2022-2023学年上海市行知中学高二上学期第一次月考英语试卷 含详解.docx

2022-2023学年上海市行知中学高二上学期第一次月考英语试卷I . Listening comprehension略Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent andgrammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Scientists have measured levels of “third-hand“ cigarette smoke and found it could be a dominant and lingering source of harmful chemicals.Researchers reported how they tracked traces of cigarette smoke in a German cinema, where smoking was permitted, (mean) the only source of tobacco smoke was from the bodies and clothes of movie-goers and found that some viewers 2 (expose) to the equivalent of secondhand hoke from up to 10 cigarettes.The team led by Dr. Drew Gentner from Yale University sampled the exhaust air duct(导管)of the cinema for four days and detected 35 volatile(发挥性的)substances found in tobacco smoke.Concentrations of such substances showed a sharper increase around the time when moviegoers entered the cinema. 3 (pronounced) increases were seen for earlier show-times. Meanwhile, levels of the substances were lower for family films than for R-rated action movies, 4 the latter having small audiences.“In the R-rated films, especially the 5 that are occurring later in the evening, it appears there is a greater tendency of people attending those movies 6 (smoke), perhaps more frequently or more cigarettes, and so they are off gassing more J said Gentner, noting that previous studies had suggested third-hand smoke 7 account for between 5% and 60% of the burden from cigarette smoke in non-smokers.Analysis of particular substances revealed that, in the case of the action films, the third-hand smoke was relatively “fresh”, 8 its presence in family films was older possibly down to substances lingering from other screenings.The team found a number of signs that substances from third-hand smoke build up over time. “That's 9 the chemicals don't remain entirely in the air, but are also absorbed on to various surfaces and furnishings, 10 they re-enter the air,“ Gertner said.The team said the study offered a real-life example of exposure, adding that smaller spaces with poorer ventilation, such as bars, offices, and underground trains, could have much higher levels of third-hand smoke.Whether they live in simple homes or luxury houses, what they all have in common is that their lifestyles do not create any pollution or carbon emissions - the ultimate goal for off-gridders.Around 100,000 people are thought to be living off grid in the UK now. 49 They grow their own food, home-school their children and provide their own medical care. They are people who have been priced out of the housing market or who have grown disillusioned with what modem society can offer and who decides that an alternative lifestyle isn't a pipe dream, but a viable option.A part from living an alternative lifestyle, cost is a big factor in choosing to live off-grid. Off- grid houses are far cheaper to build than ordinary homes since they don't need to be connected to the electricity or water supplies and even road access is not necessary. Materials tend to be cheaper, too. Popular options include straw or old tyres and cement.Surprisingly, the biggest problem off-gridders face is not building their homes or becoming self-sufficient but getting permission to build. Rural areas away from town are the perfect choice but these are often protected by law from construction of any kind or have building restrictions. There are now several websites dedicated to land-sharing so that the costs of buying land and getting permission can be shared, and there are increasing numbers of off-grid communities.50 Off-gridding could soon be common all over Europe and America.A. Many are self-sufficient, not just providing their own electricity, water and sewage systems, but in all aspects.B. After you use the toilet, you flush it and the waste disappears.C. This shift from individual to group off-gridding reflects the fact that the trend is growing noticeably.D. They live in a huge variety of types of accommodation.E. Living off-grid still has a long way to go before it becomes a mainstream way of living.F. Rather than building permanent homes, vans or mobile homes or even old shipping containers are other options.Vie TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.51 .她逐渐爱上了自己创作诗歌。（taste）（汉译英）.游乐场里好多孩子，轮流玩着滑滑梯。（turn）（汉译英）.家长们在校门外踮着脚往里看，好像孩子进了考场他们才放心。（as if）（汉译英）.到养老院做义工不仅让老人们感受到陪伴的温暖，也让学生们对人生的意义有了更深刻的理解。（Not only）（汉译英）2022-2023学年上海市行知中学高二上学期第一次月考英语试卷I. Listening comprehension略IL Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Scientists have measured levels of “third-hand“ cigarette smoke and found it could be a dominant and lingering source of harmful chemicals.Researchers reported how they tracked traces of cigarette smoke in a German cinema, where smoking was permitted, (mean) the only source of tobacco smoke was from the bodies and clothes of movie-goers and found that some viewers 2 (expose) to the equivalent of secondhand hoke from up to 10 cigarettes.The team led by Dr. Drew Gentner from Yale University sampled the exhaust air duct(导管)of the cinema for four days and detected 35 volatile(发挥性的)substances found in tobacco smoke.Concentrations of such substances showed a sharper increase around the time when moviegoers entered the cinema. 3 (pronounced) increases were seen for earlier show-times. Meanwhile, levels of the substances were lower for family films than for R-rated action movies, 4 the latter having small audiences.“In the R-rated films, especially the 5 that are occurring later in the evening, it appears there is a greater tendency of people attending those movies 6 (smoke), perhaps more frequently or more cigarettes, and so they are off gassing more," said Gentner, noting that previous studies had suggested third-hand smoke 7 account for between 5% and 60% of the burden from cigarette smoke in non-smokers.Analysis of particular substances revealed that, in the case of the action films, the third-hand smoke was relatively "f?esh”, 8 its presence in family films was older possibly down to substances lingering from other screenings.The team found a number of signs that substances from third-hand smoke build up over time. “That's 9 the chemicals don't remain entirely in the air, but are also absorbed on to various surfaces and furnishings, 10 they re-enter the air,“ Gertner said.The team said the study offered a real-life example of exposure, adding that smaller spaces with poorer ventilation, such as bars, offices, and underground trains, could have much higher levels of third-hand smoke.【答案】1. meaning 2. were exposed 3. Less pronounced 4. despite 5. ones6. to smoke 7. might 8. while#whereas 9. because 10. from which【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家测量了三手烟的烟雾水平，发现它可能是 有害化学物质的主要和挥之不去的来源。【1题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：研究人员报告了他们是如何在一家德国电影院追踪到香烟烟雾的 痕迹的。在这家电影院，吸烟是被允许的，这意味着烟草烟雾的唯一来源是电影观众的身 体和衣服。研究人员发现，一些观众接触的二手烟相当于多达10支香烟。此处非谓语动词 与主句谓语平行（同步进行），用现在分词作伴随状语。故填meaning。【2题详解】考查时态语态。句意：同上。设空处使用动词作that引导的宾语从句的谓语。根据空前的 found可知，此处应该使用一般过去时。同时expose为动词意为“暴露，接触”，some viewers与expose之间是被动关系，故使用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were exposedo 【3题详解】考查形容词。句意：较早的放映时间则没有出现明显的增长。分析句子，设空处使用形容 词修饰名词increases, pronounced为形容词意为“明显的”，根据后文的earlier show-times 可知，此处表示较早的放映时间中，这类物质浓度的增加相比之后是不明显的。故使用表 示否定意义的比较级。同时，该空置于句首，首字母要大写。故填Less pronounced。【4题详解】考查介词。句意：与此同时，尽管R级动作片的观众较少，但家庭电影中的这种物质含量 却低于R级动作片。分析句子，设空处使用介词与后文构成介宾短语。此处表示“尽 管”，故使用despiteo【5题详解】考查代词。句意：在R级电影中，特别是那些在晚上较晚时间播放的电影中，看这些电影 的人似乎更倾向于吸烟，可能更频繁或更多的香烟，所以他们产生的烟雾更多。分析句 子，设空处使用不定代词，指代同名异物，且为复数意义。故使用ones。【6题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。分析句子，句中is为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词。 句中a tendency to do sth为固定短语，意为“有趋势去做某事"。故填to smoke。【7题详解】考查情态动词。句意：此前的研究表明，三手烟可能占非吸烟者吸烟负担的5%至60%。 分析句子，设空处使用情态动词后接动词原形account for。此处表示“可能，或许”，且 为过去的猜测，故填might。【8题详解】考查连词。句意：对特定物质的分析显示，在动作片中，三手烟相对“新鲜”，而在家庭 电影中三手烟的出现则更早一一可能是其他放映场里残留的物质。分析句子，设空处使用 连词，连接前后两个句子，此处表示“然而”即对前后两者进行对比。故填 while/whereaso【9题详解】考查表语从句。句意：这是因为这些化学物质并不完全停留在空气中，还会被各种表面和 家具吸收，然后重新进入空气。”分析句子，设空处引导的是表语从句，此处表示“因 为"。故填 because。【10题详解】考查定语从句。句意：同上。设空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，此处构成的是介词+关 系代词的结构，此处表示的是“从各种表面和家具中三手烟物质再次进入到空气中”，关 系词指代先行词surfaces and furnishings并在从句中作介词from的宾语，强调具体地点， 故填 from which oSection BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. adjusting； B. casual； C. crawl； D. handle； E. interpret； F. limitingG. lower； H. minimal； I. pooling； J. rough； K. sprayYour body avoids overheating by taking advantage of a bit of physics: When water evaporates from a surface, it leaves the surface cooler. When your body gets too hot, it pumps water onto your skin and lets it evaporate, carrying away heat. This effect can actually11 the temperature of your skin to below the air temperature. This allows humans to survive in places where the air temperature is as high as human body temperature - as long as we keep drinking water to produce more sweat.If there's a lot of moisture in the air, then evaporation slows to a(n) 12 because water condenses (凝结)onto your skin almost as fast as the moisture evaporates off it. When you feel sticky from sweat 13 on your skin, it means your body is struggling to evaporate water fast enough to keep you cooLT asked Zachary Schlader, a researcher at Indiana University who studies how our bodies14 extreme heat, about the hottest temperature a normal human could tolerate under ideal conditions. His 2014 study found that a person who is at rest, wearing 15 clothing, in a very dry room-10 percent relative humidity - and drinking water constantly could probably avoid overheating in temperatures as high as 115 degrees Fahrenheit (46 ).The 16 factor for our heat tolerance is sweat-how quickly we can produce it and how quickly it evaporates. If you kept your skin wet with a steady 17 of water, and sat in front of a powerful fan, you could increase the evaporation rate and keep your skin cool in even higher temperatures.Models of human thermoregulation like the one in the 2014 paper don't usually cover such extreme conditions, but I tried 18 their formulas to approximate what would happen under extreme evaporation and high wind. The results suggested that, with the help of a pool of water and a powerful fan, a human could conceivably tolerate heat of up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit (60) in air with 10 percent humidity.That seemed awfully high, so I ran the number by Dr. Schlader. "Doing some 19 calculations. I come up with a similar number/9 he said, "Honestly, I was surprised., But, he added, these models are likely not reliable at such extremes. "I would20 such findings with caution.”【答案】1LG 12. H13.114. D15. B16. F17. K18. A19. J20. E【分析】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述人体是如何通过出汗适应高温的。LH题详解】考查动词。句意：这种影响实际上可以将你的皮肤温度降低到最低温度以下。分析句子可 知缺少动词作谓语，根据上文 “When your body gets too hot, it pumps water onto your skin and lets it evaporate, carrying away heat.(当你的身体变热时，它会把水分输送到你的皮肤 上，让它蒸发，带走热量)”可推断，这种影响降低了你的体温。lower “降低”是动词， 情态动词can后接动词原形，故选G。【12题详解】考查名词。句意：如果空气中有大量水分，那么蒸发会减慢到最小，因为水凝结在皮肤上 的速度几乎和水分蒸发一样快。冠词修饰名词，空格处需要名词作宾语，根据下文“因为 水凝结在皮肤上的速度几乎和水分蒸发一样快”可知，这时候的蒸发降低到最小， minimal "最小,极小”符合句意,作宾语。故选H。【13题详解】考查动词。句意：当你感到皮肤上聚集的汗发粘时，这意味着你的身体正在努力蒸发水 分，让你保持凉爽。pool “淤积”符合题意，表示汗液在皮肤表层淤积，此处用现在分词 表示主动，作宾语补足语，宾语sweat与pool是主动关系，故选I。【14题详解】考查动词。句意：我问了印第安纳大学的研究员扎卡里的施拉德，他研究我们的身体如何 处理极端温度，关于正常人在理想条件下能忍受的最热温度。分析句子可知，空格处需填 动词作谓语，根据句意，handle “处理”符合语境，故选D。【15题详解】考查形容词。句意：他2014年的研究发现，一个人在休息，穿着休闲服装，在一个非常干 燥的房间一一相对湿度为10%不断的喝水，可以避免在高达115华氏度（46）的温 度下过热。修饰名词用形容词，根据上文“atrest”可推断，是穿着休闲服装，casual "（服装）便装的"符合语境，故选B。【16题详解】考查形容词。句意：我们耐热性的限制性因素是汗一一我们可以多快的创造和蒸发汗液。 修饰名词用形容词，根据下文 “how quickly we can produce it and how quickly it evaporatesv 可知，汗液限制着我们的耐热性。limiting “限制的”符合句意，故选F。【17题详解】考查名词。句意：如果你用稳定的水雾保持皮肤变湿，并坐在一个强大的风扇前，你可以 提高蒸发速率，并在更高的温度下保持皮肤凉爽。形容词修饰名词，根据上文“keptyour skin wet"可推断，是使用水雾保持皮肤变湿，spray “喷雾”符合句意，故选K。【18题详解】考查动词。句意：我试着调整他们的公式，以接近极端蒸发和大风会发生什么。try doing sth. “试试某事”，根据下文 their formulas to approximate what would happen under extreme evaporation and high wind可推断，是调整公式，adjust "调整”符合语境，故选Ao【19题详解】考查形容词。句意：做一些粗略的计算，我得出了一个类似的数字。分析句子可知，空格 处填形容词作定语，根据句意，rough “粗略的”符合句意，故选J。【20题详解】考查动词。句意：我会谨慎地领会这样的发现。分析句子可知，空格处用动词作谓语，根 据上文 these models are likely not reliable at such extremes.v 可推断，因为这些模式很可能 在极端条件下不可靠，因此应该谨慎的领会。interpret “诠释；领会”符合句意，故选E。111. Reading ComprehensionsSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.I recently met a Texan couple whose son was still in diapers. They were seeking to get him into a preschool that 21 a private preparatory school with a great record for college admissions.The couple were ambivalent （uncertain） about doing this. They were from immigrant and working-class backgrounds, and had thrived in public schools. In theory, they believed that all children should have an equal chance to succeed. But I 22 that if they got their son a spot in the preschool, they'd take it.It's a familiar story. Psychologists, sociologists and journalists have spent over a decade critiquing （评论；评判）the habits of "helicopter parents and their school 23. Theyinsist that hyper-parenting backfires - creating a generation of stressed-out kids who can't24 alone. Parents themselves alternate between feeling guilty, panicked and ridiculous.But a new research shows that in our unequal era, this kind of parenting brings life-changing benefits. According to the research, when inequality hit a low in the 1970s, there wasn't that much of a gap between what someone earned with or without a college degree. Strict parenting25 an era of "permissive parenting giving children lots of freedom with little oversight.In the 1980s, however, inequality increased sharply in Western countries, especially the United States, and the gap between white- and blue-collar pay widened. Permissive parenting was replaced by helicopter parenting. Middle- and upper-class parents who'd gone to public schools and spent evenings playing kickball in the neighborhood began elbowing their toddlers into fast- track preschools and spending evenings monitoring their homework and driving them to activities.American parents eventually increased their 26 caregiving by about 12 hours a week, compared with the 1970s.Not all the changes were rational. But 27 the new parenting efforts seemed effective. When the researchers analyzed the 2012 PISA, an academic test of 15-year-olds around the world, along w