英语语法与词汇详解 英语写作 英语文体.docx
英语语法与词汇详解英语写作英语文体正式文体(formal style / register) x 一般文体(或半正式文体, semi-formal style / register 并口非正式文体(informaI style/register)o依据写作对象确定语域。通常来说,正式书信倾向于采用正式的表达 法,而私人书信则倾向于非正式表达法。让我们体会一下二者的表达区 别吧!a.非正式的表达法:Let me know if you can come for the meeting next Wednesday.a.正式的表达法:Please kindly inform us of your availability for the meeting to be held next Wednesday.b.非正式的表达法:How about coming down to stay with us for weekend?b.正式的表达法:We would like to invite you for a weekend.b.正式的表达法:We would appreciate it if you could come for the weekend.状语种类如下: 例子 1 : Mrs. Smith lives on the second floor.(地点状语)例子 2 : How about meeting at seven in the morning?(时间状语)例子 3 : Last night she didn't go to the party because of the homework.(原因状语)例子 4 : In order to catch up with the others, you must work harder.(目的状语)例子 5 : He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.(结果状语)例子 6 : I shall go there if it doesn't rain.(条件状语)例子 7 : He works very hard though he is old.(让步状语)例子 8 : I am shorter than he is.(比较状语)例子 9 : This ticket is three days overdue.(程度状语)彳列子 10 : She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式 状语)例子 11 :The teacher came in with a book in her hand.(伴随状语)(7 )补语补语是起补充说明作用的句子成分,有主语补足语和宾语补足语两种。主语补足语很少提及,在写作中经常会使用的补语形式主要是宾语补 足语。宾语补足语是在宾语后面加上一个词或一个短语,用来对宾语的特征、 状态等情况进行补充说明,使得句子意义变得更加完整。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从 句充当。例子 1 : We elected him mayor.(名词)例子 2 : They painted the wall white.(形容词)例子 3 : Call the boys back.(副词)例子 4 :You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.(不定式)彳列子 5 : We saw her enteringthe room.(分词)例子 6 : We found everything in good order.(介词短语)例子 7 : We will soon make our citywhat your city is now.(从句)(8 )同位语由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,如果前项与后项 所指相同,句法功能也相同,那么后项是前项的同位语。同位语可由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句等充当。例子 1 :The family, father, mother, children, are all working for me.(名词)例子 2 : They each signed the paper.(代词)例子 3 : His ambition, conquering the whole world, was never fulfilled.(动名词)例子 4 : Her task, to clean the house, is easy.(不定式)例子 5 : I had no idea that you were here.(从句)如何区分正式与非正式表达法的标志之一是看是否有省略(非正式表 达法多用省略,而正式表达法反之)。a.正式的表达法:I would like you to come to my office to pick up the ticket.( 一般用于写给上级领导、合作伙伴等)b.非正式的表达法:Come to my office for a ticket.(一般用于写给 非常亲密的朋友)区分正式与非正式表达法的另一标志是看是否有缩略(非正式表达法 多用缩略,而正式表达法反之)。a.正式的表达法:I would like to.b.非正式的表达法:I' d like to.结构是文章的框架。英文文章讲究逻辑严密,无论是整个篇章还是各 个段落,通常都是“总一分一总"结构。考研作文不论大小,都可写成三段:第一段总论提出问题,第二段分 论分析问题,第三段总论解决问题。每段内部也是“总一分一总"结构: 第一句一般是主题句,总体论述;中间是论证部分;最后一句是小结。如果不写小结,就是"总一分结构。西方文化和英文属于理性的文化和语言,其特点是:演绎式思维,逻 辑分段,先论点后论证,讲究以理服人,逻辑严谨,结构清晰。中国文化和中文是感性的文化和语言,其特点是:归纳式思维,情感 分段,先论证再论点,讲究以情动人,逻辑跳跃,结构松散。考研写作应该力求结构清晰,逻辑严谨,注意段间和句间逻辑关系一 一并列、递进、转折、因果等。一、什么是句子成分?构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分,句子成分由词或词组充当。句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句 子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分,主要成分有主语和谓语,次要成分 有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。二、砍一砍句子成分(1)主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位 于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主 语从句等表示。举例:例子 1 : Chinese country musichas become more and more popular.(名词)例子 2 : Weoften speak English in class.(代词)例子 3 : One-thirdof the students in our class are boys.(数词)例子 4 : To swimin the lake is a great pleasure.(不定式)例子 5 : Smokingdoes harm to our health.(动名词)例子 6 : The richshould help the poor.(名词化的形容词)彳列子 7 : Where we are going to have a meeting has not been decided.(主语从句)(2 )谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语一般由动词构成, 放在主语之后。例子 1 : He practicesEnglish every morning.例子 2 : She has caughta bad cold.(3 )表语表语说明主语的身份、特征和状态,位于系动词之后。一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短 语、副词及表语从句表示。例子 1 : Our English teacher is an English.(名词)例子 2 : Is ityours?(代词)彳列子 3 : The weather has turned warm.(形容词)例子 4 : The speech is interesting.(分词)例子 5 : She is twenty-one.(数词)例子 6 : His job is to teachChinese.(不定式)例子 7 : Her hobby is playingbasketball.(动名词)例子 8 : The machine must be out of order.(介词短语)例子 9 : The class is over.(副词)例子 10 : The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)(4 )宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。一般由名词、代词、数词、名词化形容词、不定式短语、动名词短语 和宾语从句表示。彳列子 1 : They went to see a movieyesterday.(名词) 例子 2 : The rain prevented usfrom coming to school on time.(代 词)例子 3 : How many friends do you have? I have five.(数词)例子 4 :They helped the old with their housework last month.(名 词化形容词)例子 5 : He pretended not to seeme.(不定式短语)例子 6 : I enjoy listening tothe music.(动名词短语)例子 7:1 think he is my best friend.(宾语从句)宾语分为双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)和复合宾语(宾语+宾补) 两种。例 1 : Give me your dictionary, please.(双宾语)例 2 : They elected her their monitor.(复合宾语)(5 )定语定语是修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子。词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前,短语或句子作定语时通常 放在它所修饰的名词之后。作定语的有名词、形容词、数词、代词、分词及其短语、不定式及其 短语、介词短语以及定语从句等。例子 1 : They are women teachers in our school.(名词)例子 2 : Xi'an is a beautifulcity.(形容词)例子 3 : The plan has threesteps.(数词)例子 4 : Her rapid progress in English made ussurprised.(代词)例子 5 : China is a developingcountry; America is a developed country.(分词)例子 6 : Our English teacher is always the first to enterthe classroom.(不定式)例子 7 : My cat has a good nose formilk.(介词短语)例子 8 :Those who want to go abroadare to sign their names here. (定语从句)(6 )状语状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词的词、短语或句子,是用来表明动作 或状态特征的句子成分。状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、程度、 方式、伴随情况等。作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、分词及其短语、动词不定式及其 短语、状语从句等。例子 1 : Time goes quickly.(副词)例子 2 : Please wait aminute.(名词)例子 3 : He has lived in the country fortwenty years.(介词短语)例子 4 : She is proud to havepassed the final exam.(不定式短语)例子 5 : The boy is in the room making a model car.(分词短语)例子 6 : Once you begin, you must continue.(状语从句)