华东政法大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷说课讲解.doc

Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。华东政法大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷-华东政法大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题PartI:Grammar&Vocabulary(10%)Directions:ChoosethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachsentenceandthenmarkyouranswersonyourANSWERSHEET1.1. Tomostpeople,marriageisa_affair.A.love-and-hatredB.nowornever2. C.win-winsituationD.give-and-takeWetriedtosettletheargumentbut_nothing.3. A.finishB.completedC.endedD.accomplishedWeshouldsettleourdifferenceby_notbywar. 4. A.assignment     B.compromiseC.security      D.appointmentTrampsaspioneers?Itseemedabsurd.Ikept_theidea_.5. A.pondering,aboutB.mulling,aboutC.thinking,ofD.speculating,onPeoplebecome_theplacetheylivein.6. A.associatedwithB.attachedtoC.appreciativeofD.attachablewithSincethedaysofColumbus,Americahasbeenanothernameforopportunity,whereoneseemstoaccomplish_.7. A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.littleNomatterhowdifficulttheproblemis,hecanhandleit_.8. A.atequaleaseB.ofequaleaseC.withequaleaseD.fromequaleaseThesuccessfultrampswouldbe_thepioneers.9. A.equalB.equalofC.equaltoD.equalsItslikelyfortheoutstandingonestostandout_therest.10. offB.ofC.fromD.aboveItshumannatureto_wealth_reachandneglecthappinessalready_.A. crave,within,withinreachB. cravefor,outof,inhandC. chaseafter,beyond,beyondreach11. seekafter,within,outofhand_hersurprise,migrantworkersare_.A. Outof,atoughandhard-workinglotB. To,adiligentandcheerfullotC. To,diligentandtoughlots.12. Outof,toughandhard-workinglotWhenaskedwhetheritsthe_heis_,theanswer,aftersome_,isinvariablythesame.A. money,after,hesitantB. money,cravingfor,thoughtC. money,chasingafter,considerate13. money,craving,thinkingResourcefulasthegeneralwas,helet_spreadthathewouldattackonacertaindaynextmonth.14. A.thewordB.wordC.awordD.wordsThe_wouldperishinaworldoffiercecompetition.15. adaptableB.adaptedC.inadaptableD.adaptiveItseasyforthetrampsto_temperandget_withthesteadyjob.16. lose,sickB.control,fedupC.lose,fedupD.control,sickandtiredWegenuinely_youropinionandyoursuggestion.17. A.appreciateofB.valueC.evaluateasD.estimateaboutTheEmpireStateBuildingisafamous_ontheNewYorkskyline.A. stumblingblockB. steppingblockC. landmark18. springboardTheteachertriedto_thenewboy_bylettinghimsaysomethingabouthishometown.19. A.drawforB.drawbackC.drawawayD.drawuponThegrasswas_withdew.Dropsofwater_inthesun.A. full,sparkledB. wet,sparkledC. filled,gleamed20. abundant,gleamedWhathesaidlastnightis_anuisancethanitshouldbe.A.moreofB.lessthanC.justasD.morelikePartII:ReadingComprehension(15%).Direction:Thereare3readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageOne:Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.BetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesA.D.,theByzantineEmpirestagedanalmostunparalleledeconomicandculturalrevival,arecoverythatisallthemorestrikingbecauseitfollowedalongperiodofsevereinternaldecline.Bytheearlyeighthcentury,theempirehadlostroughlytwo-thirdsoftheterritoryithadpossessedintheyear600,anditsremainingareawasbeingraidedbyArabsandBulgarians,whoattimesthreatenedtotakeConstantinopleandextinguishtheempirealtogether.Thewealthofthestateanditssubjectswasgreatlydiminished,andartisticandliteraryproductionhadvirtuallyceased.Bytheearlyeleventhcentury,however,theempirehadregainedalmosthalfofitslostpossessions,itsnewfrontiersweresecure,anditsinfluenceextendedfarbeyonditsborders.Theeconomyhadrecovered,thetreasurywasfull,andartandscholarshiphadadvanced.ToconsidertheByzantinemilitary,cultural,andeconomicadvancesasdifferentiatedaspectsofasinglephenomenonisreasonable.Afterall,thesethreeformsofprogresshavegonetogetherinanumberofstatesandcivilizations.RomeunderAugustusandfifth-centuryAthensprovidethemostobviousexamplesinantiquity.Moreover,anexaminationoftheapparentsequentialconnectionsamongmilitary,economic,andculturalformsofprogressmighthelpexplainthedynamicsofhistoricalchange.ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonitsownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemyterritory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedandmoremoneybecameavailabletopatronizeartandliterature.Therefore,Byzantinemilitaryachievementsledtoeconomicadvances,whichinturnledtoculturalrevival.Nodoubtthishypotheticalpatterndidapplyattimesduringthecourseoftherecovery.Yetitisnotclearthatmilitaryadvancesinvariablycamefirst.Economicadvancessecond,andintellectualadvancesthird.Inthe860stheByzantineEmpirebegantorecoverfromArabincursionssothatby872themilitarybalancewiththeAbbasidCaliphatehadbeenpermanentlyalteredintheempiresfavor.Thebeginningoftheempireseconomicrevival,however,canbeplacedbetween810and830.Finally,theByzantinerevivaloflearningappearstohavebegunevenearlier.Anumberofnotablescholarsandwritersappearedby788and,bythelastdecadeoftheeighthcentury,aculturalrevivalwasinfullbloom,arevivalthatlasteduntilthefallofConstantinoplein1453.ThusthecommonlyexpectedorderofmilitaryrevivalfollowedbyeconomicandthenbyculturalrecoverywasreversedinByzantium.Infact,therevivalofByzantinelearningmayitselfhaveinfluencedthesubsequenteconomicandmilitaryexpansion.21.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?(A)TheByzantineEmpirewasauniquecaseinwhichtheusualorderofmilitaryandeconomicrevivalprecedingculturalrevivalwasreversed.(B)After810Byzantineeconomicrecoveryspurredamilitaryand,later,culturalexpansionthatlasteduntil1453.(C)Theeighth-centuryrevivalofByzantinelearningisaninexplicablephenomenon,anditseconomicandmilitaryprecursorshaveyettobediscovered.(D)TherevivaloftheByzantineEmpirebetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesshowsculturalrebirthprecedingeconomicandmilitaryrevival,thereverseofthecommonlyacceptedorderofprogress.22.Theprimarypurposeofthesecondparagraphiswhichofthefollowing?(A)ToestablishtheuniquenessoftheByzantinerevival(B)ToshowthatAugustanRomeandfifth-centuryAthensareexamplesofcultural,economic,andmilitaryexpansionagainstwhichallsubsequentcasesmustbemeasured(C)Tosuggestthatcultural,economic,andmilitaryadvanceshavetendedtobecloselyinterrelatedindifferentsocieties.(D)Toarguethat,whiletherevivalsofAugustanRomeandfifth-centuryAthensweresimilar,theyareunrelatedtootherhistoricalexamples23.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbytheeleventhcenturytheByzantinemilitaryforces(A)hadreachedtheirpeakandbeguntodecline(B)hadeliminatedtheBulgarianarmy(C)werecomparableinsizetothearmyofRomeunderAugustus(D)werestrongenoughtowithstandtheAbbasidCaliphatesmilitaryforces24.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthormostprobablyprovidesanexplanationoftheapparentconnectionsamongeconomic,military,andculturaldevelopmentinorderto(A)suggestthattheprocessofrevivalinByzantiumaccordswiththismodel(B)setupanorderofeventsthatisthenshowntobenotgenerallyapplicabletothecaseofByzantium(C)castaspersionsontraditionalhistoricalscholarshipaboutByzantium(D)suggestthatByzantiumrepresentsacaseforwhichnohistoricalprecedentexists25.WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionascrucialevidenceconcerningthemannerinwhichtheByzantinerevivalbegan?(A)TheByzantinemilitaryrevivalofthe860sledtoeconomicandculturaladvances.(B)TheByzantineculturalrevivallasteduntil1453.(C)TheByzantineeconomicrecoverybeganinthe900s.(D)TherevivalofByzantinelearningbegantowardtheendoftheeighthcentury.PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.In1896aGeorgiacouplesuingfordamagesintheaccidentaldeathoftheirtwoyearoldwastoldthatsincethechildhadmadenorealeconomiccontributiontothefamily,therewasnoliabilityfordamages.Incontrast,lessthanacenturylater,in1979,theparentsofathreeyearoldsuedinNewYorkforaccidental-deathdamagesandwonanawardof$750,000.ThetransformationinsocialvaluesimplicitinjuxtaposingthesetwoincidentsisthesubjectofVivianaZelizersexcellentbook,PricingthePricelessChild.Duringthenineteenthcentury,sheargues,theconceptofthe“useful”childwhocontributedtothefamilyeconomygavewaygraduallytothepresent-daynotionofthe“useless”childwho,thoughproducingnoincomefor,andindeedextremelycostlyto,itsparents,isyetconsideredemotionally“priceless.”Wellestablishedamongsegmentsofthemiddleandupperclassesbythemid-1800s,thisnewviewofchildhoodspreadthroughoutsocietyinthelate-nineteenthandearly-twentiethcenturiesasreformersintroducedchild-laborregulationsandcompulsoryeducationlawspredicatedinpartontheassumptionthatachildsemotionalvaluemadechildlabortaboo.ForZelizertheoriginsofthistransformationweremanyandcomplex.Thegradualerosionofchildrensproductivevalueinamaturingindustrialeconomy,thedeclineinbirthanddeathrates,especiallyinchildmortality,andthedevelopmentofthecompanionatefamily(afamilyinwhichmemberswereunitedbyexplicitbondsofloveratherthanduty)wereallfactorscriticalinchangingtheassessmentofchildrensworth.Yet“expulsionofchildrenfromthecashnexus,althoughclearlyshapedbyprofoundchangesintheeconomic,occupational,andfamilystructures,”Zelizermaintains.“wasalsopartofaculturalprocessofsacralizationofchildrenslives.”Protectingchildrenfromthecrassbusinessworldbecameenormouslyimportantforlate-nineteenth-centurymiddle-classAmericans,shesuggests;thissacralizationwasawayofresistingwhattheyperceivedastherelentlesscorruptionofhumanvaluesbythemarketplace.Instressingtheculturaldeterminantsofachildsworth,Zelizertakesissuewithpractitionersofthenew“sociologicaleconomics,”whohaveanalyzedsuchtraditionallysociologicaltopicsascrime,marriage,education,andhealthsolelyintermsoftheireconomicdeterminants.Allowingonlyasmallroleforculturalforcesintheformofindividual“preferences,”thesesociologiststendtoviewallhumanbehaviorasdirectedprimarilybytheprincipleofmaximizingeconomicgain.Zelizerishighlycriticalofthisapproach,andemphasizesinsteadtheoppositephenomenon:thepowerofsocialvaluestotransformprice.Aschildrenbecamemorevaluableinemotionalterms,sheargues,their“exchange”or“surrender”valueonthemarket,thatis,theconversionoftheirintangibleworthintocashterms,becamemuchgreater.26.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethataccidental-deathdamageawardsinAmericaduringthenineteenthcenturytendedtobebasedprincipallyonthe(A)earningsofthepersonattimeofdeath(B)wealthofthepartycausingthedeath(C)degreeofculpabilityofthepartycausingthedeath(D)amountofmoneythathadbeenspentonthepersonkilled27.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheearly1800schildrenweregenerallyregardedbytheirfamiliesasindividualswho(A)neededenormousamountsofsecurityandaffection(B)requiredconstantsupervisionwhileworking(C)wereimportanttotheeconomicwell-beingofafamily(D)wereunsuitedtospendinglonghoursinschool28.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto(A)reviewtheliteratureinanewacademicsubfield(B)presentthecentralthesisofarecentbook(C)contrasttwoapproachestoanalyzinghistoricalchange(D)refuteatraditionalexplanationofasocialphenomenon29.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingstatementswastrueofAmericanfamiliesoverthecourseofthenineteenthcentury?(A)Theaveragesizeoffamiliesgrewconsiderably(B)Thepercentageoffamiliesinvolvedinindustrialworkdeclineddramatically.(C)Familymembersbecamemoreemotionallybondedtooneanother.(D)Familymembersspentanincreasingamountoftimeworkingwitheachother.30.ZelizerreferstoallofthefollowingasimportantinfluencesinchangingtheassessmentofchildrensworthEXCEPTchangesin(A)themortalityrate(B)thenatureofindustry(C)thenatureofthefamily(D)attitudestowardreformmovementsQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930,overtenpercenttotheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouth,wherethepreponderanceoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocated,andmigratedtonorthernstates,withthelargestnumbermoving,itisclaimed,between1916and1918.Ithasbeenfrequentlyassumed,butnotproved,thatthemajorityofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofthecottonindustryfollowingthebollweevilinfestation,whichbeganin1898,andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.ThisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrantssubsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackground,abackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeenrigorouslyinvestigated.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentanexodusfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigration,noonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600,000Blackworkers,ortenpercentoftheBlackworkforce,reportedthemselvestobeengagedin“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits,”thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyencompassingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.Itisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbeenticedtomove,butanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery-blacksmiths,masons,carpenters-whichhadhadamonopolyofcertaintrades,buttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetition,mechanization,andobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercent,morerecentlyurbanized,workedinnewlydevelopedindustriestobacco,lumber,coalandironmanufacture,andrailroads.WagesintheSouth,however,werelow,andBlackworkerswereaware,throughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpress,thattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.Afterthebollweevilinfestation,urbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkers,whoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.Thus,amovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployed,andtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundcomesintoquestion.31.Theauthorindicatesexplicitlythatwhichofthefollowingrecordshasbeenasourceofinformationinherinvestigation?(A)UnitedStatesImmigrationServicereportsfrom1914to1930(B)Payrollsofsouthernmanufacturingfirmsbetween1910and1930(C)Thevolumeofcottonexportsbetween1898and1910(D)Thefederalcensusof191032.Inthepassage,theauthoranticipateswhichofthefollowingasapossibleobjectiontoherargument?(A)ItisuncertainhowmanypeopleactuallymigratedduringtheGreatMigration.(B)TheeventualeconomicstatusoftheGreatMigrationmigrantshasnotbeenadequatelytraced.(C)Itisnotlikelythatpeoplewithsteadyjobswouldhavereasontomovetoanotherareaofthecountry.(D)Itisnottruethattheterm“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits”actuallyencompassestheentireindustrialsector.33.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofwagesinsoutherncitie