突破考研英语长难句汇总1-92.docx

（1）熟练研究每年的真题长难句，每天坚持就有收获。长难句：1. The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener which interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.结构剖析：本句有分号分为两部分，其中第一部分的主干是 The words. may stir up unfavorable reactions., which 引导的定语从句 which interfere with his comprehension修饰reactions.（这点很重要，注意理解）过去分词used by the speaker作words的后置定语，介词词组in the listener作reactions的后置定语学习任务：请翻译这句长难句参考译文：说话者使用的词可能会引起听话者不愉快的反应，这种反应干扰听话者的理解，因此，二者之间的传输-接受系统就中断了长难句：Neither kind of sleep is at all well understand, but REM sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.结构剖析:本句的两个部分之间以but连接，表示转折关系。难点之一是两个部分都是被动语态，尤其是第二部分，可以转换成主动语态：but scientists assume that REM sleep serve some restorative function of the brain.难点之二是neither作形容词,修饰kind,后面的谓语用单数。参考译文：虽然人对两种睡眠都很不了解，但是人们推测REM （眼睛快动阶段）睡眠对大脑有某种恢复作用。长难句：For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.结构剖析：本句由表示转折关系的连词yet分为两个部分：第一部分的主干是 it has long been known that.,其中it是形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语；第二部分的主干是 the animals look completely normal,前面的 upon examination of the dead bodies 作状语。核心词汇：deprivation剥夺fatal致命的学习任务：请翻译这句长难句参考译文：例如：人们早知道老鼠如果被完全剥夺睡眠，就会百分之百死亡，但是在检查老鼠的尸体时，老鼠看上去完全正常。（4）长难句：A researcher has now cast light on the mystery of why the animals die.结构施析：本句是一个简单句，A researcher是主语， has now cast light on 是谓语，the mystery 是宾语，of why the animals die 作定语，修饰 mystery,而 why the animals die作为一个句子，又作介词of的宾语。核心词汇:cast light on使明白,阐明mystery神秘，神秘的事学习任务：请翻译这句长难句参考译文：一位研究人员现在已经揭开了老鼠（根据上下文得出）死亡原因之谜。（5）长难句：The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood, as if their immune systems-the self-protecting mechanism against diseases-had crashed.结构剖析：本句是一个主从复合句，逗号前为主句，后面的as if引导一个状语从句，使用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反；破折号之间的部分the self-protecting mechanism against diseases 作破折号前的 immune systems的同位语。核心词汇：develop患（病）（develop还有别的意思，总结下吧） mechanism 机制学习任务：请翻译这句长难句参考译文：老鼠的血液出现了细菌感染（学习这句话的翻译技巧，develop的翻译），好像它们的免疫系统-对抗疾病的自我保护机制已经垮掉了。（6）长难句：They are different in that their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin performs one or more specific functions in the body.结构剖析：本句是由and连接的并列句，其中第一部分的主干为 They are different,后面的 in that their elements are arranged differently 为状语，修饰 different.注意：in that后面常引导从句,与in that一起作状语。核心词汇：in that体现于，因为specific具体的，特定的element元素，因素学习任务：请翻译这句长难句参考译文：它们之前的不同之处在于各自元素的排列不同，而且每种维生素在人体内承担一种或一种以上的具体功能。长难句：Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins.结构剖析：本句是although引导的主从复合句，其中 Getting enough vitamins是动名词，作主句的主语。（本句是考动名词作主语）核心词汇：nutritional营养的（注意拼写哦）excess过量的，过度的学习任务：请翻译这句长难句参考译文：尽管过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值，但是获得足够的维生素对生命而言必不可少。（8）长难句:As industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive by reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.结构剖析：本句是一个主从复合句，其中as引导的从句 As industrial giants. struggle to survive.作时间状语：主句的主干是 Manpower. is booming,其中 Manpower为专有名词，是公司的名字，而based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin是过去分词，相当于定语从句 which is based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin,作 Manpower 的定语。核心词汇：struggle挣扎；斗争base以为基地；n.基础survive 生存boom繁荣，蓬勃发展学习任务：请翻译这句长难句参考译文:通用汽车公司和IBM等工业巨头靠裁员而勉强支撑时，总部在威斯康星州密尔沃基的公司人力资源却在蓬勃发展。（9）长难句：This "disposable” work force is the most important trend in American business today, and it is fundamentally changing the relationship between people and their job.结构剖析：本句是一个并列句，有and连接的两个分句构成。注意：本句中的fundamentally可以在写作中运用哦！核心词汇：disposable可以处置的，可以处理的trend趋势work force劳动力fundamentally 根本上学习任务：1.请翻译这句长难句2.用 fundamentally 造句这种“可以随时处置''的劳动力是美国企业当今用人最重要的趋势，它正从根本上改变人们和他们的工作之间的关系。(10)长难句： The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive while avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans.结句剖析：本句的主干是The phenomenon provides a way,后面的 for companies to remain globally competitive 修饰a way,作定语。while之后的现在分词结构avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens.作状语,其中 avoiding的逻辑主语是前面的companies (考虑下)avoiding带两个宾语，一个是 market cycles,另一个是 the growing burdens，而过去分词结构 imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans 又作 the growing burdens 的定语。核心词汇：phenomenom现象impose强加，征税globally在全球，就全球而言pension养老金，年金market cycle市场周期学习任务：1. avoding的逻辑主语是什么？2.请翻译这句长难句参考译文:这一现象给公司提供了一种方式，使它们既能够保持全球竞争力，又能避免市场周期与就业法规、医疗成本和养老金方案等造成的不断加重的负担。(11)长难句：For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.结构剖析：本句是一个简单句，其中定语从句that came from being a loyal employee 修饰先行词1 o an end to的意思是“.的结束”.核心词汇：security安全come from 来自benefit利益，好处loyal忠实的，忠诚的(还有什么意思呢？)学习任务：1.填写空1(奖励20HY)2.请翻译这句长难句(再奖励30沪元)I. that 修饰 security, benefit and sense of importance2.参考译文:对工人而言,这意味着作为一名忠实雇员应当享有的安全感、利益和重要感都没有了。(12)长难句：By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.结构剖析：本的的主干是they saw. a period of great abundance and prosperity,其中 they saw 后面的介词结构 in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750为状语,修饰saw; when引导的定语从句修饰前面的the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750。核心词汇：by contrast与之相反，与.形成对比的是 abundance 富裕，富有，丰富 preceding前面的 prosperity 繁荣学习任务：L请翻译这句长难句2.用 by contrast 造句参考译文：与之相反，他们把此前从1650到1750之间的100年看作一个繁荣富裕的时期，尽管那时英国还是一个完全意义上的农业国。(13)长难句：Specialists in history and economics, have shown two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was marked by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.结构剖析：本句的主干是Specialists in history and economics, have shown two things,冒号后面的部分为两个that分别引导的两个从句，它们是的同位语，对其进行具体说明。核心词汇：be marked by特点是，以.为特点worsen恶化industrialization 工业化populace民众,百姓；全体居民本期任务：Llhat引导的两个从句是的同位语？2.请翻译本句参考译文：历史和经济方面的专家指出了两点：一是1650至1750之间的时期确实是非常贫困，二是工业化肯定并未恶化、而是可能实际改善了大多数人的生活条件。(14)长难句：When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.结构剖析：木句是一个主从复合句，句子开始的When 引导一个条件状语从句，后面是主句a climate of accident-free operations is established,其中 established 后面的where (相当于in which)引导一个定语从句，修饰核心词汇:climate环境;气候at a minimum在最低程度，在最小数量，在最低限度(在作文中可以使用哦accident-free 无事故的本期任务：1. where引导的定语从句修饰什么？2.请翻译本句3.请用at a minimum 造句1 .修饰 climate2 .参考译文：如果工作做得好，就能建立一个无事故操作的环境，在这里，由于人员伤害而损失的时间保持在最低限度。(15)长难句：He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.结构剖析:本句的主干在冒号前：He must use this surplus in three ways,冒号之后的部分包含三个as引导的并列结构,作状语，其中第三个as结构的核心部分是 as a commodity.,后面的which引导的定语从句which he must sell.修饰 commodity,其中介词结构 in order to.作定语从句的状语.核心词汇：surplus剩余，过剩；a.过剩的，剩余的 replace 替换sow播种implement工具；v.执行insurance保障,保险fertilizer肥料，化肥unpredictable无法预测的feed提供(养料等) commodity 商品本期任务：翻译此长难句参考译文：他必须以下列三种方式使用这些余粮：留作种子，留作保障以对付恶劣天气可能造成的无法预测的影响，并留作必须出售的商品以替换就农具和购买化肥给土壤提供养料。(16)长难句：The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.结构剖析：本句的主干是The government is to ban payments,介词结构 to witnesses 和 by newspapers都作后置定语，修饰payments;现在分词结构seeking to buy up people作newspapers的后置定语,相当于which seek to buy up people.,其中过去分词结构 involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West 又作 people 的定语，相当于 who are involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.本句的难点在于后置修饰语偏长。核心词汇：ban禁止involved in卷入,涉及witness ffiA; v.见证prominent突出的，杰出的trial审判；试验本期任务：1. buy up的意思？2.翻译本长难句buy up收买，买通参考译文：政府要禁止报界付费给证人，因为报界试图收买诸如露丝玛丽.韦斯特这类要案中涉及的证人.(17)长难句：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.结构剖析：本句的主干是 ，其中the Lord Chancellor为主语的同位语，说明主语的身份，that 引导一个定语从句，修饰a draft bill,而这一定语从句的位于部分是由and连接的两个部分构成，其中第二部分 will strictly control the amount of publicity 中的宾语 amount of publicity后面带有that引导的定语从句that can be given to a case before a trial begins.核心词汇：tighten加紧，收紧draft草案;草稿press新闻界bill法案；账单introduce提出,引进；介绍publicity公开宣传，曝光本期任务：1.本句的主干是什么？2 .翻译本长难句本句的主干是:Lord Irvine. will introduce a draft bill.参考译文：为了大大加紧对新闻界的法律控制，大法官欧文勋爵将提出一项法律草案，其中将建议规定向证人付费属于违法行为，并将严格控制媒体在案件审理之前对案件的曝光程度。(18)长难句：In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he agreed with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not offer sufficient control.结构剖析：本句开始为状语，其中Gerald Kaufman后面带有一个很长的同位语chairman of House of Commons media select commitee;本句的主干为 Lord Irvine said he agreed with a committee report this year,其中 said 后面为宾语从句 he agreed with a committee report this year; this year后面的which引导定语从句修饰先行词1(先行词是什么呢？)，其中said后的that引导2(引导什么从句呢？)核心词汇：media媒体，媒介regulation控制,管制；调节本期任务：L填写空13 .填写空24 .翻译本句1 . report2 .宾语从句3 .参考译文：欧文勋爵给下议员媒体选择委员会主席杰拉尔德考夫曼写了一封信，信中说他同意该委员会今年发表的一份报告该报告指出媒体的自律所提供的监控并不够(19)长难句:Publication of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges rather than to Parliament.结构剖析：本句是一个复合句，开始是主干Publication of the letter came., two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest.为状语，修饰主句的谓语came;后面的when弓i导一个时间状语从句when he said.，修饰前面从句中的谓语部分caused a storm of media protest,其中said后面是一个宾语从句：主语是the interpretation of privacy controls,过去分词结构 contained in European legislaion 作 privacy controls 的定语，相当于定语从句 which were contained in European legislation;谓语是 would be left to jugdes rather than to Parliament核心词汇：publication发表，出版privacy 隐私a storm of media protest暴风雨般的媒体抗议 legislation 立法protest 抗议be left to被交给，留给本期任务：翻译本长难句参考译文：欧文勋爵说对于欧洲立法中包含的隐私控制的解释权将交给法官而不是议会时(注意rather than 的翻译)引起了媒体的一片抗议。两天后，这封信便发表了。(20)长难句:The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill (人权法案),which makes the European Convention on Human Rights (欧洲人权公约)legally binding in Britain, laid down that everybody was entitled to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their familes.结构剖$斤：本句的主干是The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill. laid down that., and that.,主语是 The Lord Chancellor,谓语是 said,后面是 said 的宾语从句 introduction of the Human Rights Bill. laid down that. and that，其中主语 introduction of the Human Rights Bill后面是which引导的一个非限制定语从句 which makes the European Convention on Human Rights legally binding in Britain,谓语是 laid down,后面带有and连接的两个宾语从句：that everybody was entitled to privacy 与 that public fugures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.核心词汇：convention公约；会议；惯例entitled to有权享有binding有约束力的public figure公众人物lay down规定,制定go to court起诉，上法庭本期任务：1.核心词汇记忆2.翻译本长难句参考译文：大法官说人权法案的引入使欧洲人权公约在英国具有法律约束力。人权法案规定每个人都享有个人隐私权，而且公众人物可以通过起诉保护自己和家人的隐私权。(21)长难句:“Press freedoms will be in safe hands with our British judges,'* he said.结构剖析：本句是个简单句，介词结构withourBritsh judges做状语，修饰谓语部分will be in safe hands.本期任务：1.翻译本长难句2. in. hands 造句他说：“新闻自由掌握在英国法官手中将安然无恙(22)长难句：Up to 19 witnesses were said to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers.结构剖施本句的主干是Up to 19 witnesses were said to have received payments, for telling their stories to newspapers作状语，表示原因。本句的难点是被动结构 were said to,等于 it was said that.o 本句可以改为 It was said that up to 19 witnesses had received payments for telling their stories to newspapers.核心词汇：up to多达be said to 据说本期任务：1.翻译本长难句2.用up to造句据说多达19个证人因向报界讲述他们的经历而获得报酬。（23）长难句： Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.结构剖析：本句的主干是Concerns were raised that（这引起了人们的担心）,后面的that 引导一个同位语从句，作主语concerns的同位语。之所以要将先行词concerns与后面的that从句分开，是因为这一同位语从句太长，如果放在先行词后面，容易出现头重脚轻的现象。核心词汇：concern担心，关注guilty有罪的exaggerate夸大，夸张verdict裁定;定论ensure确保，保证本期任务：1.理解长难句中的同位语从句2.翻译本长难句参考译文：这引起了人们对下列情况的担心：为了确保法庭给被告定罪，证人可能会被怂恿在法庭上夸大其词。（注：本来中文译文最好翻译成主动语态，但这联系到上下文，所以我给出比较容易理解的翻译。）（24）长难句： Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries.结构剖析：本句的主干是Comparisons were drawn between. and.,难点在于使用了或动语态，理解时可以转换成主动语态：People drew comparisons between. and（人们对.与.进行了一些比较）核心词汇：comparison比较diffusion传播；扩散本期任务：翻译此长难句参考译文：人们对20世纪电视业的发展与15、16世纪印刷术的传播进行了一些比较。（25）长难句：As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical.结构剖析：本句开始是as引导的一个状语从句，后面的主句是一个强调句：it was not until the 19th century that.,被强调的部分是 not until the 19th century;在 that 引导的从句中，主干为the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium,现在分词结构作状语，修饰从句的主干。本句的难点是三个结构：not until （直至lj才）in the wake of （在之后）in the company of （伴随、陪伴）核心词汇：dominant主要的、占主导地位的in the company of 伴随、陪伴in the wake of在.之后periodical 期刊pamphlet宣传册本期任务：翻译此长难句b参考译文：正如前面所讨论的，直到19世纪，报纸才继宣传册和书籍之后，伴随着期刊的出现，成为电子媒体出现之前的主要媒体。(26)长难句：It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20 th-century world of the motor car and the airplane.结构剖析：本句是一个强调句It was during the same time that，被强调的部分是 during the same time; that 弓I 导的从句中，主干是 the communications revolution speeded up,现在分词结构 beginning with. and leading on through. into (从开始，接着是.，直到.)作状语，说明通信革命的发展过程。核心词汇：communications通信lead on继续发展speed up加快，加速本期任务：1.翻译本句2,用 begin with. lead on through. inlet造句参考译文：就在这段时期，通信革命加快了步伐，从运输铁路开始，接着是电报、电话、无线电和电影，直到20世纪出现汽车和飞机的世界。(27)It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the 20th century, followed by the invention of integrated circuit during the 1960 s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.结构剖析：本句的主干是It is generally recognized, however, that., it是形式主语，that引导南主语从句是真正的主语，其中 the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century. radically changed the process 是主句，过去分词followed by.作定语，修饰前面的 introduction of the computer,相当于 which was followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960 s,而 although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent,是状语从句，表示让步关系。核心词汇：radically根本地；激进地impact影响,冲击本期任务：翻译此长难句参考译文：然而，人们一般认识到20世纪初计算机的出现，接着是60年代集成电路的发明，从根本上改变了这个过程，尽管其对