2021年北京市高考英语试卷（原卷版）含解析版.docx

2021年北京市高考真题英语试卷北京卷英语本试卷共n页，共MW）分.考试时长90分钟.考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回.第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)第一节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、R、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题 卡上将该项涂黑.Recently, I took a trip home by train. I got a seat opposite a iniddle-aged man with sharp eyes, who kept I a young woman in a window seat with a little boy on her lap. The woman's eye fell on the man's face, and she immediately looked down and 2 her scarf.As the night wore on. people began to close (heir eyes, but the seats were so uncomfortable that only a very heavy sleeper could manage to get any 3 The woman looked over at the man. He was still staring at her. She looked back at him with fire in her eyes. I was beginning to get 4 too.The train moved on. The little boy was 5 awake on his mother's lap, but the woman dropped off(o sleep. A moment later, he began to 6 the half-open window-one leg went over it. The man jumped up and 7 the child just before he fell out.The 8 woke up the woman. She seemed (o be in 9 and then reality dawned (显现).“Your child has been looking for an opportunity to climb out of the window, "the man said as he gave the child back to her. . “Sol have been watching the whole time. " The woman was 10, and so was I.1. A. guidingB. botheringC. watchingD. monitoring2. A. adjustedB.changedC. packedD. waved3. A. airB.joyC. spaceD. rest4. A. nervousB. embarrassedC. angryD. disappointed5. A. almostB. stillC. hardlyD.even6 A. dragB. climbC. knockD. push7. A. grabbedB.rockedC. touchedD. picked8. A. alarmB. quanelC. riskD. noise9. A. sorrowB. reliefC. panicD. pain10. A. astonishedB. confusedC. conceniedD. inspired第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分)A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空.在未给提示词的空白处仅填写I个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括 号内所给词的正确形式填空。Why do we dream? Scientists aren't completely sure, and they have diverse 11 (idea). Dreams might be a side clTcct of memory making. When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything 12 happened during the day, trying lo link new experiences to old memories. As it 】3 (connect) things, your brain turns them into a story, and you get a dream.B 阅读卜.列短文，根据短文内容填空.在未给提示词的空白处仅填写I个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括 号内所给词的正确形式填空。Sam is an in-rcal-life streamer (.播主)，and he live streams himself just going about his day. While riding his hike home 14 a cold night, he came across a sad-kx)king elderly woman wandering the streets by herself. The poor woman wasn't able to give him any information about 15 she lived. Sam walked her to a nearby convenience store so that she could 16(safe) wait for the police to take her home.c 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空.在未给提示词的空白处仅填写I个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括 号内所给词的正确形式填空。There 17 (be) a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20years, 18 (cause) largely by rising global temperatures.according to a new report from the United Nations. From 2000 to 2019, there were 7,348 major natural disasters around the world. 19 (result) in USD 2,970 billion in economic loss. Much of this increase can be due to climate change. The findings show a critical need 20 (invest) in disaster prevention.第二部分阅读理解(共两节，38分)第一节(共14小题；每小题2分，共28分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂 黑.细节理解题。根据最后一段"Now that our project is over, I realize that I have affected not only one life, but ten. With our efforts, ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their education."（现在我们的项目结束了，我意识 到我不仅影响了 个人的生活，而旦影响了十个人的生活。在我们的努力下，10名男孩和女孩现在将能够继续接 受教育。）可知，作者的伊拉克儿童行动组织帮助十个伊拉克儿童继续接受教育。故选B。【27题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“My first impression of the organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I had in mind. "（我对这个组织的第印象是，它不会对我心中的计划产生足够的影响。） 用 1 坡后，一段“In the beginning, I dared myself to make a difference in the lifeof another person. Now thatour project is over, I realize that I have alTcctcd not only one life, but ten. With our ciforts, ten young boys and girls will now be able to furlher their education. '' （一开始，我鼓励自己去改变另个人的生活。现在我们的项目结束了， 我意识到我不仅影响了一个人的生活，而且膨响了十个人的生活。在我们的努力下，十名男孩和女孩现在将能够 继续接受教育。）可知，一开始作者认为加入伊拉克儿童行动不会达到他的期望，但是最后通过努力对自己和他 人带来膨响，说明第一印象不总是可信的。故选B.【点睛】CHundreds of scicnlisls, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with ihe risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as ''a credible scenario（情景）his cemury”.A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway.The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility.The international scholars' warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapscology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signalorics（签署者）of ihe warning was Bob Johnson, ihe originator of the '"ecological fbolprinl” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With （he currcm Ibotprinl of humanity, "it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly wilhin this century,'' Johnson said in an email.“Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,'' the December warning letter says, ''can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote,Man is a viciim of dope （麻辞品）In the incurable form of hope.The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are inlenl（执着）on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. °Lct's look directly into the issue of collapse/' they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling iuturc.What docs the underlined word “germane“ in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Scientific.B.Credible.C. Original.D.Relevant.28. As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is.A. worriedB.puzzledC. surprisedD.scared29. What can we learn from this passage?A. The signatories may change the biophysical limits.B. The author agrees with the message of the poem.C. The issue of collapse is being prioritized.D. The global collapse is well underway.【答案】28. D 29. A 30. B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（globalcollapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12 月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体 阐释学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。【28题详解】词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句"The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations."（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技 术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停 止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即 世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。 A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的：C Original原来的，原创的：D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系 的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。【29题详解】推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事 情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse, they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we sec there to make the best of a troubling fiiture.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌 的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌” 的重视意识不够,比较担心,A. worried担忧的:B. puzzled困惑的,茫然的:C. surprised惊讶的;D. scared害怕 的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。【30题详解】推理判断题。原文诗歌"Man is a victim of dope; In the incurable form of hope.M （人类是麻醉品的受害者：沉迷于 无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实 际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到"yet messengers of the coming disturbance arc likely to be ignored. We all want lo hope things will turn out fine.M （然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）， 结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后段则提到执着于“quicling hope （hat ignores preparedness.M （掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提至Lets look dircclly into Ihc issue of collapse,M they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling fuiurc."（他 们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见， 上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度顿 向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。DEarly fifth-ceniury philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what （ime was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure il. Today's state-of-ihe-art atomic （原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is. because the answer depends on the question you're asking.Forget about time as an absolute. What if, instead of considering lime in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology? What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo （节奏）of human life? We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone, and realizing that we need io moderate （调节）our actions if we hope lo live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that?Recently, I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet, conditions that might change as a result of global wanning. We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers, which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes. We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers nin faster in the future on average, the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they nin slower, you'll see the opposite effect.The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics. It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from （heir own temporal frame （时间框架）,and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones. Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet. Anyone who considers river lime in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies.Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars, early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena. In prc-Classical Greece, for instance, pcoplet'corrcctcd,ofllcial calendars by shifting dates fbnvard or backward to reflect the change of season. Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise, river time and other timekeeping systems were developing may encourage environmental awareness.When Si. Augustine admitted his inability lo define time, he highlighted one of time's most noticeable qualities： Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context. Any timekeeping system is valid, and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose.31 What is the main idea of Paragraph I ?A. Timekeeping is increasingly related lo nature.B. Everyone can define time on their own terms.C. The qualities of lime vary with how you measure it.D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scicnlisls.32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to.A. present an assumptionB. evaluate an argumentC. highlight an experimentD. introduce an approach33. What can we learn from this passage?A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life.B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems.C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower.D. Modem technology may help to shape the rivers' temporal frame.34. What can we infer from this passage?A. 1( is crucial to improve (he definition of time.B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless.C. We should live in harmony with nature.D. Histoiy is a mirror reflecting reality.【答案】31. B 32. D 33. C 34. C【解析】【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。(31题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句"Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is. because the answer depends on the question you're asking.(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决 于你要问的问题广以及上文列举的哲学家St. Augustine和爱因斯坦对丁时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个 人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。【32题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的"We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone, and realizing that we need to moderate （调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance.（我们越来越意识到， 我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。厂进而 提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that?（如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢）”，结合前两个问题 “What if, instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, wc related time to ecology ? What if wc allowed cnvin）nmenial conditions to set the tempo （节奏）of human life?（如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间,而是将时间 与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢）''可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了 介绍方法。故选D项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段的"Wc'vc programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rale. If the rivers run faster in the future on average, the clock will gel ahead of standard time. If tliey run slower, you'll see （he opposite effect.（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配/一个原子时间。如 果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效 果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。【34题详解】推理判断题。根据笫二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone, and realizing that we need to moderate （调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance.（我们越来越意识到， 我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。广和倒 数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise, river time and other timekeeping systems were developing may encourage environmental awareness（时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存 至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识）“可推断，从这 篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑.选 项中有两项为多余选项.Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people. 35 The menial health benefits from music can't be argued. Music could also be helping you with many other health problems behind the scenes.36 However, for （he same reason, music can be very beneficial if one is in pain. By distracting （分心） the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and anxiety levels. This, of course, can lead to less pain.Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed. 37 While the validity of the idea is still being assessed, the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure. Similarly, according to researchers, listening to just 30 minutes of soft music