论证方式例证法.ppt

论证方式BODY段落写作公式：提出论点 举例论证举例论证 分析例子分析例子 得出结论 重述论点方式一：分类举例法：方式一：分类举例法：分类举例，将关键名词“具体化”例证法之一：举一例+详细分析Sample:Has technology made the world a better place to live?例证法之一：举一例+详细分析切入点：？technology举一例：Microwave oven利用点：快捷&无油烟Heat up the food fast&smoke-free例证的常用表达例证的常用表达l1.for instance,for one,for example,to illustrate,as an illustrationl2.for another instancel3.A case in point isl4.A good example of this isl5.There is evidence that;l6.It is reported that 例证的常用表达例证的常用表达l l7.Take_ for an example,it is a very obvious case.l l8.There is one impressive example I want to mention here.l l9.To illustrate this,there is an example that is very persuasive.l l10.An instance that accompanies this reason is that_.l l11.History presented many examples of_l l12.In order to see this point clearly,let us see an example.Part 1:Topic sentence:The advancement of technology does bring much convenience to our daily life.Part 2:Further explanation:With its various functions,people fundamentally change their lifestyle and even their value toward their lives.Part 3:Guidance:Let me take microwave oven,one of the most popular household appliances,as an illustration.Part 4:Example&Analysis:The microwave oven has been used widely in present families.Using microwave oven for cooking can not only heat up the food faster,but also provide a smoke-free environment.People are able to make use of the extra time saved from cooking to do many other things.Part 4:Example&Analysis:As we know,smoke created when cooking in traditional ways is always a threat to,peoples health,while a microwave oven will solve the problem easily by using an environmental-friendly power,that is,radiation power.Part 5:Conclusion:Without any doubt,the microwave oven,as a typical example of modern technology,has indeed improved our lives greatly.例证法之二：举多例+简略分析Sample:Has technology made the world a better place to live?举多例：1.Microwave oven利用点：快捷&无油烟Heat up the food fast&smoke-free2.Computer利用点：海量信息，随时交流A huge quantity of informationCommunicate at any time3.Automobiles利用点：快速安全的交通方式Rapidity&safetyPart 1:Topic sentence:The advancement of technology does bring much convenience to our daily life such as microwave oven,computer and automobiles.Part 2:Further explanation:With its various functions,people fundamentally change their lifestyle and even their value toward their lives.Part 3:Guidance:Life abounds with a wealth of such examples.Let me take microwave oven,computer and automobiles,the most popular household appliances,as an illustration.Part 4:Example&Brief analysis:The microwave oven has been used widely in present families.Using microwave oven for cooking can not only heat up the food faster,but also provide a smoke-free environment.Part 4:Example&Analysis:In addition,no one can deny that people benefit a lot from the invention of computer.We are now doing variety of things through computer including searching for the latest information,communicating and chatting with families and friends.Part 4:Example&Analysis:On top of that,regarded as one of the greatest inventions of 21st century,vehicles,which create a new way of traveling,contribute noticeably to the rapidity and safety of modern transportation.Part 5:Conclusion:Without any doubt,microwave oven,computer and automobiles,as the typical examples of modern science and technology,has indeed improved our lives greatly.Exercise:请加入更多例子Fridge Cell phoneAnswer:The fridge provides an access to the string of food more conveniently,and thus,it is now possible for people to buy more food at one time instead of purchasing them in small quantities and go to supermarket every day.Answer:The advent of mobile phones,which we are now using in everyday life,turns out to be a brand new way of communicating and transmitting information.A large number of business are done via mobile phones in this day and age.l总结：l当使用举例论证方式时，发现论证不够充分使，请使用：l1.举一例，写出更多支撑细节信息l2.举多例，简要分析即可。方式二：方式二：人物举例法人物举例法l选择体育界、商界等领域的名人作为文章的例子，很具有说服力。l两个优势：l一是写作素材比较好找，l二是可以使用丰富的句子结构，如可以广泛使用虚拟语气、排比句。Eg1:Although sticking to ones goal is key to success,sometimes one should be ready to give up.Napoleons story is a case in point.After Napoleon succeeded in seizing the crown of France,he went on to conquer the Europe.His ambition to expand his empire did not stop even when he almost ruled the Whole Europe.And finally he suffered a total defeat when he tried to invade Russia.lEg2:It is not always true that the higher the degree,the better the job.Many great men made their startling contribution without a good degree or even without a good record.lFor example,Einstein got many poor grades in college and sometimes he even thought the exams as“intolerable”.But he turned out to be one of the most brilliant scientific giant in history.l方式三：事实例证：l使用事实（数据，giving facts）是很重要的一个扩展方式。lfacts 往往以figures的形式体现。l注意使用下列引语来引用数据lMedical research has found thatlA recent study/research conducted byshows thatlOfficial figures also shows thatlStatistics show thatlAccording to one recent surveyl常用数据来源l书籍、报纸、杂志China Daily,21st Century,l专家：The Economist,The environmentalist,The sociologist,The expertl常用数据来源：l部门、组织 lThe Ministry of Education/Health/Justice/Transportation/Construction WHO/UNESCO Chinese academy of Social SciencelEg1：吸烟的弊端 lThere is little doubt that smoking tobacco is extremely harmful to the smokers health.In the US,for example,research by the American Cancer Society suggests that tobacco causes up to 400,000 deaths each year-more than AIDS,alcohol,drug abuse,car crashes,murders,suicides,and fires combined.lEg2：锻炼的好处lVigorous exercise can slow the aging process.One research group found that a group of intensively trained athletes aged 55 or older,men who jogged or ran as much as 50 miles a week,were as fit in many respects as were healthy 25-year-old athletes.lEg2：锻炼的好处lAnother study shows that among 17000 Harvard University graduates,those who exercised regularly and vigorously after graduation had death rates a quarter to a third lower than their classmates who did not exercise.l若内容是编造的，要注意符合常识和逻辑lFirst of all,the nuclear technology will improve our life.When it has been used in industrial working,people will get more new things and make our life colorful and modern,like the nuclear television,nuclear wave machine and nuclear system to defend the stealing.Topic:what famous people from history would you like to meet?lThroughout history,there have been thousands and thousands of inventions,prophets and visionaries who have dramatically affected the way we live today.If I could meet one of these people,I would choose to meet Tomas Edison,one of the greatest inventors that I respect.l lBody 1Body 1l lThis great man,Tomas Edison,invented This great man,Tomas Edison,invented thousands of useful products that we still use thousands of useful products that we still use today,the most famous of which is the today,the most famous of which is the electric light bulb.In addition to the light electric light bulb.In addition to the light bulb,Edison created the phonograph,the bulb,Edison created the phonograph,the storage batteries,telegraph system and a storage batteries,telegraph system and a wide variety of other products.To have wide variety of other products.To have invented such a diverse range of items,Tomas invented such a diverse range of items,Tomas must have been a brilliant man.I would must have been a brilliant man.I would greatly enjoy meeting him and discussing some greatly enjoy meeting him and discussing some of his ideas with him.I am sure that such a of his ideas with him.I am sure that such a meeting would be a great inspiration,and meeting would be a great inspiration,and perhaps lead me to create new inventions of perhaps lead me to create new inventions of my own.my own.l lOne of Tomas Edisons projects was a working One of Tomas Edisons projects was a working version of the electric car.If he had version of the electric car.If he had continued to work on this invention instead of continued to work on this invention instead of moving on to something new,and if the moving on to something new,and if the project was successful,perhaps the world project was successful,perhaps the world would not have the pollution problems that are would not have the pollution problems that are so widely present today.It is unfortunate so widely present today.It is unfortunate that he did not focus more on this invention.I that he did not focus more on this invention.I f I could meet him,I could convince him,that f I could meet him,I could convince him,that for the sake of future generations,he should for the sake of future generations,he should not give up on his idea.not give up on his idea.l l187 Words187 Wordsl lBody 2 l lFurthermore,what makes me believe that Tomas Edison would be an excellent person to meet from history is because I would love to find out what the keys to his inspirations were.He had so many brilliant ideas;there must have been a secret to his success that I dying to know.Perhaps it was just that he was such a hardworking man.l lHe was constantly working on inventions until his late 60s,when finally,he took a rest from inventions.Tomas Edison had a profound effect on all modern societies around the world.His inventions were a catalyst to modernization;in fact,the world would not be where it is today if it were not for this great man and his great mind.l l124 Words