2021届高考英语二轮专项语法复习-名词学案.docx

第1讲名词自主探究1.名词的概念：名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词，有专有名词和普通名词之分，还有可数名词与不可数名词之分。H.名词的种类HL名词类别的相互转换专有名词普通名词国名、地名、人名、团体机构名称可数名词不口数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词1.个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换2.物质名词与个体名词的相互转换例 句意 义名词性质She held some flowers in her hand.The trees are now in flower.花朵个体名词开花抽象名词Youth is beautiful.He is a youth of twenty.w抽象名词年轻人个体名词©They have achieved remarkable success in their work.一How about the Christmas evening party?一I should say it was a success.成功抽象名词成功的事个体名词例 句意 义名词性质Iron is a kind of metal.Please lend me your iron.铁物质名词熨斗个体名词He broke a piece of glass.He broke a glass.玻璃物质名词玻璃杯个体名词I bought a chicken this morning.Please help yourself to some chicken.小鸡个体名词鸡肉物质名词3.抽象名词与个体名词的转换They sent us word of the latest happenings.消息（抽象名词）具有动作意义的抽象名词与某些动词（如:have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作具有动作意义的抽象名词与某些动词（如:have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作Could we have a word before you go to themeeting?适（个体名词）类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/atrip/a wash/a discussion/a look; take a walk/abath; make an advance/an early start/adecision/a change; give a cry of pain（发出痛苦的叫声）/ a try表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词 时可以用来表示其中的一部分©Many people agree that a knowledge of English （懂英语）is a must in international trade today.give a fuller knowledge （知识）of China If there were no examination, we should have a much happier time （愉快的时光）at school.Time （时间）is money.抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一 次，一阵，一种”具体的行为、事件、现象 或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰，可 与a, an连用有些不可数名词尽管有形容词修饰，但不 能与a, an连用Oh, John. What a pleasant surprise （令 人高兴的惊喜）you gave me!She looked up in surprise （惊讶地）when I shouted.（3）It is such an unusual work of art （一 件不寻常的艺术作品）that everyone wants to have a look at it.（4）What 自ne weather （好天气）it is!Here is good news（好消息）for you.He has made great progress （很大的进步） in English recently.He got useful information （有用的信息） about computer.What good advice （好建议）he gave us on the study of English!类彳以的词还有：equipment, furniture, luggage, clothing, homework, fun-W .名词的数1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-S或-es。规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的在词尾加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f或-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives, half-halves, life-lives, self-selves, shelf-shelves加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs, grief-griefs,safe-safes, cliff-cliffs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词， 变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词， 或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-0结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加一0结尾的名词 加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos, studio-studios8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths2.不规则名词复数:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice, ox-oxen, crisis-crises, medium-media, analysis-analyses, phenomenon-phenomena, criterion-criteria, child-children2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species, li俚）3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents, shoes, gloves, chopsticks, jeans, sleeves, slippers规则例词4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数 （整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关）,forces（军队）， times（时代）,drinks（饮料）, sands（沙滩）,papers（文件）, manners（礼貌）,looks（外表）， brains（头脑智力）,greens（青 菜）,ruins（废墟）,airs（摆架子）, works（著作）,damages（赔偿 金），balances（天平）， interests（利益）7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Europeans, Romes单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men, -womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分 变为复数grown-ups, housewives将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsV.名词的所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫作名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是由名词词尾加k构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加1the boy's father, Jack*s book, her son-in-law's photo复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers' room, the twins* mother不规则复数名词后加'Sthe children's toys, women's rights以s结尾的人名所有格加小或者Dickens1 novels, Charles'job, the Smiths* house表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加'SJapan*s and America's problems, Jane's andMary's bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末尾加'sJapan and America's problems, Jane and Mary's father表示“某人的家/店铺”，所有格后名词省略the doctor's, the barber's, the tailofs, my uncle*s27s所有格的用法:3.of所有格的用法：1表示时间today's newspaper, five weeks* holiday2表示自然现象the earth's atmosphere, the tree*s branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the country's plan, the world's population, China's industry4表示工作群体the ship's crew, the majority's view, the team's victory5表示度量衡及价值a mile's journey, five dollars* worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life's time, the play's plot7某些固定词组a bird's eye view, a stone's throw, at one's wit's end （不 知所措）用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressedW.名词作定语1表示地点、时间、材料、用途、 类别、性别等名词常用来作定 语London Airport （伦敦机场） Moscow Stadium （莫斯科体育 场）summer holiday （暑假）a coffee cup （咖啡杯）a book case （书箱）science fiction （科幻小说）a weather report （天气预报） a peace conference （和平会议）female crocodile （雌鳄鱼）a research project （研究项目）2名词作定语时一般用单数形 式，但个别情况下仍需用复数an Arts degree （文科学士） careers guidance （就业指导）savings bank （储蓄银行）a greetings telegram （问候电报）public relations department （公 共关系部）animal rights group （动物权利组织）3以ics或一些s结尾的名词作 定语不变a politics/physics professor （政 治/物理教授）a newsreporter （新闻 记者）a sales manager （销售经理） aftersales service （售后服务）4含有合成名词作定语时名词 用单数形式a five-pound note （5 英镑的钞 票）a six-minutewalk （6分钟的路程）a seven-year-old girl （7 岁的女 孩）an eight-story building （8层高的楼）a three-foot-high table （3 英 尺高的桌子）a three-footed table （3条腿的桌子）5（wo）man作定语修饰名词复 数时应变为（wo）mena man doctor （一个男 医生） two men doctors （两个男 医生）a woman's dress （一件女式衣 月艮）three women* dresses （三件女式衣服）6名词作定语与名词所有格作 定语的区别a woman servant （女仆） woman's work （妇女的工作）a girl friend （一位女性朋友） a girFs friend （一位女孩的朋 友）7名词作定语与形容词作定语a gold chain （金表链）的区别the golden sunshine （金色的阳 光）heart trouble （心脏病） a hearty welcome （热诚的欢迎）economy measures （节约 措施） economic measures （经济措 施）