2000-2012年历年考研英语真题.docx

2011年考研英语真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But -"some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to, a good laugh is unlikely to have benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does., instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the, studies dating back to the 1930's indicate that laughter, muscles, Such bodily reaction might conceivably help the effects of psychological stress. Any way,theact of laughing probably does produce other types of feedback,that improve an individuaFs emotional state. one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans donot cry they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow muscularresponses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz.1. Aamong Bexcept Cldespite Dlike2. Alreflect Bdemand Cindicate Dproduce3. Astabilizing Bboosting Ciimpairing Ddetermining4. Atransmit Bsustain Cevaluate DJobserve5. Almeasurable Blmanageable Claffordable Dlrenewable6. AJIn turn BJIn fact CJIn addition DJIn brief7. Alopposite Blimpossible Claverage Dlexpected8. Alhardens Blweakens Cltightens Dlrelaxes9. Alaggravate Blgenerate Clmoderate Dlenhance10. Alphysical Blmentl Cisubconscious DIinternal11. AJExcept for BJAccording to CJDue to DJAs for12. AJwith BJon CJin Dat13. AJunless BJuntil Cif DJbecause14. AJexhausts BJfollows CJ precedes D J suppresses15. Ainto Blfrom Ctowards DIbeyond16. AJ fetch BJbite C J pick D J hold17. Aldisappointed Biexcited Cjoyful Dlindifferent18. AJadapted B J catered CJ turned DJreacted19. Alsuggesting Blrequiring Cmentioning DIsupposing20. AlEventually BjConsequently CJSimilarly DIConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, BJ, Cl or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert's appointment in the Times, calls him "an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him." As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today's live performances; moreover, they can be "consumed'' at a time and place of the listener's choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert's own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization." But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra's repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America's oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para. 1 that Gilbert's appointment hasAincurred criticism.Braised suspicion. Creceived acclaim. Daroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who isAJ influential.BJ modest. Crespectable. DJtalented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoersA ignore the expenses of live performances. Breject most kinds of recorded performances.Clexaggerate the variety of live performances. Doverestimate the value of live performances. 24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?fAThey are often inferior to live concerts in quality.BJThey are easily accessible to the general public.CJThey help improve the quality of music. DJThey have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert's role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels Adoubtful. fBenthusiastic. Ciconfident. Dipuzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company. Broadcasting his ambition was "very much my decision,McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn't alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:''I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs firs'Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. "The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are, but that's been fundamentally inverted,'' says one headhunter. "The people who've been hurt the worst are those who've stayed too long.''26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being Alarrogant. B frank. C self-centered. Dimpulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives' quitting may be spurred byAtheir expectation of better financial status. BJtheir need to reflect on their private life. CJtheir strained relations with the boards. DJtheir pursuit of new career goals.28. The word "poached'' (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably meansAapproved of. Biattended to. Chunted for. Dguarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatAltop performers used to cling to their posts. Blloyalty of top performers is getting out-dated. CJtop performers care more about reputations. DJit safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?ACEOs: Where to Go?BJCEOs: All the Way Up?CTop Managers Jump without a NetDlThe Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid" media such as television commercials and print advertisements - still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned“ media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users9 responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31. Consumers may create "earned" media when they areA obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them. CJ eager to help their friends promote quality products. D enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media featureA a safe business environment.B random competition.C strong user traffic.D flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned mediaA invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.Cl may be responsible for fiercer competition.D deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example ofA responding effectively to hijacked media.B persuading customers into boycotting products. CJ cooperating with supportive consumers. DJ taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?A Alternatives to conventional paid media.fB Conflict between hijacked and earned media. Cl Dominance of hijacked media.D Popularity of owned media.Text 4It's no surprise that Jennifer Senior's insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, 1 Hate My Life," is arousing much chatter - nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight."The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive -and newly single - mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual "Jennifer Aniston is pregnant" news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn't seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn't have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in th