定语从句与同位语从句(全).docx

定语从句详细讲解一、定义及相关术语.定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在 它所修饰的先行词之后。定语的概念：（用来修饰名词的词）例：A beautiful girlan ugly dogThe girl behind the tree is Kate.The man driving too fast was drunk.定语从句（用一个句子来修饰名词）例：The girl who is behind the tree is Kate.The man who was driving too fast was drunk.1 .先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。2 .关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。The man 【who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.该句中，who is shaking hands w汕my father是定语从句，修饰先行词the man, “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词theman,在定语从句 中作主语。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A.引导定语从句；B.代替先行词；C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.二、关系代词引导的定语从句who指人，在定语从句中作主语。The boyswho are playing football J are from Class One.When=at/in/on/during 等介词+which 表时间Where=in/at 等介词 + whichWhy=for which如：表地点 表原因做时间状语 做地点状语 做原因状语The house which he lives in needs repairing.The house in which he lives needs repairing.The house where he lives needs repairing.From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择注意：我们也见过先行词是表示时间、地点的单词，但是怎么判断关系词就 在从句中是作状语还是主语、宾语呢？1. This is the museum where my mother worked 10 years ago.（worked in the museum 地点状语）This is the museum which was built in 1950.（the museum was build） （museum 主语）July 1, 1921 was the day _when our Party was founded（成立）.（our Party was founded on the day 作状语）July 1, 1921 was the day which we will not forget.(we will never forget the day 作宾语)3.1 remember the days when I lived in my home town.(I lived in my home town during the days 作状语)I remember the days which I spent with my grandpa.(I spent the days with . the days 作宾语)4. The house which/that we're going to visit was built a century ago.(visit the house)The house which/thatused to be a temple is a school now.(the house used to be a temple)The house where he used to live was flooded.(he used to live in the house)can' t find the cardwhere I wrote your address.(I wrote your address on the card)I can' t find the card _on which I wrote your address.7 .The box _where_ he put his photos is gone, (he put his photo into the box)The box _that /which he is carrying is heavy.(he is carrying the box).The hotel _where we stayed during our holiday stands by the seaside.(we stayed in the hotel)The hotel which/that stands by the seaside is quite comfortable.(the hotel stands by the seaside).The reason why he did it is not clear.(he did it for .reason 作状语)The reason which_ he gave to the teacher is unbelievable.(he gave the reason(宾语)to the teacher)总结：是不是做状语要看从句的谓语动词是不是及物动词，是及物动词就做 宾语，是不及物动词就做状语。介词的选择看谓语动词的搭配和句意要求。五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句举例:句型非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句意义只是对先行词的补充 说明，如删除，主句仍 能表达完整的意思。是先行词不可缺少的 定语，如删除，主句则 失去意义或意思表达不 完整。翻译通常译成主句的并列句译成先行词的定语：".的”逗号有无that不可用可用The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。非限制性定语从句举例：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的，现在正变得越来越强大。Last summer I visited the People's Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year.去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。只能用that引导定语从句的情况.当先行词everything, anything, nothing （something）, all, none, few, little, some 等不定代 词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。1 . Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做好了。There is little that I can do for you.我不能为你干什么。He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed.他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。（不重要，知道就行）注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who,如: Any man that / who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.任何有责任感 的人都不会做这样的事。All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所 有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。2 .当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3 .当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。4 .当先行词被 the very （恰恰）,the only （唯一）,the sane （同样）,the last （最后）等词修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.这正是我要买的词典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。(不重要，知道就行)注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词Who。如：Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。5 .当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate?站在门 口 的那个人是谁？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?哪件 T 恤衫最合我的身？6 .当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们 谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个沿街 走来的人和他的毛驴。7 .当先行词是 way, manner, measure 等表示方法的词和cause、reason> matter 等表示原因的词时，关系代词常用that代替in which, for which, why,也常可 省略。如:The cause (in which) we support them is unquestionable.二The cause (why) we support them is unquestionable.=The cause (that) we support them is unquestionable.我们援助他们的理由是不容置疑的She admired the way (that) they solved the questions.I don't like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你冲她的样子。只能使用关系词which不使用that的情况.在非限制性定语从句中只能使用关系词which,不能使用关系词that Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.竹子是空心的，这使得它很轻。1 .在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能使用关系词which,不能使用that This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.这就是毛主席曾经住过的 地方。（该句中的in which=where）在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了 that,另一 个宜用whichoLet me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.我来给你看我从新开的图书馆里借来的那本小说。注：that引导的从句修饰先行词the novel, which引导的定语从句修饰先行词 the library o4、当关系代词后面有插入语时。Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.这就是我跟你说过的会有助于提高你英语的那本英语语法书。注：句中俩逗号夹的那一部分就是插入语，为了不影响对句子结构的理解， 看到插入语类似这种的成分可以先划掉，去分析其他部分的句子。5、先行词为that时。The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟是报时的装置。注：该句也可以换成名词性从句"The clock is what can tell us the time."（三）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。 具体情况是：1、as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如: He married her, as / which was natural.他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。He is honest, as/which we can see.他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。2、as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至分割主 句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正 如、正像''的含义。如：As is known to all, China is a developing country.众所周知，中国是发展中国家。He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。John, as you know, is a famous writer,正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don't believe.张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用 which o （根据句意判断）如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。2 .当先行词受such, the same修饰时,关系词常用as。如：I've never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。He is not such a fool as he looks.他可不象他看上去的那样傻。This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：当先行词受the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。（五）but有时也用作关系词引导定语从句There are very few but admire his talents.很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（but = who don't）同位语从句详细讲解一、定义及相关术语同位语：一个名词或代词后面有时跟一个名词或起名词作用的成分，对前者进一步说 明。同位语从句一般用来解释或说明前面名词的具体含义或内容，在逻辑上表现为同位 关系。同位语从句的引导词有:关系代词（that, whether, what, which, who）,关系 副词（when, where, why, how ）,通常由 that 引导。常用于同位语从句的名词有:advice （建议）,demand （要求），information （信息）, news （信息），order （命令）,promise （答应），request （要求），suggestion （建议）,wish （希望），word（话工agreement （一致意见），assumption （假定），awareness （意识），belief （信仰），conclusion （结论），conviction （深信），decision （决定），delusion （错觉）， determination （决心），discovery （发现），doubt （怀疑），dream （梦想），evidence （证据）， explanation （解释），fact （事实），feeling （感觉），guarantee （保证），guess （猜测）,hope（希 望）,idea（观点），knowledge（认识）,likelihood（可能性）,message（信息），mind（想法），news（消 息）,notion（观念）,objection（反对）,opinion（观点）,possibility（可能性）,prediction（预 测）,probability（可能性）,problem（问题）,proof（证据）,proposal 建议）,proposition（论点、主 张工question（问题）,realization（认识）,rumor（传闻）,sign（迹象）,truth（事实）,theory（理 论）,thought（想法）,answer （回答）等等抽象名词。例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获 胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。二、同位语从句的引导词使用情况1 .如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that不充当任何成分，只 起连接作用，不可省略）The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了 战士 们立即过河的命令。解析:the soldiers should cross the river at once 是 the order 的全部内容,且意义完整,因 此应用that引导同位语从句。2 .如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加”是否”的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（/ 不能引导同位语从句）Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动 会是否会如期举行的问题。解析:the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整,应加，是否，的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容,因此应用whether引导同位语从句。3 .如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加什么时候“、“什么地点"、”什么方式”等含义， 应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。I have no idea when he will be back.解析：he而ll be back意义不完整,应加，什么时候，的含义才能表达idea的全部内容, 因此应用when引导同位语从句。I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.解析:he went home意义不完整，应加，如何，的含义才能表达impiressi（m的全部内容, 因此应用how引导同位语从句。4 .当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。同 位语从句常后置。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled （逃跑）the city.The story goes that he beats his wife.传说他打老婆。The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery.消息传开说他中彩得了 一辆汽车。三、同位语从句的语气在suggestion, advice, request, order等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语 从句中的谓语动词通常用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should可以省 略。例如：Our teacher gave us some advice how we （should） use the computer.老师给我们提出 了 一些如何使用电脑的建议。The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule （should） be adopted.采纳新规 则的建议是主席提出来的。The government gave the order that all these houses （should） be pulled down in three weeks.政府下令三个星期内所有这些房子都要拆掉。定语从句与同位语从句的区别一、意义的不同同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与先行词是同位关系；而定语 从句是限制所修饰名词的，它与先行词是修饰关系。We are glad at the news that he will come.听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。的内 容就是that he will come,故that引导的是同位语从句）We are glad at the news that he told us.听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。（that 从句是限制the news的内容的,即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的 news,故that从句为定语从句）二、引导词的不同what, how, if, whatever等可引导同位语从句，但不引导定语从句。定语从句由关系 代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语 时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由 where, when, how, who, whether, what等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。The news that he told me is true.（定）他告诉我的消息是真的。The news that he has just died is true.（同）他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Those F who want to go to the museum J must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。Yesterday I helped an old manwho had lost his way J .昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person( whom ) you talked about sb on the bus人称代词分主格和宾格，做主语用主格，做宾语用宾格 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。Li Ming is just the boy F ( whom ) I want to see.sb J当看到先行词是人的时候 关系代词不是who就是whom ,如何判断是who还是whom呢？就看 关系代词在从句中做主语还是谓语。从句缺宾语那么关系代词就用宾格 从句缺主语关系代词就用主格 李明正是我想要见的男孩。The professor(whom) you are waiting for sb J has come.你正在等的教授已经来了。The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises sb is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省 略。The man(whom / who )you met sbjust now J is my old friend.3、which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Football is a game F which by most boys.The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.（定）我们 现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.（同）我们如 何筹集这么多资金，这个问题很难解决。三、被修饰词语的区别同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。另外，when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一 定；又如why引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the reason,而它引导同位语从句时则 不一定。I have no idea when they will come ,我不知道他们什么时候来。（同）ril never forget the days when I lived there.我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。（定）We don't understand the problem why this is the best choice.我们不明白这个问题，为 什么这是最好的选择。（同）The reason why he didn't come to the meeting is that he is ill.他未能来开会，原因是他 生病了。（定）四、是否可以发展成完整句子同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句则不能。A. The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.（同）我们可以 向老师请教，这个主意不错。The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all.（同）地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals.（同）请注 意如何保护野生动物这个问题。The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.Exercises:1 .Alice has a large collection of phone,was taken in London. （D）A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which2.She may have missed her train, in case she won't arrive for another hour.A what B that C which D this3.1)1 have three children, and two of are doctors.2)1 have three children, two of are doctors.A them B that C which D whom(A D)4.There two thousand students in our school,are girls. (D)A two-thirds in which B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D of whom two thirds (引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是students,指人，所以引导定语从句应该用 whom,也可以说 two thirds of whom)5.1 have bought two pencils, writes well. (D)A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which(都是没有一个的意思，但none of用于三者以上neither of只用于两者之间)6. These houses are sold at such a low price people expected.当先行词被such修饰时，定语从句用as引导,即构成结构为"such+ (a/an) +形容词 +名词+as”引导的定语从句，意为"像一样的"。整个句子意为：这些房屋以人们 原来估计的那样低的价格出售。7. Pve never heard so interesting a story you told me.由 so interesting a story = such an interesting story 和上面一题的解释便可得知答案。as 在 定语从句中作宾语。整句意为：我从未听说过像你告诉我那样有趣的故事。8. Pve seen the same film you saw yesterday.9. Hl buy the same coat you wear.当先行词被same修饰时，定语从句由that或as引导，但意思不同。用that引导定语从 句指同一物，而用as引导定语从句指同类事物。10.is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.As在此引导非限制性定语从句，代表它所修饰的整个句子内容，并且它可放在所修饰 句子的前、中或后面。其常见结构如：as you know, as is said above, as is often the case ( 况经常是这样)等。如填it,则需将逗号改为that；如选D,则需将逗号改为is that。11. This is the first time he has been here, (that)1 2.1 don!t like the way you speak to her. (that/省略)13 . This is the best factory we visited last year, (that)14 .Please pass me the dictionary cover is red .(whose)16. Do you know the comrade(战友)we are talking ? A. to whom B. to who C.whom D. to that17. They visited the house the great writer was born. (born in 后往往接地点、年份或大地点，bom on后面往往接具体的某一天，born from表示源自 ，由 而生(灵 感)，bom of出生于家庭)(B)A. from where B. in which C. which D. in where18. The com