外文翻译--基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用.doc

外文翻译Application and developmentOf case based reasoning in fixture design Fixtures are devices that serve as the purpose of holding the workpiece securely and accurately, and maintaining a consistent relationship with respect to the tools while machining. Because the fixture structure depends on the feature of the product and the status of the process planning in the enterprise, its design is the bottleneck during manufacturing, which restrains to improve the efficiency and leadtime. And fixture design is a complicated process, based on experience that needs comprehensive qualitative knowledge about a number of design issues including workpiece configuration, manufacturing processes involved, and machining environment. This is also a very time consuming work when using traditional CAD tools (such as Unigraphics, CATIA or Pro/E), which are good at performing detailed design tasks, but provide few benefits for taking advantage of the previous design experience and resources, which are precisely the key factors in improving the efficiency. The methodology of case based reasoning (CBR) adapts the solution of a previously solved case to build a solution for a new problem with the following four steps: retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain 1. This is a more useful method than the use of an expert system to simulate human thought because proposing a similar case and applying a few modifications seems to be self explanatory and more intuitive to humans .So various case based design support tools have been developed for numerous areas2-4, such as in injection molding and design, architectural design, die casting die design, process planning, and also in fixture design. Sun used six digitals to compose the index code that included workpiece shape, machine portion, bushing, the 1st locating device, the 2nd locating device and clamping device5. But the system cannot be used for other fixture types except for drill fixtures, and cannot solve the problem of storage of the same index code that needs to be retained, which is very important in CBR6.1. Construction of a Case Index and Case Library1.1 Case indexThe case index should be composed of all features of the workpiece, which are distinguished from different fixtures. Using all of them would make the operation in convenient. Because the forms of the parts are diverse, and the technology requirements of manufacture in the enterprise also develop continuously, lots of features used as the case index will make the search rate slow, and the main feature unimportant, for the reason that the relative weight which is allotted to every feature must diminish. And on the other hand, it is hard to include all the features in the case index.1.2 Hierarchical form of CaseThe structure similarity of the fixture is represented as the whole fixture similarity, components similarity and component similarity. So the whole fixture case library, components case library, component case library of fixture are formed correspondingly. Usually design information of the whole fixture is composed of workpiece information and workpiece procedure information, which represent the fixture satisfying the specifically designing function demand. The whole fixture case is made up of function components, which are described by the function components names and numbers. The components case represents the members. (function component and other structure components， main driven parameter, the number, and their constrain relations.) The component case (the lowest layer of the fixture) is the structure of function component and other components. In the modern fixture design there are lots of parametric standard parts and common non standard parts. So the component case library should record the specification parameter and the way in which it keeps them. 2. Strategy of Case RetrievalIn the case based design of fixtures ,the most important thing is the retrieval of the similarity, which can help to obtain the most similar case, and to cut down the time of adaptation. According to the requirement of fixture design, the strategy of case retrieval combines the way of the nearest neighbor and knowledge guided. That is, first search on depth, then on breadth; the knowledge guided strategy means to search on the knowledge rule from root to the object, which is firstly searched by the fixture type, then by the shape of the workpiece, thirdly by the locating method. For example, if the case index code includes the milling fixture of fixture type, the search is just for all milling fixtures, then for box of workpiece shape, the third for 1plane+ 2pine of locating method. If there is no match of it, then the search stops on depth, and returns to the upper layer, and retrieves all the relative cases on breadth.2.1 Case adaptationThe modification of the analogical case in the fixture design includes the following three cases:1) The substitution of components and the component;2) Adjusting the dimension of components and the component while the form remains; 3) The redesign of the model.If the components and component of the fixture are common objects, they can be edited, substituted and deleted with tools, which have been designed.2.2 Case storageBefore saving a new fixture case in the case library, the designer must consider whether the saving is valuable. If the case does not increase the knowledge of the system, it is not necessary to store it in the case library. If it is valuable, then the designer must analyze it before saving it to see whether the case is stored as a prototype case or as reference case. A prototype case is a representation that can describe the main features of a case family. A case family consists of those cases whose index codes have the same first 13 digits and different last three digits in the case library. The last three digits of a prototype case are always “000”. A reference case belongs to the same family as the prototype case and is distinguished by the different last three digits.From the concept that has been explained, the following strategies are adopted:1) If a new case matches any existing case family, it has the same first 13 digits as an existing prototype case, so the case is not saved because it is represented well by the prototype case. Or is just saved as a reference case (the last 3 digits are not “000”, and not the same with others) in the case library.2) If a new case matches any existing case family and is thought to be better at representing this case family than the previous prototype case, then the prototype case is substituted by this new case, and the previous prototype case is saved as a reference case.3) If a new case does not match any existing case family, a new case family will be generated automatically and the case is stored as the prototype case in the case library.3. ConclusionCBR, as a problem solving methodology, is a more efficient method than an expert system to simulate human thought, and has been developed in many domains where knowledge is difficult to acquire. The advantages of the CBR are as follows: it resembles human thought more closely; the building of a case library which has self learning ability by saving new cases is easier and faster than the building of a rule library; and it supports a better transfer and explanation of new knowledge that is more different than the rule library. A proposed fixture design framework on the CBR has been implemented by using Visual C +, UG/Open API in U n graphics with Oracle as database support, which also has been integrated with the 32D parametric common component library, common components library and typical fixture library. The prototype system, developed here, is used for the aviation project, and aids the fixture designers to improve the design efficiency and reuse previous design resources.基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用夹具是以确定工件安全定位准确为目的的装置，并在加工过程中保持工件与刀具或机床的位置一致不变。因为夹具的结构依赖于产品的特点和在企业规划中加工工序的地位,所以它的设计是制造过程中的瓶颈,制约着效率的提高. 夹具设计是一个复杂的过程,需要有从大量的设计论文中了解质量知识的经验，这些设计论文包括工件的结构设计、涉及加工工艺，和加工环境。当用这些擅长绘制详细设计图的传统的CAD工具（如Unigraphics、CATIA、Pro/E)时,这仍然是一项非常耗时的工作，但是利用以往的设计经验和资源也不能提供一些益处,而这正是提高效率的关键因素. 基于事例推理 (CBR) 的方法适应以往个案解决的办法,建立一个新问题的方法,主要有以下四步骤:检索、利用、修改,并保留.这是一个比用专业系统模仿人类思维有用的使用方法，因为提出一个类似的情况,和采用一些修改,似乎不言自明,而且比人类更直观.所以支持不同事例的设计工具已经在诸多领域中发展起来，如在注射成型及设计、建筑设计、模具设计投死, 规划过程中,还有夹具设计. 孙用六个数字组成代码参数,包括工件的形状、机械部分、轴衬,第一定位装置,第二定位装置和夹紧装置. 但这个系统不能用于除钻床夹具外的其他夹具类型,不能解决储存需要保留的同一参数代码的问题,这在CBR中是非常重要的.1. 事例参数和事例图书馆的建立1.1 事例参数事例参数应该由工件的所有的特征组成，来区别不同的夹具. 使用他们能够使操作方便. 因为零件的形状是多种多样的, 在生产企业中制造的技术要求也不断发展,许多特征作被用做事例参数将会使搜索速度降低,其主要特征是不重要的,因为分配给每个特征的比重必须减少. 另一方面,事例参数包含所有的特征是困难的。 1.2 事例的层次化夹具的结构相似被认为是整个夹具，成分和内容相似。所以，整个夹具事例库，成分事例库，夹具的成分事例库形成相同。整个夹具的设计资料通常是由工件资料和工件加工资料组成,这就意味着夹具的设计应满足特别功能的需求.全部夹具事例是由功能成分组成，它是用功能成分的名字和数字来进行描述的。成分事例代表成员（成分功能和其他结构成分，主要驱动参数，数字，和它们的约束关系）。成分事例（夹具的最低层）是功能成分和和其他成分的结构。在现代夹具设计中有很多参数化准件和普通非标准件。所以成分事例图书馆应记录特殊参数和保持它们的方法。2. 事例修改的策略在基于事例的夹具设计中，最重要的是相似点的修改，这样能有助于获得最相似的事例，以及缩短适应时间。根据夹具设计的需求，事例修改的策略使最接近的事例方法和知识指导结合起来。首先在深度上查找，然后在宽度上；知识指导策略意味着在来自客观事物根源的知识规则上查找，这就要首先查找固定类型，然后查找工件的形状，第三查找定位方法。例如，如果事例索引码包括夹具类型的磨削夹具，就只查找所有的磨削夹具，然后查找工件形状的盒子，第三查找一个平面两个销的定位方法。如果没有合适的，就查找深度标点，然后回到最上层，然后再找所有与宽度相关的事例。2.1事例的修改夹具设计中相似事例的修改包括以下三个阶段：1）成分的替代2）保持形式不变，调整成分的特性3）模型重新设计如果夹具的成分是普通的物品，它们能通过使用工具被修改，代替以及删除，这些已经被设计好了。2.2 在将一个新的事例保存到事例库之前，设计者必须考虑保存是否有价值。如果这个事例不能增加系统的知识，就没有必要把它保存到事例库里。如果它有价值的话，设计者在保存之前必须分析一下，看看这个事例是否作为标准事例或参考事例被存储了。一个标准事例是一个描述同族事例主要特征的标准。一个同族事例是有事例库中索引码前13位相同而最后三位不同的那些事例组成的。一个标准事例的最后三位通常是“000”。一个参考事例属于同族标准事例，最后三位用不同数字区分。从被解释的概念中，可采用以下方法：1)如果一个新的事例和任何一个存在的事例族一致，和一个存在的标准事例的前13位数相同，那么这个事例就不能存储因为已经这种标准事例了。或者只能作为一个参考事例保存（最后三位不是“000”，而且和其它的不一样）在事例库中。2)如果一个新的事例和任何一个存在的事例族一致，并且被认为代替这个事例族要比以前的标准事例好，那么这个标准事例就被这个新的事例代替，以前的标准事例作为一个参考事例保存。3)如果一个新的事例和任何一个存在的事例族不一致，一个新的事例族将会自动产生，并作为标准事例保存到事例库中。3. 结论基于事例推理，作为一个问题解决的方法，是一个比模仿人类思想的专业系统更有效的方法，已经在很多难获取知识的领域里得到发展。基于事例推理的优点如下：它和人类的思想很相似；一个事例库通过保存新事例获得自学能力，它比有惯例库更快更容易，它可以更好的传递和解释新的知识，这和惯例库有很大的不同。基于事例推理中提出的一个夹具设计的框架已经被实行了，使用的是支持基础数据的VC+，UG电脑绘图软件。这个框架也已经和普通成分库和典型夹具库结合起来。这个发展的标准系统，用于航空项目，帮助夹具设计者提高设计效率和重新使用先前的设计资源。