高考阅读理解分类讲解.ppt

第一章 阅读理解专题Warmingup1.Asayounggirlgrowingupinthe1930s,Ialwayswantedtoflyaplane,butbackthenitwasalmostunheardofforawomantodothat.Igotatasteofthatdreamin2011，whenmyhusbandarrangedformetorideinahotairballoonformybirthday.（2011年高考英语北京A篇）Q:Whathappenedtotheauthorin2011？A.Sheflewanairplane.B.Sheenteredacompetition.C.Shewentonahotairballoonride.D.Shemovedintoaretirementcommunity._Helongsforconversationswithaneditorwhowillhelphimturnhisgoodideasintogreatones.Hewantssomeonetogetexcitedaboutwhathesdoingandtohelphimturnhisstoryideaupsidedownandinsideout，exploringthebestwaystoreportit.Hewantstobemorevaluableforyourpaper.（2010年高考英语北京B篇）Q:Whatdoesthereporterwantmostfromhiseditorsintheirtalks？A.Findingthenewsvalueofhisstories.B.Givinghimfinancialsupport.C.Helpinghimtofindissues.D.Improvinghisgoodideas._SheturnedupatthedoorstepofmyhouseinCornwall.NowaycouldIhavesentheraway.Noway,notmeanyway.Maybesomeonehadkickedheroutoftheircarthenightbefore.“Weremovinghouse”;“Nospaceforheranymorewiththebabycoming.”“Weneverreallywantedher，butwhatcouldwehavedone？Shewasapresent.”Peoplefindallsortsofexcusesforabandoningananimal.AndshewasoneofthemostbeautifuldogsIhadeverseen.Q:HowdidtheauthorfeelaboutGoldiewhenGoldiecametothehouse？（2010年高考英语北京A篇）A.Shocked.B.Sympathetic.C.Annoyed.D.Upset._Step1:阅读理解文章体裁分析阅读理解文章体裁分析记记叙文：往往按叙文：往往按时间顺时间顺序序展开段落，文章有明展开段落，文章有明显显表示表示时间时间先后的先后的词语词语。阅读时阅读时抓住抓住时间这时间这条主条主线线，弄清，弄清who、what、where、why与与how。描写文：通描写文：通过细节过细节的描写，以画面的方式来反的描写，以画面的方式来反应应事物的事物的特征、性特征、性质质。对这对这种文章要迅速弄清其主种文章要迅速弄清其主题题，主主题词题词往往往出往出现现在在各个句子里各个句子里，贯贯穿文章的始末；穿文章的始末；紧围绕这紧围绕这个主个主题进题进行行阅读阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主主题题的关系。的关系。说说明文：多明文：多见见于于科普科普文章，用以解文章，用以解释释或揭示事物或揭示事物的状的状态态、特征、演、特征、演变变、结结果及其相互之果及其相互之间间的关系，的关系，这类这类文体的文章，文体的文章，首句往往是主首句往往是主题题句句，开，开门见门见山，山，说说明文章的关注明文章的关注对对象：弄清作者的思路和段落象：弄清作者的思路和段落组组织织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题题的关系。的关系。议论议论文：文：阅读难阅读难在在这这种文章种文章处处处处都渗都渗透作者的个人透作者的个人观观点、点、态态度。度。阅读议论阅读议论文文应该应该从文体的写作和从文体的写作和结结构特点入手构特点入手.文章的结构往往容易把握，文章的结构往往容易把握，主主题题句开句开门见门见山。作者往往通山。作者往往通过过信号信号词词(signal words或或transitional words)和关联词和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章来组织段落、文章，对对信号信号词词的迅速反的迅速反应应和和对对关关联词联词的准确判断的准确判断是至关重要是至关重要的；要特的；要特别别注意注意区分作者区分作者的的观观点点与文章里所与文章里所提到的人物的提到的人物的观观点点，同同时时注意作者所使用的注意作者所使用的表示表示赞赞同、反同、反对对等感情色彩的等感情色彩的词汇词汇。Step2:阅读理解命题方式阅读理解命题方式（一）（一）细节细节理解理解题题1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?(三正一误三正一误)2)The author mentions all of the following except.（三正一误）（三正一误）3)Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?（三误一正）（三误一正）4)The writer mentions all of the items listed below except _.（三正一误）（三正一误）5)Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?（三误一正）（三误一正）6)What is the example of.as described in the passage?（三误一正）（三误一正）7)The reason for.is.（三误一正）（三误一正）8)According to the passage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.).（三误一正）（三误一正）9)From the passage we know that _.（三误一正）（三误一正）10)In the passage,the author states that _.（三误一正）（三误一正）当堂导练一：当堂导练一：Q：Which of the following is NOT true?A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B.Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.（二）主旨大意题（二）主旨大意题1）Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout_2）Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage？3）Inthispassagetheauthordiscussesprimarily_4）Thepassageismostlyabout_5）Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout_6）What is the main topic of the passage？7）What is the best title for the passage？8）The subject discussed in this text is _.9）The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 10）The passage is meant to.11）The purpose of this article is to 解主题大意题时，可用以下解主题大意题时，可用以下方法方法：1）认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。2）文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。3）文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。例如：Onthewhole,inshort,therefore,Iagreewiththeopinionthat,Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupporttheideathat,Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer等后。如何寻找主题句如何寻找主题句Sample1Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaventeatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast-foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.主题句在主题句在段首段首：一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后：一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。中多采用这种格式。_Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据,层层推层层推理论证理论证,最后自然得出结论最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。本段的中心即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。它是此段内容的结论。_Sample3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.当主题句被安排在当主题句被安排在段中段中间时间时,通常前面只提出问题，文通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出出,而后又作进一步的解释而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展支撑或发展._（三）推理题（三）推理题1)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat_.2)Fromthetextweknowthat_.3)Thestoryimpliesthat_.4)Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostprobablybe_.5)Thewritersattitudetoward.is_.6)Theauthorimplied（suggested）that7)Itmaybeconcludedfromthepassagethat8)Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport？9)Withwhichofthefollowingdoestheauthoragree？解推断题应注意：(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；(2)推理的根据来自于上下文。3.解推断题的方法：根据词义关系推断具体细节。“Youmeanthereisnobabywhoisdying?”saidDeVincenzo.“Thatsright,”saidtheofficial.“ThatsthebestgoodnewsIveheardallweek.”saidDeVincenzo.Q:ItcanbeinferredthatwhatworriedDeVincenzomostwas_.A.thepoorwomanB.theofficialsadviceC.thewinningcheckD.thebabyslifeSample2:Q：Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintothehouse,itwas_.A.verycleanB.justcleanedbythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsects（四）观点态度题（四）观点态度题1)Theauthorseemstothinkthat_.2)Thewriteristryingtopresentapointofviewin_.3)Theauthorwantstoappealto_.4)Theauthorsstyleis_.5)Theauthorstonewouldbebestdescribedas_.6)Whatistheauthorsopinionof_?7)Thewriterbelievethat_?8)Intheauthorsopinion_?确定作者态度，可以有两种思路1）问）问全文全文主体事物的主体事物的(包括主题包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；2）如果问的是对）如果问的是对某一某一具体事物的具体事物的态度态度，则可以定位到，则可以定位到具体相关句具体相关句，然后确定答案。然后确定答案。Sample1:Q：Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintothehouse,itwas_.A.verycleanB.justcleanedbythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsects（五）判断词义题（五）判断词义题1）Theunderlinedword（phrase）inthepassagemeans_2）Thewordit（them）inthefirstparagraphrefersto_3）Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans_4）Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraph？猜词方法猜词方法:1）根据常识、经验猜生词。例如：TheoldmanputonhisspectaclesandbegantoreadThedoorwassolowthatIhittheheadonthelintel2）根据上下文解释做出判断：其方法主要有：(1)根据文中的定义、解释猜生词。例如：SkimmingmeanslookingoverapassagequicklytogetthemainideabeforeyoubegintoreaditcarefullyTheharborisprotectedbyajettyawallbuiltoutintothewater（glasses）（过梁过梁）（略读）（略读）（码头）（码头）(2)利用事例或解释猜生词。例如：Thedoctorisstudyingglaucomaandotherdiseasesoftheeye(3)利用重复解释的信息猜生词。例如：Mr.Smithalwaysarriveshomepunctually，neitherearlynorlate(4)根据同位关系进行判断：a),andotherGermanicandNordicpeoples,whospokewhatwenowcallAnglo-Saxon(orOldEnglish),aGermaniclanguageb）TheChunnel，atunnelconnectingEnglandandFrance，isnowcomplete（青光眼）（青光眼）（准时的）（准时的）（盎格鲁撒克逊语盎格鲁撒克逊语）（隧道）（隧道）3）利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义a)Oneoftheobstacles（障碍）tofalsereadingisvocalizingsayingthewordstothemselvesinalowvoiceb)Theearlyscientificstudyofchemistry，knownasalchemy，grewupinEgyptinthefirstfewcenturiesA.D4）根据上下文的指代关系进行选择文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。（发声）（发声）（炼金术）（炼金术）5)根据转折或对比关系进行判断根据上下句的连接词，如：but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。分号（;）还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。Hehasbeengettingbetter，butduringthenighthisconditiondeteriorated6)根据因果关系进行判断根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。BiggestpowerfailureinthecityshistoryAllofourice-creamandfrozenfoodsmelted（恶化）（恶化）（融化）（融化）原因原因结果结果7）根据构词法（合成、派生、转化）进行判断很多词可以加前缀和后缀，从而构成一个新词，掌握了一定的构词法知识，就不难猜出它的词义。MarketresearchshowsthatGoldandotherswhobuyorganicfoodcangenerallygiveclearreasonsfortheirpreferences-buttheirknowledgeoforganicfoodisfarfromcomplete我们知道，我们知道，prefer的意思是的意思是宁愿；愿意宁愿；愿意，根据上下文，根据上下文可以判断可以判断prefer的名词形式的名词形式preference的含义应是的含义应是偏爱；偏爱；爱好爱好。偏爱；爱好偏爱；爱好Step3:猜答案方法猜答案方法 1.绝对词否决法绝对词否决法,答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有:must,always,never,themost,all,only,haveto,any,no,very,completely,none,hardly等。A.Shecantattendhernephewsweddingparty.B.Shevaluesthebowlfromhermotheralot.C.Sheislivingalonenearanartgallery.D.Shedoesntcareaboutmoneyanymore.2.怀疑词判断法怀疑词判断法：选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有can,could,may,should,usually,might,most(大多数),moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,possible,whetheror,notnecessarily等。A.zooelephantssufferlessstressthanthoseinthewild.B.elephantsarequiteeasytogetobese.C.sociallivesarenotimportanttoelephant.D.zoolifecanbestressfultoelephatn.3.关键词对应法：关键词对应法：（等号前是文章中的点，等号后是选项中点）（等号前是文章中的点，等号后是选项中点）(ABC=ABC法;ABC=ABC法;ABC=CBA法;ABCABD法)4.选项的全面性判断法全面性判断法较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的，选项一般是答案项。A.tobemoresuccessfulinhiscareerB.tosolvetechnicalproblemsC.tobemorespecializedinhisfieldD.todevelophisprofessionalskillStep4:长、难句分析法长、难句分析法Sample:Twentystudentshadjustclimbedtheirwaytothetoprung(最高的台阶)outoffourmillionstudentstakingpartintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContestonTuesdayeveningatJintanCounty,JiangsuProvince.句子核心句子核心Howmany？Theresult？Doingwhat?When?Where?1.翻译：四百多万参加“全国第五届华罗庚数学金杯赛”中的中学生里有二十个学生在星期二于江苏省金坛县登上了最高的台阶。2.找出谓语动词是抓住核心的关键Sometimesananimalhasaplantpartner.Therelationshipdevelopsuntilthetwopartnerscannotmanagewithouteachother.Thisissoincorals(珊瑚)ofthesea.Intheirskins,coralshavetinyplantswhichactasdustmen,takingsomeofthewasteproductsfromthecoralandgivinginreturnoxygenwhichtheanimalneedsverymuchtobreathe.3语法分析法是准确理解细节的有效方法Intheirskins,coralshavetinyplantswhichactasdustmen,takingsomeofthewasteproductsfromthecoralandgivinginreturnoxygenwhichtheanimalneedsverymuchtobreathe.地点状语地点状语限制性定语从句限制性定语从句现在分词作后置定语限制性定语从句当堂导练二：当堂导练二：主旨大意题：66.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext？A.CellPhoneAlertsProtectingStudents.B.CellPhoneAlertsbyWirelessIndustry.C.CellPhoneAlertsofNationalDisasters.D.CellPhoneAlertsComingSoon.猜测词义题：62.Theunderlinedword“burning”inPara.3probablymeans_.A.annoyedB.ashamedC.readyD.eager细节理解题：WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.Algaehaveexistedformorethan430millionyears.B.Itisimpossiblethatalgaemightbetheearliestplantonland.C.Plantsgetfoodfromanimalsintheoceans.D.Evolutionbeganafteranimalsappearedonland.step5:自辅落实（自辅落实（homework）Try to finish the reading passages on your exercise sheet,trying to use the skills you have learnt.