should speak with a financial advisor to set long-termfinancial goals.“The most challenging moments in life are getting married,starting a family andultimately retiring,”Weiss said.“Its not just a financial decision,but an emotional one.Many people believe they cant retire.”26.The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates thatA.over half of the retirees are physically fit for workB.the old workforce is as active as the younger oneC.one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirementD.more Americans are willing to work in retirement.27.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend tothink that.A.retirement may cause problems for themB.boredom can be relieved after retirementC.the mental health of retirees is overlookedD.“unretirement”contributes to the economy28.Retirement patterns are changing partly due to.A.labor shortagesB.population growthC.longer life expectancyD.rising living costs29.Many“unretirees”are increasing their savings byA.investing more in stocksB.taking up odd jobsC.getting well-paid workD.spending less.30.With regard to retirement,Brent Weiss thinks that many people areA.unpreparedB.unafraidC.disappointedD.enthusiastic.Text 3We have all encountered them,in both our personal and professional lives.Thinkabout the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had aseamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel.Something that should besimple and transparent can be complicated,intentionally or unintentionally,in ways thatimpair consumer choice.These are examples of dark patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull,“dark patterns”is acatch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users.Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns,ranging frommisdirection and hidden costs to roach motel,where a user experience seems easy andintuitive at the start,but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11000 websites,researchers found thatabout one in 10 employs these design practices.Though widely prevalent,the concept ofdark patterns is still not well understood.Business and nonprofit leaders should be awareof dark patterns and try to avoid the gray are as they engender.Where istheline between ethical,persuasive designand dark patterns?Businesses should engage in conversations with ll,compliance,risk,and legal teams toreview their privacy policy,and include in the discuss the customer/user experiencedesigners and coders responsible for the companys user interface,as well as themarketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups,checkout baskets,pricing,andpromotions.Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding digitaldeception.Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around darkpatterns,most recent at the state level.In March,the California Attorney Generalannounced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer PrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensure that customer will not be confusedor misled when seeking toexercise their data privacy rights.”The regulations aim toban dark patterns-this meansprohibiting companies from using“confusing language or unnecessary steps such asforcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldntoptout.”As more states consider promulgating additional regulations,there is a need forgreater account ability from within the business community.Dark patterns also beaddressed on a self regulatory basis,but only if organizations hold themselvesaccountable,not just to legal requirements,but also to industry best practices andstandard.31.It can be learned from the first two paragraphs tat dark patterns.A.improve user experienceB.leak user information for profitC.undermine users decision-makingD.remind users of hidden costs32.The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show.A.their major flawsB.their complex designsC.their severe damageD.their strong presence33.To handle digital deception,businesses should.A.listen to customer feedbackB.talk with relevant teamsC.turn to independent agenciesD.rely on professional training34.The additional regulations under the CCPA areintended toA.guide users through opt-out processesB.protect consumers from being trickedC.grant companies data privacy rightsD.restrict access to problematic content.35.According to the last paragraph,a key to coping with dark patterns is.A.new legal requirementsB.businesses self-disciplineC.strict regulatory standsD.consumers safety awareness.Text 4Text 4Although ethics classes are common around the world,scientists are unsure if theirlessons can actually change behavior;evidence either way is weak,relying on contrivedlaboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports.But a new study published inCognition found that,in at least one real-world situation a single ethics lesson may havehad lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class sessions impact on eating meat.They chosethis particular behavior for three reasons,according to study co-author Enc Schwitzgebel,a philosopher at the University of California,Riverside:Students attitudes on the topic arevariable and unstable,behavior is easily measurable,and ethics literature largely agreesthat eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animalsuffering.Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on theethics of factory-farmed meat,optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic andjoined a 50-minute discussion.The other half focused on charitable giving instead.Then,unknown to the students,there searchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchasesfor that semester nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.Schwitzgebel predictedthe intervention would have no effect;he had previously found that ethics professors donot differ from other professors on a range of behaviors,including voting rates,blooddonation and returning library books.But among student subjects who discussed meatethics,meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent-and this effectheld steadyfor the studys duration of several weeks.Purchases from the other group remained at 52percent.“Thats actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,”Schwitzgebelsays Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of P