英语语言学实用教程课件优秀PPT.ppt

Lecture 7 The meaning of English(I)ReviewWhat are common means of cohesion in English?What do we mean by conversational repair?Contents7.1 The notion of semantics7.1 The notion of semantics7.2 Semantic properties7.2 Semantic properties7.3 Semantic relations7.3 Semantic relations7.4 Sense and reference7.4 Sense and reference7.1 The notion of semanticsSemantics is the study of the meaning of language(and the communication of meaning through language).The meaning of meanASK:What does mean mean in each of the following sentences?(1)What does tall mean?(1)What does tall mean?(2)A nod means agreement.(2)A nod means agreement.(3)I know the place you mean.(3)I know the place you mean.(4)Your presence would mean a lot to me.(4)Your presence would mean a lot to me.(5)I am sorry.I didnt mean to be late.(5)I am sorry.I didnt mean to be late.(6)The boy wasnt meant to be there.(6)The boy wasnt meant to be there.(1)What does tall mean?(signify)(1)What does tall mean?(signify)(2)A nod means agreement.(indicate)(2)A nod means agreement.(indicate)(3)I know the place you mean.(refer to)(3)I know the place you mean.(refer to)(4)Your presence would mean a lot to me.(matter)(4)Your presence would mean a lot to me.(matter)(5)I am sorry.I didnt mean to be late.(intend)(5)I am sorry.I didnt mean to be late.(intend)(6)The boy wasnt meant to be there.(supposed to)(6)The boy wasnt meant to be there.(supposed to)More:More:(7)He(7)He was was meant meant to to become become a a journalist journalist rather rather than than a lawyer.(destined)a lawyer.(destined)(8)He(8)He doesnt doesnt know know the the meaning meaning of of the the word word fear.fear.(sense)(sense)(9)If(9)If thats thats the the case,case,his his sacrifice sacrifice no no longer longer hashasany meaning.(significance)any meaning.(significance)Approaches to the study of meaningtraditional approachtraditional approachstructuralist approachstructuralist approachfunctional approachfunctional approachpragmatic approachpragmatic approachcognitive approach cognitive approach Traditional approach A.Naming/labeling vs.convention“moon”PP.111-112 No.10PP.111-112 No.10Presentation Session The naming of people in EnglishStructuralist approachTreats meaning as semantic structures formed by semantic components/semantic features-componential analysis(语义成分分析）.Componential analysisCA is a process that breaks down the meaning of a word into its minimal distinctive features or properties(semantic components/features)using feature symbols(metalanguage 元语言).woman-+HUMAN MALE+ADULT boy-+HUMAN+MALE ADULT girl-+HUMAN-MALE-ADULTFunctional approachGeoffrey Leech(1983),Semantics.Treats meaning with reference to its function in context,to show how linguistic,situational and social contexts affects the meaning of language.Seven types of meaning-conceptual meaning:logical,cognitive,-conceptual meaning:logical,cognitive,denotative content denotative content -associative meanings:-associative meanings:connotativeconnotative meaning meaning social/stylistic meaning social/stylistic meaning affective meaning affective meaning reflected meaning reflected meaning collocative meaningcollocative meaning-thematic meaning-thematic meaninga.Conceptual meaning(概念意义)The conceptual or denotative meaning of a linguistic form is the person,object,abstract notion,event or state which the word or sentence denotes.e.g.school,hospital b.Connotative meaningDefinition:it is the communicative value/subjective interpretation attached to its purely conceptual meaning.e.g.:The man is a fox.statesman,politician CharacteristicsConnotations are relatively unstable.They vary considerably according to society,historical period,and the experience of the individual.The connotative meaning can be the same/different in different languages or cultures.e.g.:fox,machine BUT:dragon,dog,elephant(White Elephant)ASK:What does white elephant mean in English?A B CPositive connotation Neutral Negative connotation stout fat corpulent investigator detective spy decease die pegged out slim thin skinny strong-minded firm pig-headed public servant government employeebureaucratConnotation:c.Social/stylistic meaningIt refers to what language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.It relates to peoples recognition of different dimensions and levels of style with the same language.（社会/文体意义）steed(poetic)residence(formal)steed(poetic)residence(formal)horse(general)abode(poetic)horse(general)abode(poetic)nag(slang)home(general)nag(slang)home(general)gee-gee(baby language)domicile(gee-gee(baby language)domicile(very formal,very formal,officialofficial)throw(general)tiny(colloquial)throw(general)tiny(colloquial)chuck(casual,slang)diminutive(very formal)chuck(casual,slang)diminutive(very formal)cast(literal,biblical)wee cast(literal,biblical)wee(colloquial,dialectal)(colloquial,dialectal)d.Affective meaningIt has to do with the personal feelings of the speaker,including his attitude to the listener,or his attitude to something he is talking about.Its often explicitly conveyed through conceptual or connotative content of the words used.（情感意义）“Youre a vicious tyrant and villain and I hate Youre a vicious tyrant and villain and I hate you!”you!”I am terribly sorry to interrupt,but I wonder if you I am terribly sorry to interrupt,but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little.would be so kind as to lower your voices a little.Shut up!Shut up!Keep your mouth shut!Keep your mouth shut!e.Reflected meaningReflected meaning:the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning,when one sense of a word is so strong that it forms part of our response to another sense.Example:words having a taboo meaning,such as gay,intercourse（反映意义）f.Collocative meaningIt refers to the associations a word acquires on It refers to the associations a word acquires on account of its mutual expectancy with some account of its mutual expectancy with some other words which tend to occur in its other words which tend to occur in its environment.environment.Example:Example:prettypretty and and handsomehandsome pretty pretty girl,boy,woman,flower,etc.girl,boy,woman,flower,etc.handsome boy,man,car,vessel,etc.handsome boy,man,car,vessel,etc.cowscows may may wanderwander,but may not,but may not strollstroll.one one trembles trembles with with fearfear,but,but quiver quiver with with excitementexcitement.（搭配意义）g.Thematic MeaningIt refers to what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message,in terms of ordering,focus,and emphasis.e.g.:(1)He is familiar to me.(2)Im familiar with him.（主位意义）a.A man is waiting in the hall.A man is waiting in the hall.b.Theres a man waiting in the hall.b.Theres a man waiting in the hall.a.My brother owns the largest betting-shop in a.My brother owns the largest betting-shop in London.London.b.The largest betting-shop in London belongs to b.The largest betting-shop in London belongs to my brother.my brother.a.What I need is a ticket.a.What I need is a ticket.b.A ticket is what I need.b.A ticket is what I need.Pragmatic approachTreat meaning as what is communicated through language,taking into account the context,language user,communicative conventions and principles,etc.Im in a bath.Son:The phone is ringingDad,the phone is ringing!ASK:What does the father mean?Cognitive approachMeaning extensions of words seen as metaphorical or metonymic processes.To be detailed in next lecture7.2 Semantic propertiesWords are seen as composed of universal Words are seen as composed of universal semantic properties or features.semantic properties or features.P.105P.105DiscussPP.107-108 No.2PP.107-108 No.27.3 Semantic relationsA.SynonymyB.AntonymyC.Hyponymy（上下义关系）D.Meronymy (部分-整体关系）SynonymyAbsolute synonymyAbsolute synonymy:same in meaning;grammatically/stylistically/same in meaning;grammatically/stylistically/contextually substitutable contextually substitutable Synonymy in a loose senseSynonymy in a loose sense:buy-purchase buy-purchase fall-autumn fall-autumn wide-broad wide-broad handsome-pretty reach-arrive at/in handsome-pretty reach-arrive at/in mature-ripe influence-effect /affect mature-ripe influence-effect /affect Antonymya.gradable plementary oppositesc.relational oppositesa.Gradable oppositestall-short long-short old-young-allow of intermediate states-take-er/-est-one in unmarked use How tall/old is he?Hes three months old.-relative/fuzzy a big mouse,a small elephant a big pearl/ball/house/mountain/countryDiscussPP.109-110 No.5b.Complementary oppositesalive-dead male-female boy-girlpresent-absent true-falsehit-missc.Relational/converse oppositesbuy-sell lend-borrow parent-child teacher-studentabove-below before-after Hyponymy（上下义关系）Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion.A hyponym or a specific word includes the meaning of a more general word e.g.dog and cat are hyponyms of animalSuperordinates,hyponyms,co-hyponymsLiving ThingsAnimalPlantCreatureInsectVegetableFlowerTreeHorseDogSnake（上义词）（下义词）（同属下义词）Meronymy（部分-整体关系）Meronymy is part-whole relationship between lexical items.e.g.a finger is a part of a hand,a hand is a part of an arm,an arm is a part of a body.Linguistics call the part-whole relation meronymy,from meros(part)+nym(name).Therefore,finger is a meronym of hand,hand is a meronym of arm,arm is a meronym of body.Discuss PP.108-109 No.3Homonymy,homophony,homography and polysemyhomonymy homonymy（同形同音异义）（同形同音异义）:I drove to the:I drove to the bankbank this morning.this morning.homophonyhomophony（同音异义）（同音异义）:flour-flower sweet-:flour-flower sweet-suite waist-waste meet-meatsuite waist-waste meet-meatHomographyHomography（同形异音异义）（同形异音异义）:lead(:lead(铅）铅）leadlead（引导）引导）wind wind（风）（风）wind(wind(蜿蜒）蜿蜒）Polysemy Polysemy（多义性）（多义性）:operationoperation“（外科）手术（外科）手术”、“（机器）（机器）操作操作”、“（商）经营（商）经营”、“（复）军事演习、作战（复）军事演习、作战”、“（数）运（数）运算算”打打打打 电话电话/饭饭/字字/人人/火火/听听/灯灯/水水/草草/盹盹/颤颤,etc.etc.PracticeWhat is the semantic relation between the following pairs of words?(a)shallow/deep (b)mature/ripe (c)table/furniture (d)single/married (e)move/run (f)parent/child(g)school-college (h)body-belly Semiotic triangle(Ogden and Richards 1923)Semiotic triangle(Ogden and Richards 1923)Symbol/Word Referent/Object/ThingReference/Thought/Concept Stand forRefer toSymbolize7.4 Sense and referenceSense 意义:abstract conceptual property/contentReference 所指:concrete entityA word may have sense but no reference,like but,to.ASK:Do we have other words that have sense but not reference?the man who married my sister the man who is my brother-in-lawThe Morning Star is the Evening StarThe Morning Star is the Morning Star.Whats the difference?AssignmentsP.107 No.1 P.113 No.1P.115 No.8,9Lecture 8The meaning of English (II)What do“sense”and“reference”mean What do“sense”and“reference”mean respectively?Use an example to illustrate.respectively?Use an example to illustrate.Review:Major contents 8.1 Semantic categorization8.2 Semantic extension8.3 Sentence semantics8.4 Semantic roles 8.1 Semantic categorizationThe notion of“prototype”P.133 No.28.2 Semantic extension1.Metaphorfoot/脚：foot of the hill 山脚；the foot of the bed 床脚head/头：核弹头nuclear head；头条新闻；headlineSome metaphorsConceptual metaphors:win an argument;indefensible argumentsPP.127-128 No.2,3Orientational metaphors:P.128 No.4 Metonymy（转喻）one word or phrase is substituted for another one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated.with which it is closely associated.e.g.Washington for the United States e.g.Washington for the United States government;the sword for military power;government;the sword for military power;olive branch for peace(Arafat:a gun in one olive branch for peace(Arafat:a gun in one hand and an olive branch in the other)hand and an olive branch in the other)I like to read Jack I like to read Jack LondonLondon.Hes going to meet his Hes going to meet his WaterlooWaterloo.Presentation Session Metonymy in EnglishPP.130-131 No.8Synecdoche(提喻）a part is used for the whole(as hand for labor),a part is used for the whole(as hand for labor),the whole for a part(as the law for police officer),the whole for a part(as the law for police officer),the specific for the general(as cutthroat for the specific for the general(as cutthroat for assassin),the general for the specific(as thief for assassin),the general for the specific(as thief for pickpocket),the container for the contained(as pickpocket),the container for the contained(as bottle for wine),or the material for the thing from bottle for wine),or the material for the thing from which it is made(as Cotton suits you).which it is made(as Cotton suits you).一帆风顺；贪杯一帆风顺；贪杯I met a couple of newI met a couple of new faces faces yesterday yesterday.representational metaphorrepresentational metaphorwhat else?what else?A.Radiation A.Radiation（辐射）（辐射）An important process by which words extend their An important process by which words extend their meaning is called meaning is called radiationradiation.The primary or central.The primary or central meaning appears at the centre in the form of a hub and meaning appears at the centre in the form of a hub and secondary meanings radiate out from the centre like the secondary meanings radiate out from the centre like the spokes of a wheel.Each of the secondary meanings is spokes of a wheel.Each of the secondary meanings is independent of all the rest,and may be traced back to independent of all the rest,and may be traced back to the central signification.Take power for example.Its the central signification.Take power for example.Its central meaning is ability to act.It may refer to(1)central meaning is ability to act.It may refer to(1)control over ones subordinates;(2)delegated authority;control over ones subordinates;(2)delegated authority;(3)physical strength;(4)mechanical energy;(5)moral or(3)physical strength;(4)mechanical energy;(5)moral or intellectual force;(6)a person of influence;etc.intellectual force;(6)a person of influence;etc.B.Concatenation（串联）Another process,as opposed to radiation,is Another process,as opposed to radiation,is called concatenation.It means that a word called concatenation.It means that a word moves gradually away from its original sense as moves gradually away from its original sense as a result of successive semantic changes until,in a result of successive semantic changes until,in many cases,there is not a trace of connection many cases,there is not a trace of connection between the sense that is finally developed and between the sense that is finally developed and the primary sense.For example,candidate the primary sense.For example,candidate originally meant a person dressed in white.originally meant a person dressed in white.Then,a white-robed seeker for the office,now Then,a white-robed seeker for the office,now an applicant for office,which is no longer an applicant for office,which is no longer related to the original idea.related to the original idea.8.3 Sentence semanticsJohn loves Mary./Mary loves John.The meaning of a sentence is not the sum of the