第21章抗高血压药物课件.ppt
第21章抗高血压药物第1页,此课件共53页哦高血压概述高血压概述l诊断:BP 140/90 mm Hgl病因:90%原发性,10%15%继发l发病率:15 20%l后果:肾功能衰竭、冠状动脉疾病、心力衰竭、中风第2页,此课件共53页哦决定血压的因素决定血压的因素BP=CO x PVR心输出量(cardiac output,CO):受心脏功能、回心血量和血容量影响;外周血管阻力(PVR):peripheral vascular resistance。第3页,此课件共53页哦参与血压调节的系统参与血压调节的系统1.交感神经-肾上腺素系统肾上腺素系统(sympathetic-adrenaline system)2.肾素肾素-血管紧张素血管紧张素-醛固酮系统醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemaldosterone system,RAS)3.血管缓舒肽-激肽-前列腺素系统(vasodilator vasodilator peptide-kinin-prostaglandin systempeptide-kinin-prostaglandin system)4.4.血管内皮舒张因子血管内皮舒张因子-收缩因子系统(endothelium vasodilator factor and vasoconstriction factor system)第4页,此课件共53页哦抗高血压药物的分类抗高血压药物的分类1.利尿药(利尿药(diuretics):如氢氯噻嗪):如氢氯噻嗪噻嗪类利尿药:hydrochlorothiazide(氢氯噻嗪)袢利尿药:furosemide(速尿)保钾利尿药:spironolactone(螺内酯),triamterene(氨苯蝶啶)第5页,此课件共53页哦2.交感神经阻滞药作用于中枢:clonidine(可乐定)神经节阻断药:trimethaphan camsilate(樟黄咪芬)去甲肾上腺素能神经阻断药:guanethidine(胍乙啶),reserpine(利血平)第6页,此课件共53页哦3.肾上腺素受体阻断药(adrenoreceptor blocking drugs)adrenergic receptor antagonists:e.g.propranolol(普奈洛尔)1 adrenergic receptor antagonists:e.g.prazosin(哌唑嗪)第7页,此课件共53页哦4.4.阻断肾素阻断肾素阻断肾素阻断肾素-血管紧张素系统的药物(血管紧张素系统的药物(agents act on renin-agents act on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system(RAAS)angiotensin-aldosterone system(RAAS)肾素抑制药(肾素抑制药(renin inhibitorrenin inhibitor):enalkiren(依那克林依那克林)ACE抑制剂(angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor,ACEI):captopril(ACEI):captopril(卡托普利卡托普利)AT1AT1受体拮抗药(angiontensin II receptor antagonist):losartan(:losartan(氯沙坦)Aldosterone receptor antagonists:eplerenone(依依普利酮普利酮)第8页,此课件共53页哦5.钙通道阻滞药(钙通道阻滞药(calcium channel blockers):nifedipine(硝苯地平)6.直接舒张血管的药物(直接舒张血管的药物(vasodilators):):hydralazine(肼屈嗪),sodium nitroprusside(硝普钠)第9页,此课件共53页哦常用抗高血压药物常用抗高血压药物(Commonly used antihypertensive drugs)1.Diuretics(利尿药利尿药)2.Calcium channel blockers(钙通道阻滞药)3.-adrenergic receptor blockers(lockers(受体阻断药)4.ACE inhibitors(血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂)5.5.Angiotensin II receptor antagonists(Angiotensin II receptor antagonists(血管紧张素血管紧张素II II受受体阻断药体阻断药)第10页,此课件共53页哦利尿药利尿药l l临床应用:临床应用:临床应用:临床应用:轻、中度高血压重度高血压:与其他抗高血压药物合用l l药物选择:药物选择:药物选择:药物选择:噻嗪类:心肾功能正常的轻中度高血压,老年患者袢利尿药:合并氮质血症或尿毒症患者合并氮质血症或尿毒症患者保钾利尿药保钾利尿药:与其他利尿药合用,伴低血钾、高尿酸血症与其他利尿药合用,伴低血钾、高尿酸血症或原发性醛固酮增多症的患者或原发性醛固酮增多症的患者第11页,此课件共53页哦Contraindications(禁忌症)(禁忌症):高脂血症,糖尿病l低钾血症l糖耐量下降l升高血脂,indapamide除外l诱发痛风不良反应(不良反应(adverse reactions):第12页,此课件共53页哦钙通道阻滞药钙通道阻滞药(Calcium channel blockers)Inhibition of L-type calcium channel Ca2+2+in cytoplasma VSMC relaxation BP降压作用的机制:降压作用的机制:l l二氢吡啶类:nifedipine,l l非二氢吡啶类:非二氢吡啶类:verapamilverapamil和diltiazem,less vaso-selective代表药物代表药物:第13页,此课件共53页哦Nifedipine(硝苯地平硝苯地平)药理作用药理作用:l舒张小动脉 外周血管阻力 BP l反射性交感神经兴奋 HR,CO,肾素分泌 临床应用:临床应用:l l轻、中、中度高血压l l高血压伴心绞痛、肾脏疾病、高血压伴心绞痛、肾脏疾病、糖尿病、哮喘、高脂血症、糖尿病、哮喘、高脂血症、严重高血压急性处理,尤其是老年收缩期高血压患者。第14页,此课件共53页哦l l短效制剂增加心肌梗死和死亡率l l缓释剂(sustained-release preparationsustained-release preparation)效果更佳)效果更佳Pharmacokinetics:lOnset of action in 30 60 min after oral intakelMetabolized in the liver by CYP450(CYP3A4)Drug interactions:lP450诱导剂:加速代谢lP450抑制剂:ethanol,cimetidine,diltiazem,quinidine AUC第15页,此课件共53页哦氨氯地平或活络喜(氨氯地平或活络喜(amlodipine)l l脂溶性高,吸收缓慢,作用持久,t tmaxmax=612h,t t1/2=3550h,生物利用度,生物利用度60%65%l l降压作用更平稳降压作用更平稳l l反射性HRHR加快较轻加快较轻第16页,此课件共53页哦Representative drugs:lPropanolol(普萘洛尔普萘洛尔)l lMetoprolol(Metoprolol(美托洛尔美托洛尔)l lAtenolol(Atenolol(阿替洛尔)lLabetalol(Labetalol(拉贝洛尔拉贝洛尔)l lCarvedilol(Carvedilol(卡维地洛)-adrenoreceptor blockers第17页,此课件共53页哦-AR阻断药阻断药降压作用特点及禁忌证降压作用特点及禁忌证l l所有-AR阻断药都有降压作用 l l不引起水钠潴留,无耐受性l l高血压伴心律失常和心衰首选高血压伴心律失常和心衰首选;l lPropranolol、metoprolol和labetalol为脂溶性,可透过血脑屏障,降低猝死发生率;l l禁忌证:哮喘、房室传导阻滞、慢性阻塞性肺脏疾病、外周血管疾病。第18页,此课件共53页哦Propranolol药理作用与作用机制:药理作用与作用机制:lBlocks 1-and 2-AR;l降低心输出量;l抑制肾素的分泌和释放;l在不同水平抑制交感神经活性:CNS,baroreceptor reflex,peripheral adrenergic neurons(pre-synapse 2);l促前列腺素合成。第19页,此课件共53页哦Therapeutic uses:l l轻、中、重度高血压轻、中、重度高血压l l高血压伴室上性心动过速、心肌梗死、心绞痛、青光眼、偏头痛及高度紧张的患者l l与diuretics或vasodilators合用于中重度高血压合用于中重度高血压Pharmacokinetics:l口服有效,首关消除明显l肝脏代谢,生物利用度25%,个体差异大l数周后出现最大效应 第20页,此课件共53页哦Adverse reactions and contraindications:l lCommon effects:Common effects:fatigue,lethargy,insomnia,and fatigue,lethargy,insomnia,and hallucinationhallucinationl l干扰脂质代谢(干扰脂质代谢(disturbs lipid profiledisturbs lipid profile):increasing plasma triacylglycerol(三酰甘油三酰甘油),decreasing high-density lipoprotein(HDL)l l停药反跳(停药反跳(drug withdrawdrug withdraw):nervousness,tachycardia,increase in intensity of angina or increase in BPContraindications:哮喘、病窦综合症、房哮喘、病窦综合症、房室传导阻滞室传导阻滞第21页,此课件共53页哦Labetalol(拉贝洛尔拉贝洛尔)l lBlocks both Blocks both (1)and (1 and )ARl l用于各种高血压和高血压急症,如妊娠高血压和手术用于各种高血压和高血压急症,如妊娠高血压和手术/麻麻醉过程中的高血压醉过程中的高血压l l大剂量引起体位性低血压大剂量引起体位性低血压Carvedilol(卡维地洛卡维地洛)n nBlocks both Blocks both -and -ARn n不影响血脂代谢n n用于轻中度高血压,伴肾衰或糖尿病的高血压患者用于轻中度高血压,伴肾衰或糖尿病的高血压患者第22页,此课件共53页哦作用于肾素作用于肾素-血管紧张素血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的药物醛固酮系统的药物(Drugs act on RAS system)第23页,此课件共53页哦AngiotensinogenVaso-constriction Peripheral resistanceKininogenReninAngiotensin IAngiotensin II Aldosterone secretion Sodium and water retentionIncreased BPACEKallikreinBradykininInactive PGssynthesisVasodilation PeripheralresistanceDecreased BP+第24页,此课件共53页哦血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI):l卡托普利(卡托普利(captoprilcaptopril)l l依那普利(依那普利(enalaprilenalapril)l赖诺普利(赖诺普利(LisinoprilLisinopril)l l贝那普利(贝那普利(Benazepril)l福辛普利(Fosinopril Fosinopril)l l喹那普利(喹那普利(QuinaprilQuinapril)l雷米普利(雷米普利(RamiprilRamipril)l培哚普利(Perindopril)第25页,此课件共53页哦Captopril(卡托普利卡托普利)药代动力学:药代动力学:n n口服吸收迅速,空腹生物利用度70%n n口服11.5 h出现最大效应n n肝脏代谢,4050%原型尿排n n不透过BBBn n肾功能不全可致蓄积第26页,此课件共53页哦Therapeutic usesl l各种类型高血压,尤其伴高血浆肾素活性患者l l适于伴糖尿病肾病、胰岛素抵抗、左室肥厚、充血性心衰、急性心肌梗死后的高血压l l重型或顽固性高血压与-AR blockers、CCBs 或Diuretics合用第27页,此课件共53页哦Adverse reactions:l l首剂现象(首剂现象(first dose phenomenonfirst dose phenomenon)l l高钾血症(高钾血症(hyperkalemiahyperkalemia)l l干咳(干咳(dry coughdry cough)和血管性水肿()和血管性水肿(angioedemaangioedema)l l其他其他:allergic skin rush:allergic skin rushContraindications:n n高钾血症(高钾血症(hyperkalemia)n n肾功能不全(renal insufficiencyrenal insufficiency)n n孕妇(pregnant womanpregnant woman)第28页,此课件共53页哦Drug-drug interactionsl抗酸药可降低生物利用度l辣椒素(capsacin)加重干咳;lNSAIDs 减弱降压效应;l补钾制剂和保钾利尿药增加致高钾血症的风险;l升高血浆digoxin的浓度。第29页,此课件共53页哦依那普利(依那普利(enalapril)l l前体药(prodrug),通过肝脏中的酯酶代谢为依那普利拉(enalaprilat);l l不含巯基,长效、高效,1次/日;l l对ACE的抑制作用为captopril 的10倍;l l临床应用:hypertensionl l不良反应:dry cough more common第30页,此课件共53页哦AT1 antagonist:l氯沙坦(losartan)l坎地沙坦(candesartan)l厄贝沙坦(irbesartan)l缬沙坦(valsartan)l替米沙坦(telmisartan)第31页,此课件共53页哦Losartan(氯沙坦氯沙坦)l l阻断阻断Ang IIAng II选择性更强;选择性更强;l l口服,生成活性代谢产物EXP-3174,t1/21/2 24h,EXP-3174为为69 h69 h;l l用于各种类型高血压;l l不良反应:低血压、高血钾和肾功能障碍;l l不引起干咳和血管性水肿;l l禁忌症:孕妇、晡乳期妇女、高钾血症、肾功能不全。禁忌症:孕妇、晡乳期妇女、高钾血症、肾功能不全。第32页,此课件共53页哦lClonidine(可乐定可乐定)lMethyldopa(甲基多巴)l lGuanfacine(Guanfacine(胍法新)lGuanabenz(胍那苄胍那苄)l lMoxonidine(Moxonidine(莫索尼定)lRilmenidine(利美尼定)Centrally acting sympatholytic drugs第33页,此课件共53页哦-Methyldopa Guanfacine Guanabenz ClonidineMoxonidineRilmenidine2-receptor inI1-imidazolreceptor inRVLMNTSMSalivarygland蓝斑核蓝斑核Dry mouthSedationSympathetic out flow NE release Blood pressure 第34页,此课件共53页哦Clonidine(可乐定可乐定)药理作用:药理作用:1.降低交感神经传出活性 HR,CO,外周阻力血管和肾血管阻力 BP;2.抑制胃肠道蠕动和分泌;3.镇痛和镇静作用;4.过大剂量兴奋VSMC-AR,收缩血管,减弱降压作用第35页,此课件共53页哦作用机制:作用机制:1.激活延髓背侧孤束核突触后膜2-AR 2.激活延髓嘴端腹外侧区I1-咪唑啉(I1-imidazoline)受体;3.激活外周突触前膜2-AR NE release 第36页,此课件共53页哦Pharmacokinetics:l l口服易吸收,t tmaxmax 1.5 3 h 1.5 3 h,bioavailability:bioavailability:71%82%71%82%,脂溶性高,可透过BBBl l50%原型尿液排泄原型尿液排泄Therapeutic uses:n nMild hypertension,usually used when other,usually used when other antihypertensive drugs are ineffectiveantihypertensive drugs are ineffectiven nSevere hypertensionSevere hypertension:combined with diuretics:combined with diureticsn n戒断症状的处理戒断症状的处理n n青光眼青光眼第37页,此课件共53页哦Adverse reactions and contraindications:l l常见:口干、便秘l lSedation,depression,peripheral edema l l停药反跳:高血压危象l l禁忌证:司机、抑郁倾向患者、高空作业者Drug interactions:n n增强其他CNS抑制药的作用n n三环类抗抑郁药竞争性抑制其降压作用第38页,此课件共53页哦莫索尼定(莫索尼定(moxonidine)l第二代中枢性降压药l对对 I1-imidazolin受体具有高度选择性;受体具有高度选择性;lIncrease insulin sensitivity l降压效应弱于可乐定;l不良反应少;l用于各种类型高血压;l无反跳现象,长期应用效果良好。第39页,此课件共53页哦血管扩张药(血管扩张药(vasodilators)1.扩张小动脉(hydralazine):arterioles dilation peripheral resistance peripheral resistance BP l l反射性交感神经兴奋 HR HR ,心肌收缩力 CO CO l l醛固酮分泌醛固酮分泌 水钠潴留水钠潴留2.2.同时舒张小动脉和小静脉同时舒张小动脉和小静脉(sodium nitroprusside)(sodium nitroprusside):静脉容量,外周血管阻力 回心血量 BP,CO(-)CO(-);反射性交感神经兴奋;反射性交感神经兴奋 HR HR 不引起体位性低血压和性功能障碍不引起体位性低血压和性功能障碍第40页,此课件共53页哦硝普钠(硝普钠(sodium Nitropruside)CN-CN-CN-CN-CN-Fe2+NOIron,cyanide group and nitro moiety第41页,此课件共53页哦Actions:l l直接舒张小动脉和小静脉 外周血管阻力,回心血量 BP l l心衰时,降低 外周血管阻力 后负荷 CO 第42页,此课件共53页哦Mechanism of action of sodium nitroprussideSodium nitroprussideEndothelial cellsNOGuanylyl cyclase*Guanylyl cyclase(鸟苷酸环化酶)GTPcGMPGMPMyosin-LCMyosin-LC-PO4Myosin-LCActinContractionRelaxationMLCK+?PDE第43页,此课件共53页哦Pharmacokinetics:l l口服不吸收l l静脉输注给药(灌输泵)l l起效快,停药3分钟作用消失;l l迅速被代谢,释放氰化物(cyanide,CN-),后者代谢成 硫氰酸盐。第44页,此课件共53页哦Therapeutic uses:l l高血压急症或高血压危象l l高血压合并心衰l l手术或麻醉时控制性降压l l嗜铬细胞瘤引起的高血压Adverse reactions:n n恶心、呕吐、肌肉痉挛、头痛、皮疹、发热、出汗等n n硫氰酸盐蓄积中毒:与硫代硫酸钠合用可避免n n甲状腺功能减退(hypothyroidism)第45页,此课件共53页哦钾通道开放药钾通道开放药(K+channel sparing drugs)Actions and mechanisms:Activate K+channels regulated by ATP VSMCs superpolarizatio Ca Ca2+2+influx influx Na+-Ca-Ca2+exchange exchange Ca Ca2+2+out flux Results:cytoplasmic Ca2+,vascular dilation,peripheral resistance 第46页,此课件共53页哦Representative drugs:Pinacidil(吡那地尔吡那地尔)and Minoxidil(米诺地尔米诺地尔)l lPotent vasodilators,easily absorbed after oral intakePotent vasodilators,easily absorbed after oral intakel lUsed in mild to moderate hypertensionl lBetter efficacy when combined with Better efficacy when combined with-AR blockers,and decreases adverse reactions such as edema and reflex tachycardia第47页,此课件共53页哦Ganglion-blocking agents(神经节阻断药神经节阻断药)l lTrimethaphan camsylate(Trimethaphan camsylate(樟磺咪芬)l lMecamylamine(Mecamylamine(美卡拉明)l lHexamethonium bromide(六甲溴铵)Representative agents:第48页,此课件共53页哦Actions and mechanisms:l lCompetitively block nicotinic cholinoceptors on postganglionic neurons in ganglial lCardiovascular system:dilation of arterioles and dilation of arterioles and veins,peripheral resistance veins,peripheral resistance,blood return,CO BP l lOrgans predominated by parasympathetic nerve:Organs predominated by parasympathetic nerve:smooth muscle relaxation(GI system,eye and bladder)and gland secretion 第49页,此课件共53页哦Therapeutics uses:l lHypertensive crisis(Hypertensive crisis(高血压危象)l lAcute aortic dissection(Acute aortic dissection(急性主动脉切除术急性主动脉切除术)l lControlled hypotension(Controlled hypotension(控制性低血压)for surgery第50页,此课件共53页哦Adrenergic neuron blocking drugs(去甲肾上腺素能神经末梢阻滞药去甲肾上腺素能神经末梢阻滞药)Drugs:guanethidine(胍乙啶胍乙啶),guanadrel(),guanadrel(胍那决尔),bethanidine(倍他尼定倍他尼定),reserpine(),reserpine(利血平)Actions:affect the release(e.g.guanethidine)or uptake and store(e.g.reserpine)of NE in sympathetic nerve endingsTherapeutic uses:Therapeutic uses:severe hypertension severe hypertension第51页,此课件共53页哦 1-blockers(1受体阻断药受体阻断药)Drugs:Prazosin(Prazosin(哌唑嗪哌唑嗪),Terazosin(),Terazosin(特拉唑嗪特拉唑嗪),Doxazosin(),Doxazosin(多多拉唑嗪拉唑嗪)Actions:n nBlocks Blocks 1-receptor in arterioles and venous1-receptor in arterioles and venousn nSelective for Selective for 1-receptor and produces less reflex tachycardia1-receptor and produces less reflex tachycardian nIncrease plasma renin activity and lead to salt and water Increase plasma renin activity and lead to salt and water retentionretentionn nDo not affect metabolism:beneficial for lipid profilesDo not affect metabolism:beneficial for lipid profiles第52页,此课件共53页哦Therapeutics uses:l lMild to moderate hypertensionl lMore effective when in combination with other More effective when in combination with other hypotensive drugs e.g.diuretics and hypotensive drugs e.g.diuretics and-blockersAdverse reactions:n nFirst dose phenomenon(首剂现象首剂现象)第53页,此课件共53页哦