【精品】english around the world--grammar（可编辑.ppt

Englisharoundtheworld-Grammar句子的成分句子的成分句子通常有两个部分构成，即句子通常有两个部分构成，即主主语语与与谓语谓语。主语是句子的中心。主语是句子的中心，谓语是说明主语的动作或状态的谓语是说明主语的动作或状态的(谓语通常是动词或动词短语，谓语通常是动词或动词短语，后面常跟宾语或状语）后面常跟宾语或状语）句子的分类句子的分类（1)陈述句陈述句：用来说明事实或说话人的看法的句子，叫：用来说明事实或说话人的看法的句子，叫陈述句。陈述句有肯定式和否定式两种形式。如：陈述句。陈述句有肯定式和否定式两种形式。如：肯定陈述句肯定陈述句：Thisismypencil.否定陈述句否定陈述句：Thisisnotmypencil.（2)疑问句疑问句：用来提出问题的句子叫做疑问句。疑问句：用来提出问题的句子叫做疑问句。疑问句可分为有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句。可分为有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句。一般疑问句一般疑问句：Areyouastudent?特殊疑问句特殊疑问句：Whatsyourname?选择疑问句选择疑问句：Doyoulikeanappleoranorange?（3)祈使句祈使句：表示命令，请求的句子称为祈使句。如：表示命令，请求的句子称为祈使句。如：Standup,please!Bequick.MayIuseyourpencil?（4)感叹句感叹句:表示喜怒哀乐等感情的句子叫做感叹句。表示喜怒哀乐等感情的句子叫做感叹句。Hownicethebookis!Whatanicebook!句子谓语动词的特点1.含含be动词动词am，is，are，was,were2.含情态动词含情态动词can，will,may，must，need,could,would等或含助动词或含助动词do,does或或did3.3.含实义动词含实义动词,除了be动词,情态动词和助动词外的所有动词在在be动词后面加动词后面加not 在情态动词或助动词后面加在情态动词或助动词后面加not 借助于助动词借助于助动词do,does或或did,在在do,does或或did后面加后面加not（如果句子的主语是第三人称单数，用（如果句子的主语是第三人称单数，用does，此时原句里的第三人称单数的动词要还原，此时原句里的第三人称单数的动词要还原）如何将肯定陈述句变成否定陈述如何将肯定陈述句变成否定陈述句句如何将陈述句变成疑问句1.含含be动词动词am，is，are，was,were2.2.含情态动词含情态动词can，will,may，must，need,could,would等或含助动词或含助动词do,does或或did3.3.含实义动词含实义动词,除了be动词,情态动词和助动词外的所有动词将将be动词提前动词提前 将情态动词或助动词提前将情态动词或助动词提前 借助于助动词借助于助动词do,does或或did,将将do,does或或did提前提前（如果句子的主语是第三（如果句子的主语是第三人称单数，用人称单数，用does，此时原句里的第三人称单数的，此时原句里的第三人称单数的动词要还原动词要还原）陈述句陈述句：一般疑问句一般疑问句：特殊疑问句特殊疑问句：加加that,that 可以省略可以省略加加if 或者或者whether,再变成陈述再变成陈述句语序句语序用用特殊疑问词特殊疑问词开头，直接变开头，直接变成陈述句语序成陈述句语序。1.1.做判断做判断谓语动词谓语动词：saidthattoldme/him/themthatsaidtome/him/themthat谓语动词谓语动词：asked(sb.)if/whether谓语动词谓语动词：asked(sb.)+疑问词疑问词What is the difference among the sentences below:Open the window.Please open the window.Would you please open the window?CommandCommand（命令（命令（命令（命令）RequestRequest（请求）（请求）（请求）（请求）Not politeNot politeVery politeVery politeGive me the book.Give me the book.Please give me the book.Please give me the book.Would you please give me Would you please give me the book?the book?Usually,giving commands is less polite than making requests.通常，发号施令比做出请求更没有礼貌。Commands:Do/Dont.Requests:Do,pleaseCanyou?Couldyou.?Willyou.?Wouldyou?Find the rules：“Make sure the door is open.”the teacher said to me.The teacher told me to make sure the door is open.“Dont play games in the classroom.”the monitor said to us.The monitor told us not to play games in the classroom.“Will you please not smoke here?”she added.She asked me not to smoke here.Direct speechIndirect speechtold me to told us not to asked me not to Rules and practice of direct and indirect speech 当直接引语为祈使句时，转换为当直接引语为祈使句时，转换为间接引语要用一个带动词不定式间接引语要用一个带动词不定式的简单句表示的简单句表示命令和请求命令和请求：祈使句的直接引语祈使句的直接引语 和间接引语和间接引语1.表示表示命令命令的祈使句的间接引语的祈使句的间接引语 句型：句型：tell/order sb(not)to do sth1)“Open the door.”he said.2)“Put up your hand.”he said.3)“Be quiet.”The teacher said to the students.He told/ordered me to open the door.He ordered/told me to put up my hand.The teacher told/ordered the students to be quite.4)“Dont sleep in class.”the teacher said to the students.The teacher told the students not to sleep in class.5)“Dont laugh at others.”his parents said.His parents told him not to laugh at others.6)“Dont touch anything.”he said to him.He told him not to touch anything.2.表示表示请求请求请求请求的祈使句的变成间接引语的祈使句的变成间接引语句型：句型：ask/beg sb(not)to do sth1)“Please open your book.”the teacher said.The teacher asked the students to open the book.2)“Please dont leave me.”she said to him.She begged him not to leave her.3)“Please turn off the lights when you leave the classroom.”the teacher said to him.The teacher asked him to turn off the lights when he left the classroom.3.表示表示请求请求请求请求的的一般疑问句一般疑问句一般疑问句一般疑问句的间接引语的间接引语句型：句型：ask/beg sb(not)to do sth1)“Would you please open the window”he said.He asked me to open the window.2)“May I borrow your pen.”he said.He asked me to lend him my pen.特别提醒特别提醒 1.祈使句变为间接引语，主要使用动词不定式。祈使句变为间接引语，主要使用动词不定式。2.主句谓语动词要做一定变化。主句谓语动词要做一定变化。表示命令，用表示命令，用tell，order，command等。等。tell/order sb(not)to do 表示请求，用表示请求，用ask，beg，request等。等。ask/beg/request sb(not)to do表示忠告，用表示忠告，用 advise。advise sb(not)to sth 祈使句祈使句 直引：主语直引：主语直引：主语直引：主语+动词动词动词动词+“+“祈使句祈使句祈使句祈使句”间引：主语间引：主语间引：主语间引：主语+动词动词动词动词+to Verb+to Verbeg The teacher said to me,“Come in.”-The teacher told me to go in。John said to me,“Please shut the window。”-John asked me to shut the window。The teacher said to me,“Dont be late again.”-The teacher advised me not to be late again.Open the window.Direct speechDirect speechIndirect speechIndirect speechMiss Hu told*to open the window.Will you please open the window?Miss Hu asked*to open the window.toldtoaskedtoDont open the window.Miss Hu told*not to open the window.not“Write a letter to your parents.”“Dont play games in the classroom.”“Can you pass on the book to Tom?”“Will you please not smoke here?”The teacher told me to write a letter to my parentsThe teacher ordered me not to play games.The teacher asked me to pass on the book to TomThe teacher asked me not to smoke there.Try to do this:The teacher said to me.(R R)(R R)(C C)(C C)1.She told him to shut up.I am sure I heard her say to him:“_.”Shut up2.He asked her to speak louder.I am sure I heard him ask her:“_ _?”Can you speak louder,pleasepractice(C C)(R R)3.She told him to stop wasting time.I am sure I heard her say to him:“_.”Stop wasting time4.The girl asked her father to tell her a story.I am sure I heard her ask him:“_?”Can you tell me a story(R R)(C C)Direct speechRequests:Do/Dont.,please.Can you(not).?Could you(not).?Will you(not).?Would you(not).?Commands:Do.Dont.Indirect speech Commands:told/ordered sb(not)to do sthRequests:asked sb(not)to do sthCommandsRequestsCorrect you spelling mistakes.Go and!Do that now!Hold that elevator!Say that again!Go and buy some more petrol!Take the dog for a walk!PleaseCan I sit here andHow do you spell that.Could you please?Can I please?Would you pleaseCan you repeat theDo page 12,Ex.2Practice 1.Tom said to me,“Speak louder.”Tom told/ordered me to speaker louder.2.“Dont talk in class”,the teacher said to me.The teacher told/ordered me not to talk in class.3.Mrs.Green said,“Can you help me,Tom?”Mrs.Green asked Tom to help her.4.“Will you please not read aloud here?”my brother said to me.My brother asked me not to read aloud there.Read these sentences and decide which is a Read these sentences and decide which is a command and which is a mand and which is a request.Then retell them in indirect speech.Then retell them in indirect speech.The children said to their teacher:“Would you please sing a song for us?”The mother said to her child:“Turn off the radio!”The dentist said to a patient:“Open your mouth please,so I can see the bad tooth clearly.”RCRThe children asked their teacher to sing a song for them.The mother told her child to turn off the radio.The dentist asked his/her patient to open his/her mouth so that he/she could see the bad tooth clearly.3 3The secretary said to the woman on the phone:“Could you hold on for a minute?”John said to his classmate:“Can I borrow your pen please?”The teacher said to his student:“Come up to my office!”RRCThe secretary asked the woman on the phone to hold on for a minute or two.John asked his classmate if he could borrow his penThe teacher told his/her student to come up to his/her office做判断：做判断：陈述句：一般疑问句：加that,that可以省略加if或者whether，再变成陈述句语序用特殊疑问词开头，直接变成陈述句语序command:told/ordered sb(not)todosthrequest:askedsb(not)todosth祈使句祈使句:疑问句特殊疑问句:选择疑问句选择疑问句:感叹句感叹句:advice:用用whetheror表达，表达，变成陈述句语序变成陈述句语序advised sb.(not)to do sth.用用how 或或what引导，语序不变，引导，语序不变，或者用或者用that引导的陈述句引导的陈述句做判断做判断谓语谓语 陈述句陈述句saidthatsaidtosb.thattoldsb.that一般疑问句一般疑问句特殊疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句选择疑问句asked(sb.)if/whetherasked(sb.)特殊疑问词asked(sb.)whetherorasked 祈使句祈使句 疑问句疑问句commandrequestadvicetold/orderedsb.(not)todosth.askedsb.(not)todosth.advisesb.(not)todosth.suggestsb.(not)todosth.做判断做判断谓语谓语 陈述句陈述句saidthatsaidtosb.thattoldsb.that一般疑问句一般疑问句特殊疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句选择疑问句asked(sb.)if/whetherasked(sb.)特殊疑问词asked(sb.)whetherorasked 祈使句祈使句 疑问句疑问句commandrequestadvicetold/orderedsb.(not)todosth.askedsb.(not)todosth.advisesb.(not)todosth.suggestdoingsth.suggestthat(should)do做判断做判断谓语谓语 陈述句陈述句saidthatsaidtosb.thattoldsb.that一般疑问句一般疑问句特殊疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句选择疑问句asked(sb.)if/whetherasked(sb.)特殊疑问词asked(sb.)whetherorasked 祈使句祈使句 疑问句疑问句commandrequestadvicetold/orderedsb.(not)todosth.askedsb.(not)todosth.advisesb.(not)todosth.suggest(ones)doingsth.suggest(tosb.)that(should)do 感叹句感叹句做判断做判断谓语谓语 陈述句陈述句saidthatsaidtosb.thattoldsb.that一般疑问句一般疑问句特殊疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句选择疑问句asked(sb.)if/whetherasked(sb.)特殊疑问词asked(sb.)whetherorasked 祈使句祈使句 疑问句疑问句commandrequestadvicetold/orderedsb.(not)todosth.askedsb.(not)todosth.advicesb.(not)todosth.suggest(ones)doingsth.suggest(tosb.)that(should)do 感叹句感叹句用用how 或或what引导，语序不变引导，语序不变或者用或者用that引导的陈述句引导的陈述句3.He said to me,Are you a student?4.Miss Hu said,“I am a teacher?His father told him to be more careful the next time.Mr.Wang said that he would leave for Shang-hai onbusiness the next month.He asked me if I was a student.Miss Hu said that she is a teacher.1、You should be more careful next time,his father said to him.2.Mr.Wang said,“I will leave for Shang-hai on business next month.”5.Have you anything interesting I can read,George?she said.6.He said,“where is the nearest gas station?7.“Dont use mobile phone in class?she said to her students.8.“What a beautiful girl she is?Tom said.She asked if George had something interesting she could read.He asked where the nearest gas station was.She told her students not to use mobile phone in class.Tom cried what a beautiful girl she was.导航及课本练习校对导航及课本练习校对Exercise of 导航导航if/whether,was;told,not to;they had visited,the week before;told,travels;told,to go;had,there;how she had;told to stop;where I had,those;not to tellHe told the farmers to do things at the right time of the year.He asked us to open our books.My mother told me not to eat the cold food.The boy asked us to tell him the way to the post office.He ordered the soldiers to put down their guns at once.She asked me to post the letter for her.She asked me to hand her the dictionary.She told her little daughter not to stand in the way.The police ordered the young man to stand where he was.He asked me if I was going home that weekend.Homework交导航检查；抄写单词Unit2:commandcab