初一升初二语法总结.docx

初一升初二英语讲义第一讲名词的数难点重点：掌握名词单复数以及所有格的形式一、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加“a或an”；复数形 式是在名词后加或es”。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读 音可依照下表：当名词为：词尾变化读音 例词一般情况加s在清辅音后读/s/ chips, jeeps, pats , clocks在浊辅音或元音后读/z/ boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的单词加 es /iz/ watches, boxes, classes, brushes以字母 o 结尾的单词 加 s 或 es /z/ zoos, photos, bamboos, tomatoes, potatoes, heroes,以辅音字母+y结尾的单词 去y变i加es /力dictionaries, strawberries, 以f或ffe结尾的单词去f或fb变v加es /vz/ leaves, wives, halves以 th 结尾的词加 s /6z/; /Oz/ mouths, paths; months, deaths2 .可数名词复数的不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母eg. manmen, woman-women, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice单复数同形 eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,.由man和woman构成的合成词，每个名词都要变复数eg. a man doctor- men doctors, a woman teacher-women teachers注意：有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分，在使用时只有复数形式eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts, scissors, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数，实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数).eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news3 .不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有 复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式，但有其 特殊用法：同一个词,变成复数形式，意义不同。eg. food食物一 foods各种食物，time时间 一times时代，green绿色 一greens青菜有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物eg. hope -hopes 希望 hardship - hardships 艰苦物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, .三、名词的所有格名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系，有两种表示形式，一种是在名词后十&另一种是 用of,表示“的”。1 . (1) 一般词的所有格,直接在词尾 +'s。eg. Mr. Mott robot, children's clothes(2)以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾eg. teachers9 books(3)两人共有的物体，则在第二个名词后+飞；如果分别是两人所有，则在每个名词后面 +Soeg. Lucy and Lily's room.(指两人共住一个房间)Mrs. Green's and Mrs. Brown's son.(指两人各自的儿子)(4)表示某具体场所时，所有格后面的名词可省略eg. the doctor's (office) Mr. White's2 .(1)没有生命的事物般用of短语来表示所属关系。eg. the wall of the classroom, a picture of the bedroom,(2)名词的的定语较长时，有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man双而所有格 eg. a friend of his, the big nose of Tom's有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加飞来构成所有格。eg. ten minutes, walk, today's newspaper课题例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. They got much from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories解析:much是用来修饰不可数名词的,A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式,C项为不 可数名词，因此选C.2.1 have two and three bottles of here.A. orange, orange B. oranges, orangesC. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges解析:orange有两种含义，一种可数名词橘子，另一种是不可数名词橘汁，此题第一空应填 可数名词，第二空填不可数名词，因此选Co3. Every evening M r. King takes a to his home .A. 25 minutes' walkB. 25 minute's walkC. 25 minute walkD. 25 minutes walk解析：句中的minute应该用其复数的所有格形式，只+,而不能+s,因此选A。4. An old wants to see you.A. people B. person C. the people D. the person解析:person与people都有''人"的意思，但用法不同.“一个人”用"a person”,“两个人”用“two persons”; people泛指“人们”是集合名词，表示复数,the people指“人民”, a people指“一个民族应选B。5. Help yourself to.A. chickens and applesB. chickens and appleC. chicken and appleD. chicken and apples解析:chicken可用作可数名词指小鸡，用作不可数名词指鸡肉，根据词题意应理解为鸡 肉;apple为可数名词，故应+s,因此选D。6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two.A. room's number B. rooms' number C. room numbers D. rooms' numbers 解析:room number房间号码.room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词.类似的还有my phsics teacher, two bus drivers 等. 应选 Co7. She has been in Tianjin fbr ten years. Tianjin has become her second.A. family B. house C. home D. room解析:family指的是家庭或是家庭成员；house指的是房子(住所);room指的是房间;而home 指的是家，因此选C.8. mothers couldn't go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai.A. Mary and Peter's B. Mary and PeterC. Mary's and Peter D. Mary's and Peter's解析：此句中“mothers”是复数，表示两个人各自的母亲，因此应选D。9. Li Lei has been to many times this month.A. her uncle B. her uncle's C. her uncles D. aunt's解析：此句意为“李雷这个去她舅舅家多次表示具体场所时，可省去所有格后面的名词. 因此选B。10. He is a success as a leader but he hasn't in teaching.A. many experiences B. much experienceC. an experience D. a lot experience解析:experience作“经验”讲时是不可数名词，作“经历”讲时是可数名词.本句中应理解 为“经验”，因此是不可数名词，排除AC.又因a lot of, lots of, plenty of只用于肯定句，不 用于否定句，因此选B。11. A classmate of was here ten minutes ago.A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sister's解析：此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选D。12. A group of are talking with two.A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans frenchmansC. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen解析：Frenchman是复合词,其复数形式为Frenchmen; German的复数为直接在单词末尾 +S,应选A.13. The team having a meeting .A. is B. are C. am D. be解析:team是一个集合名词，即可表示复数意义（指整个小组），也可指小组中的成员（表示复 数），此题意为后者，因此选B。14. “Would you like?” ", please?*A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, CoffeesC. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees解析:drink和coffee是不可数名词，可以用of来表示数量,eg, three cups of coffee, 当前面加a时,则表示“一杯”,因此选C。15. The Great Wall was made not only by, but also the flesh and blood of men.A.earth and stone, millions ofB. earths and stones, millionsC. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions解析：earth是不可数名词，因此删除BD,数以百万的应为millions of.因此选A。课后练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！选择最佳答案：1. Last night, there was a food accident. The were ill, but no were lost. A.child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life2. This is a photo of when they were young.OK, how h叩py they both looked!A. my father and mother B. my mother and father'sC. my mother's and father's D.my fathers and my mother3. The new student is in, Grade Two.A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class4. Today is September 10th. Ifs Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for ourteachers. A. Teachers B. Teachers* C. the Teachers* D. Teacher's5. The market isn*t far from here. Ifs only bicycle ride.A.half an hours* B. half an hour's C. half an hour D. an hour and a half6. 一 What would you like to drink, girls?, please.A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffeC. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for.A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks8. Some are flying kites near the rive匚A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs9. After the exam, we'll have holiday.A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks* D. two week's10. They are those bags.Please put them on the bus.A. visitor B. visitors C. visitor's D. visitors,11. How many workers are there in your factory?-There are two.A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of12. What do you think of the the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven?It sounds really wonderful.A. subject B. musicC. book D. animal13. There is not enough in the comer for the fridge.A. place B. room C. field D. ground14. comes from sheep and some people like eating itA. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk15. If you don*t take more, you*ll get fat.A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise16. My school is about twenty walk from here.A. minute B. minutes* C. minutes's D. minutes17. Mum, I have to tell you!A. a good news B. some good news C. some good newes D. much good news18. Which is the to the post office?A. street B. way C. road D. address19.1 stayed at last Sunday.A. my uncles B. my uncles* C. my uncle's D. my uncle's family20. Maths not easy to learn.A. are B. is C. am D. were1-5 CBCBB 6-10 CACCD 11-15 ABBCD 16-20 BBBCB第二讲代词的用法 难点重点：掌握人称代词和物主代词的用法-人称代词：人称代词是指人的代词，有性、数、格的区别。表示“我” “你” “他” “我们” “你 们” “他们” O请看下表：中 数主格宾格形容词性物主 代词名词性物主代词1我me我my我的mine我的（东西）you你you你your你的yours你的（东西）he他him他his他的his他的（东西）she她her她her她的hers她的（东西）it它it它its它的its它的（东西）复数we我们US我们our我们的ours我们的（东西）you你们you你们your你们的yours你们的（东西）they他们them 他们their他们的theirs他们的（东西）人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如：She is my English teacher.宾格在句中作宾语。例如：They don't want me to go there alone.Don't worry. I can look after her.宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如：一 Who'sthat? Ifs me.注意：人称代词we, you, they可以用来表示一般人。例如：You cannot go into the hall with slippers.不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。人称代的主格作表语，一般都在正中的谈话中，表示强调。例如：It was he who took away the necklace.是他拿走了那条项链。人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。例如： The ship is leaving.She's on her first trip to Boston.轮船要起航了。这时她第一次去波士顿。We love our country, we hope she'll be stronger and stronger.我们热爱我们的祖国，我们希 望她越来越强大。It作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。例如：It is about 10 kilometres from here.离这儿大约有 10 公里。It还可用作形式主语或形式宾语，来代替由不定式，动词的ing,形式或主语从句构成 的真正的主语或宾语，以避免句子头重脚轻。例如：It is not easy to learn English well.It is good for you taking a walk after supper.I found it difficult to sleep.英语里当主语是并列的儿个人时，人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同，I在最后，you 在最前；但是，当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反，I在最前，you在最后。例如：You, he and I are all the winners.I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.二.物主代词：表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性 物主代词。（1）形容词性物主代词其后必须跟名词。1）形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,后面必接名词，表示所有,如：, my pen我的钢笔 your bag你的书包his bike他的自行车her desk她的书桌 its name它的名字例句：Is that your bike?那是你的自行车吗？Those are our books.那些是我们的书。如果名词前有形容词性物主代词，就不能同时用冠词（a, an, the）或指示代词（this, that, these, those）修饰此名词。 j£This is my pencil.误This is my a pencil. 正This is a pencil.误 This is a my pencil.（2）名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征，在句中作主语三课堂练习：一.把小括号的人称代词翻译成英语1 .These are_（他们的）flowers.2.Those books are（他们的）. 3. Is this photo（你的）?4.1s this（你的）photo?5.（它的）eyesare blue。6._ （她）is my mothero7. The eraser is for（她）。8.1s this（她的）bag?9. Is this bag（她的）?10.1 don't like（他们）.11.（他们）are lazy pupilso12.（他们的）shoes are old a13.The old shoes are（他们的）。14 .This potato is （我的）。 15.That tomato is L你的）。16 .This is （我的）potatoo17 .That is L你的）tomatoo18 . （我们的）Classroom is big and brighto19 .The big and bright classroom is （我们的）20 .He will catch up with （我们）。21 . She did not hit（她自己）22 .DIY means "Do it（你自己）23 . We are clever, and we can do our homework by （我们 自己）。四基础练习一翻译.1 .他的画 2.她老师 3.它的名字4我的计算机 5你的猫 6她的书包二.单项选择.2 . This is a girl.name is Lily.A. His B. She C. HerD. Its3 . This is Wang Fang.is twelve.A. His B. She C. HerD. Its4 .1 a girl.name is Wang Hong.A. am; My B. is; Her C. am; Your D. is; His4. Li Lei a boy.is in class 5.A. am; He B. is; She C. are; His D. is; He5. Is the cat-friend?Yes,.A. your; it isn'tB. he; it isC. your; it isD. her; it isn't6. This is a bird. I don't know name.A. its'B. it'sC. itD. its7. They can study by.A. themB. they C. themselves D. us8. What's this?It's pencil.A. my aB. a my C. my the D. my1.1 think Mrs. Wang.A. he'sB. His C. she's D. it's10. What's that? is a cat.A. It B. He C. She D. You11. This new computer is , I must look aftercomputer.A. my, mine B. mine, my C. my, my D. mine, mine12. It's seven o'clock in the morning. Let's.A. go to bed B. go to school C. to go to home D. going to school 13.? It?s ten.A. What colour is it B. What time is itC. How old is heD. What's five minus fiveI4,-Is this new bag? No, it's.A. his, his B. his, hers C. yours, my D. hers, your15. -What's the time, please?.A. It's eight-thirty five B. It's eight-thirty-fiveC. It's eight thirty-five D. It's thirty-five past eight16. -Is Tom a friend of yours?-Yes, he is a friend of.A. IB. meC. my D. mine17. There are his trousers. Give.A. it to him B. him it C. them to him D. him them 参考答案：一 1. his picture 2.her teacher3.Its name 4.my computers.your cat 6.her bag 二.1-5CBADC 6-10DCDCA 11-15BBBBC 16-17DC第三讲、数词的分类 难点和看点：掌握基数词和序数词的用法1.基数词表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下：A.从110one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.B.从1119eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen. 这里除 eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, eighteen 为特殊形式外，fourteen, sixteen, seventeen, nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀teen构成。C.从2199整数几十中除 twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, eighty 为特殊形式外,sixty, seventy, ninety 都是 其个位数形式后添加后缀ty构成。表示儿十儿时，在儿十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字 符21 twenty-one76 seventy-sixD.百位数个数基数词形式加“hundred”，表示几百，在几十几与百位间加上and.101 a hundred and one320 three hundred and twenty648 six hundred and forty-eightE.千位数以上从数字的右端向左端数起，每三位数加一个逗号“，从右开始，第一个“，”前的数字后添 加thousand,第二个“，”前面的数字后添加million,第三个“，”前的数字后添加billion, 然后节一节分别表示，两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。2,648 two thousand six hundred and fbrty-eight16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-fbur5,237,166,234 five billion, two hundred and thirty-seven million, one hundred and sixty-six thousand, two hundred and thirty-fourF.基数词在表示确切的数字时，不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式；但是，当基数 词表示不确切数字，如成百、成千上万，三三两两时，基数词则以复数形式出现。There are hundreds of people in the hall.大厅里有数以百计的人。Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses every day.每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马涌博物馆。They went to the theatre in twos and threes.他们三三两两地来到了剧院。G.表示人的不确切岁数或年代，用儿十的复数形式表示。He became a professor in his thirties.他三十多岁时成为了教授。She died of lung cancer in forties.她四十来岁时死于肺癌。It was in the 1960s.那是在二十世纪六十年代。H.基数词的句法功能基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。The two happily opened the box.两个人高兴地打开了盒子。（作主语）I need three altogether.我总共需要三个。（作宾语）Four students are playing volleyball outside.四个学生在外面打排球。（作定语）We are sixteen.我们是16个人。（作表语）They three tried to finish the task before sunset.他们三个人尽力想在日落前完成任务。（作同位语）2.序数词居数词变厅;数词II诀：一、二、三，单独记；八去t,九除e, ve要用f替，整十基数变序 数，先把ty变成tie；要是遇到两位数，只变各位就可以。解析口诀：oneTfirst, twosecond, threethird这三个词变化特殊，要单独记；eight>eighth, nine>ninth,八去 t,九去 e 后再加th； five fifth, twelve>twelfth,五、 十二把 ve 换成 f 再加-th； twenty>twentieth, thirty>thirtieth.整十先把词尾 y 改为 ie 再 加-th。两位数时则十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，如：twenty-first A.从第一至第十九其中，onefirst, two-second, threethird, fivefifth, eight-eighth, nineninth, twelve twelfth为特殊形式，其它的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。例 如： six sixth、nineteen- nineteenth.B.从第二十至第九十九整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i,再加“eth”构成。twentytwentieth thirtythirtieth表示第几十几时，用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“一”和个位序数词形式一起表示。thirty-first 第三H,fifty-sixth第五十六seventy-third 第七十三ninety-ninth第九十九C.第一百以上的多位序数词由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。one hundred and twenty-first 第百二H,one thousand, three hundred and twentieth 第一千三百二十D.序数词的缩写形式有时，序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。first1st second2nd third3rdfourth4th sixth6th twentieth20thtwenty-th ird2 3 rd其中1st, 2nd, 3rd为特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。三数词用法1、时刻表示法(1) .表示几点钟用基数词加可以省略的o/'clock5:00 读作 five o/'clock 或 five(2) .表示几点过几分，在分钟后加past,再加小时five past seven 七点过五分half past six 六点半a quarter past eight 八点过一亥Useven past eight八点过七分3.表示儿点差儿分，在分钟后面加to,再加小时ten to eight差十分八点(七点五十分)a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二点(H一点四十五分)twenty to six差二十分六点(五点四十分)在日常生活中，常用下列简单方法表示时间。以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字。6:31 读作 six thirty-one10:26 读作 ten twenty-six14:03 读作 fourteen o three16:15 读作 sixteen fifteen18:30 读作 eighteen thirty23:55 读作 twenty-three fifty-five注：时刻表上的时间大多采用24小时表示法，就不需要用a.m.表示上午，p.m.表示下午。2、年月表示法(1.)世纪可以用定冠词加序数词加世纪century表示，也可以用定冠词加百位进数加/飞 表示the sixth (6th) century 公元六世纪the eighteenth (18th) century 公元十八世纪the 1900/飞二十世纪the 1600/'s十七世纪这里，用百位数整数表示的世纪比这一百位阿拉伯数字本身多一个世纪。(2.)年代用定冠词及基数词表示的世纪加十位整数的复数形式构成in the 1930/'s (in the thirties of the twentieth century 或 in the nineteen thirties)在二十世纪三十年代in the 1860/,s (in the sixties of the 19th century 或 in the eighteen sixties)在十九世纪六十年代In the 1870/'s when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to stu