专题15-第十五章名词性从句（初高区别及衔接）（教师版）--2021-2022学年英语初升高衔接大串讲（牛津译林版2020）.docx

第十五章名词性从句初中知识回顾初中阶段的从句学习中，我们掌握了名词性从句中的宾语从句用法。回顾：宾语从句.宾语从句中的连接词连词：lhal（ihal 常可省略）,whether,if等。代词：who,whose,what,which 等。副词： when,where,how,why 等。1 .语序无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序。2 .宾语从句的时态（1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如果主句的谓语动词是过去时.，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用相应的过去时态，即一般过去 时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。（3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句 l.Mr.Lee asked Tom, “Where have you been?” （改为间接引语）Mr.Lcc asked Tom where he had been .2 .Thc teacher told us,“Light travels much faster than sound.”（改为间接引语）The teacher told us light travels much faster than sound.3 .We haven't decided if we will go to Hainan Island for a holiday4改为同义句）We haven'l decided whether lo go to Hainan Island for a holiday.1.1 （hink Daniel's finished his homework.（改为否定句）I don't think Daniel has finished his homework.5 .He seems to have learnt about （he bad news.（改为同义句）It seems shal he has Icarni about the bad news.6 .Who is the man?Could you tell me?（合并为一个句子并且不改变意思）Could you tell me who the man is ?Catherine and Mike arc students of Eton School. They all work hard and have different learning methods. Catherine listens to her teachers careful and tries to catch everything what the teachers say. She spends less time doing her homework. It is certain she can go to bed earlier and she always keeps energetic during the day. However, Mike had a different way of learning. He likes to stay up late at the night, because he often feels sleepy in class. Thus, he misses lots of key points and it usually takes him more time to finish his homework, that makes it difficult for him to concentrate on that he is doing. I prefer Catherine's learning method.【答案】Catherine and Mike are students of Eton School. They all work hard and have different learning both but methods. Catherine listens to her teachers careful and tries to catch evei-ything what the teachers say. She carefully©that spends less time doing her homework. It is certain A she can go to bed earlier and she always keeps energetic that ，during the day. However, Mike had a different way of learning. He likes to stay up late at has。thenight, because he often feels sleepy in class. Thus, he misses lots of key points and i( usually takes him more so。time to finish his homework, that makes it difficult fbr him to concentrate on that he is doing. 1 prefer which©what Catherine's learning method.高中知识衔接高中阶段，从句的学习更为复杂化，我们除r接触到定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句的特殊情况，还要学 习主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等一系列的从句。知识一：主语从句的用法在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫作主语从句。1 .主语从句的引导词主语从句通常由连词that或whether,连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词what引导。(l)that 引导That he is still alive is a miracle.他还活着,真是奇迹。(2 Whether 引导Whether we will go to Beijing tomorrow remains unknown.我们明天是否要去北京还不知道。(3)连接代词引导Whichever you want is yours.你要哪个，哪个就是你的。(4)连接副词引导How this happened is not clear to anyone.这件事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。(5)关系代词what引导What's done is done.事已成定局。注意：由于主语从句一般被认为是单数形式，形式主语的谓语动词、be动词+表语均为单数第三人称形式或 过去式。2 .主语从句与形式主语it为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语计放在句首位置，将真正的主语搁置于句末。拓展连词that的省略问题引导主语从句的连词that有时可省略，有时不能省略，其原则是：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首， 则that不能省略：若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语引则that可以省略。如： That you didn't pass the exam was a pity、很遗憾你没通过考试。(that 不可省)It was a pity(that)you didn't pass the exam.很遗憾你没通过考试。t(hat可省)经典例题1.some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.A.WhetherB.WhatC.ThatD.How【分析】句意为：一些人眼中的缺点是别人眼中的优点。从句中缺宾语，只能用what来引导。C中的Ihat 引导主语从句时不作成分。【解答】答案为B,【归纳】ihal和whal引导主语从句的区别是thai不充当句子的成分，而whai要充当主语或者宾语。【弓I 申】 Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.A.WhichB.WhatC.ThatD.Whom【解答】答案为B。2.1 t is uncertain side effect the medicine will bring about,although about two thousand patients havetaken it.A.thatB.vvhatC.howD.whether【分析】句意为：尽管大约有两千名病人服用过这种药物，但是，它会带来什么样的副作用还不确定。side effect意思是“副作用"，还原主语从句中的主干：Ihe medicine will bring about side effeclo故选择whal"什么 样的”，起修饰作用。【解答】答案为B,【归纳】解答主语从句时，如果拿不准选项，可以通过套入法一个一个地来试，套入后，从句意思和句子 结构以及逻辑上面都讲得通的，才是正确答案。【弓I 甲】It doesn't matteryou pay by cash or credit card in this store.A. howB. whetherC.whatD.why【解答】答案为B。知识二：表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句可以 接表语从句的系动词有beJook,remain,seem,sound,appear等。1 .表语从句的引导词引导表语从句的关联词如下：连词 that,whether,because,just as,as if,as though 等连接代词 who.whoever,whom,whose,what.vvhatever,which 等连接副词 where,how,when,why 等关系代词what,whatever等(1)从属连词 whether,as,as if/thoughThe question remains whether they will be able to help us.问题还是他们能否帮我们。注意：在表语从句中，表示“是否”只能用whether.不能用if。在名词性从句中，if只能用在宾语从句中。如:The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.问题是在如此短的时间内，我们能否 做好准备。说明what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用 because o 如：The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me.我难过的原因是他不理解我。与because同义的since,as,for等也不用于引导表语从句。(2)连接代词：whaLwhich,who,whom,whose,whoever,whatever,whichever 等。如：China is no longer what she used to be.今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。连接副词：when,where,how,why 等。如：The problem is where we can find her.问题是我们在哪儿能找到她呢。(3)从属连词thatThe fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。注意：山at在表语从句中只起连接作用，在从句中不担任成分，本身没有词义，但不能省略。如：The reason is that he missed the early bus.原因是他错过 了 早班车。2 .使用虚拟语气的表语从句在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”表示，should可省略。 常 见的词有：order,idea,advice,suggestion,proposal,plan <, 如：My suggestion is that we should finish it today.我的建议是我们今天就把它做完。3 .连接代词和连接副词引导表语从句时的特点连接代词在表语从句中除了起连接作用外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、表语等成分。连接副词除了起连 接作用外，还可在从句中作状语。连接代词、连接副词在引导表语从句时，前面没有先行词，且保留疑问意义。这一点是与宾语从句需区别 的一点。如：Fame and personal gain is what they're after.他们追求的是名利。注意：所有的连接代词和连接副词在表语从句中都不能省略。4 .表语从句的语序和时态表语从句的语序用陈述语序，且表语从句的时态不受主句的限制。如：The scissors are not what I need.这把剪刀不是我所需要的。5 .reason在表语从句中的引导词reason后的表语从句用that引导，定语从句用why或that引导。如：The reason why they were late is that they missed the bus,他们迟到是因为错过了 汽车。(why引导定语从句，that引导的是表语从句).That is why.句型“That is why.”是常用句型，意为“这就是的原因/因此”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语, 该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结。如：Thal is why I came.这就是我来的原因。下面是两个与“Thal is why.”形式相似的结构，它们与“Thal is why.”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚： (IfThat is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义，只不过从语法结构上讲,“That is the reason why.”中 why弓|导的是一个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与"That is why”结构一样，如：That is(thc rcason)why I cannot agree.这就是我不能同意的理由。(2)4tThat is because.”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语，意为“这就是为什么/因为 “That is because."与“That is why.”之间的不同在于“That is because指原因或理由，“That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果，如：He did not see the film last night.That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天I货上彳也没 有去看电影，那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果，第二句话说明原因) 经典例题-I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.-That's I don't agree.You should have a more active life.A.whereB.howC.whcnD.what【分析】画横线处的句子的意思为：这就是我不同意的地方。agree是不及物动词，D项应排除。而B和C 又明显不符合问句的意思，所以用where作表语从句。【解答】答案为A。【归纳】做题时，需要识别动词为不及物动词还是及物动词。【引申】1.1 am afraid he's more of a talker than a doer,which is he never finishes anything.A.thatB.whenC. whereD.why【解答】答案为D。【引申】2.-I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.-Is that you had a few days off?A. whyB.whenC.whatD. where【解答】答案为A。知识三：同位语从句在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句中的主要从句之一，从句 作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补 充说明或进一步解释，相当于二个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。1.同位语从句的引导词引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词lhat,whether,连接代词和连接副词等由hat引导They were worried over the fact that you were sick.他们为你生病发愁。注意：引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略。(2)由 whether 引导There is some doubt whether he has finished it.他是否已经完成还不一定。注意：whelher可引导同位语从句，但f不能引导同位语从句。(3)由连接代词引导The question who will take his place is still not clear.谁将代替他还不清楚。(4)由连接副词引导Have you any idea why they arc absent'?你知道他们为什么缺席吗？经典例题I made a promise to myself this yeanmy first year in high school, won Id be different.A.whetherB.vvhatC.thatD.how【分析】句意为：我向我自己保证今年，也就是我在中学的第一年，将会有所不同。因为画线后的句子并不缺少主要成分，因此B可以排除。A和D项与promise相冲突，应排除。因此应选 Cthat引导同位语从句，作promise的同位语。本题考查的是间隔式同位语从句的用法。【解答】答案为C。【归纳】promise 一词后面经常跟同位语从句，遇到该词，可以首先考虑该用法，然后结合语境进行确认。【引申】.When (he news came(he war broke oul,he decided。serve in the army.A.sinceB. whichC.thatD.because【解答】答案为C。【引申】.-Is there any possibility you could pick me up at the airport?No problem.A.WhenB.thatC.whether D.what【解答】答案为B,随堂练习I .单句填空.The impact and ultimate result depend on you do with the difficulties that you have.【答案】what.The ideal nap depends on you want from that nap.【答案】what3.In Martin's world, we are not sure the good will win in (he end or not.【答案】whethert is possible caffeine may cause birth defects (缺陷)in humans, too.【答案】thatt's true TCM is one of the oldest healing systems on the planet.【答案】that.The rise in sales of translated fiction shows hungry so many British readers are for terrific writing from other countries.【答案】how.Darwin wondered a great deal about he saw.【答案】whatt's time to start by reading aloud to might like it.【答案】whoever.Actually, children learn violent behavior from adults or from they see on television or on the Internet. 【答案】what9 .Do you know a story gets into the newspaper?Here is an example.【答案】how.Many people say they are impressed by how interesting the show is and they can't stop laughing when they watch it.【答案】that.Some people told stories about old limes, and others wrote down they remembered.【答案】what13.After seemed to be a hundred years, I found my audience applaudingI made it!【答案】what14.Statistics show over 200 billion yuan is spent every year on food that ends up in the garbage.【答案】thatH.单句改错15.It's a good thing which the ride lasted fbr only 15 minutes. No more air rides fbr me, I swear! 【答案】which*that.While it was still necessary for my parents (o support me economically and mentally at that lime, I was old enough to think and decide by myself which I should do.【答案】which>what.It reminds us that it was the struggles and sacrifices of our forefathers that saved China, so wc teenagers must cherish the fruits of the victory, treasure that wc own now and preserve national pride.【答案】第三个thatwhat18.After living at school, I found it helped me save time and learn what to get on with others.【答案】what>hovIt was reported 1 there was an accident at the corner of Roman Street this morning.No one saw 2 on earth happened then.A car ran into a truck but fortunately,nobody got injured. 3 is responsible for the accident is still under investigalion.The police are uncertain about 4 the driver is guilty. 5 the police should do now is 6_they must find out what led to the accident.They said it was difficult ibr (hem to judge because 7 (he accident happened was not cl ear. Perhaps the reason was 8 the driver was too tired to slop (he car in lime.The driver didn't admit the fact 9 he was driving too fast at the turning.Thc police doubted 10 what he said was true and decided to make a further investigation.1. 2. 3. 4. 5.6. 7. 8. 9. 10.【答案】1( was a hot summer day I found me running down the street with a dollar in my sweaty hand. The _2 (close)I go( to Sam & Joe's Stationery Store, the more excited I was. After all, a dollar was a tidy sum for an 11 -year-old boy in 1961.Out of breath, I swung open the door and got a blast of cold air 3 instantly cooled me off. 1 was in a place of pure 4 (happy). 1 went directly to the bar and ordered a bottle of soda.Thcrc 1 sat, considering my next move.Books always came first. I picked out five titles. Next came the candy, rows and rows of it.I chose five candy bars, 5 brought my total to 25 cents.I hurried 6 (direct)to my backyard, 7 an apple tree patiently waited for me. There, sitting in (he shade against its strong trunk, I read my books and ate my candy.As I sal in my own 8 (person)heaven,! started to think about having more. That's 9 a fantastic life-changing idea popped into my head: 1() I could get more money, I could buy anything 1 wanted. That's how it all started.【答案】l.that 2.closcr 3.that/which 4.happiness 5.which 6.dircctly 7.where 8.personal 9.when lO.If