翻译课--翻译中的词汇结构、搭配与词性转换课件.ppt

Lesson Three词汇方面（词汇方面（I）词汇结构与词性转换）词汇结构与词性转换词汇结构差异英语词汇形态变化丰富：1、词缀，如un-,non-,in-等；2、语法变化，如名词的单复数和主宾格；动词的人称、时态、语态、情态、语气、非谓语形式等；形容词和副词的级。汉语词汇没有形态变化，依靠词语、词序及内在的逻辑关系表达意义。英译汉时，一般要加词或者变换说法来体现英语的形态变化。汉译英时，用英语的各种形态变化体现汉语的语气和情态等。例1、In the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.词性转换 英语和汉语有着大致相同的词类，实词中都有名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词，虚词中都有介词和连词。两种语言中也都有象声词，所不同的是英语中有冠词，而汉语中有量词和语气词。不同的词类在句中充当不同的句子成分或起着不同的语法作用。在翻译过程中，英汉词类（词性）并非一一对应，而是经常会发生转换。一般来说，英语中名词、介词、形容词、副词表现力强；汉语动词、短句表现力强。例如，英语名词常常译成汉语动词，英语介词常常需要译为汉语动词。（例2）He is a teacher of Chinese 他教汉语。（名词转换成动词）（例3）I wish to express our thanks for the warmth of the reception we have received since landing in your country 我谨对我们抵达贵国以来所受到的热情接待表示感谢。（名词转换成形容词）（例4）It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure 它的主要特点是结构简单。（副词和动词分别转换成形容词和名词）（例5）One evening I looked out the window of my secluded cabin，and there were soft languid flakes falling in the golden lamp-light 一天晚上，我从隐居的小木屋朝窗外望去，但见柔软的雪花正慢悠悠地飘进金色的灯光之中。（形容词转换成副词）（例6）His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.主人的冷遇使得他更加不舒服。（v-n；n-v）（例7）The human system can hold out for a while against the gas from a leaking，damped-down coal stove，but soon often after unconsciousness comes death 煤气若是从封上火的煤炉里漏出来，人体可以忍受一会儿，可是人要是昏迷了，常常很快就会死亡。（名词转换成动词）（例8）Excessive headline-phrase condemnation is，of course，a possibility 当然，过分指责使用标题式短语是一种可能性。（名词词组转换成动宾词组）（例9）There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country 目前，我国各地对各种消费品的需求量已大大增加。（名词词组转换成动词词组）（例10）This kind of computer is cheap and fine 这种电脑价廉物美。（形容词词组转成主谓词组）一想到丈夫要踏上那漫长而危险的旅途，而自己又不能跟他一起去，布朗太太（心里）不禁感到难过。“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着跑了，越过草地，跨上小径，跃上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。试译例15.“Thrushcross Grange is my own，sir，”he interrupted，wincing“画眉田庄是我自己的，先生。”他_，闪避着。例16.Now with the enemy at the gates,the Nazi leaders bestirred themselves 现在_，纳粹头目们这才着了慌。例17.She would just smile back A really cute smile that just about broke my heart 她只会冲着我笑。她的微笑真是逗人喜爱，几乎使我心碎。（名词词组转换成分句）例18.She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking 她为自己高超的烹调技艺而骄傲，_。搭配与词汇意义 一词多义造成英语和汉语词汇在搭配中形成不同的用法和意义。white：white clouds beard area face winter glass soul nun fury alloy coffee collar cow shoe；turn up the whites of ones eyessophisticated 一词在下面各例中传达的意义：（1）sophisticated man 老于世故的人（2）sophisticated woman 狡黠的女人（3）sophisticated columnist 老练的专栏作家（4）sophisticated electronic device 高度精密的电子装置（5）sophisticated weapon 尖端武器对比：yellow pages&黄书英语搭配翻译时要按照汉语的表达习惯来表述：例19.Their journey left a lasting imprint on Mexican culture，on the refinement of its arts and customs 这一航行在墨西哥的文化中，在其艺术和风俗的改进中，留下了不可磨灭的痕迹。（如译成“持久的痕迹”就显得与汉语的表达习惯十分不合）词义的对应Wife：妻子，爱人，妇人，太太，老婆，老伴，媳妇，堂客，内人，贱内，拙荆Potato：马铃薯，洋芋，土豆，山药蛋Cousin：堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥President：总统、主席、总裁、董事长、议长、会长、校长Carry：搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、扛、背、搂、端、举、夹、捧 讨论：上述对应有无差别？原因何在？课堂练习1.There is a mix of confrontation and cooperation between them.2.Evidently he had the first quality of an angler,which is not to measure the pleasure by the catch.3.Happiness is like manna;it is to be gathered and enjoyed every day.4.Nothing out of its place is good,nothing in its place is bad.5.There is a bewildering variety of acoustics and vibration measurement equipment now available to the noise control engineer 6.He crashed down on a protesting chair 7.For the last few months disturbing rumors had been coming to her ears Tasks1、汉英词汇形态有哪些差异？这些对翻译有什么影响？2、尝试对比汉英词汇中的“红色”（或“黄色”、“蓝色”等）及其英汉翻译。3、尝试对比汉英词汇中的某种动物词汇（或植物、花卉或其他词汇）及其英汉翻译。作业1.He who idles away the time is nothing but a living death.2.No greater misfortune befalls a country than to be governed by a tyrant.3.He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.4.The expectation of collision informed British frontier policy in this period.5.Every day now,the suppression of truth and the organizing of public ignorance shame journalism.11.Home-buying experts agree that with home prices stable and interest rates at their lowest levels in more than 30 years,this is a great time to buy a new home12.In swooping from barn to rooftop,they（the pigeons）white-washed our lawn furniture and the laundry on the line 13.An acquaintance with the modern Chinese history is helpful to the study of Chinese revolution